Shraddha Sharma

(Assistant Professor)

Vocabulary Building:
Words Often Misspelt
Words that are often misspelt refer to words that are frequently spelt incorrectly by many people due
to their spelling patterns, unusual letter combinations, or similar-sounding words. These words can
cause confusion and mistakes in writing and may require additional effort to learn and memorize
the correct spelling. It is important to be aware of such words and make a conscious effort to spell
them correctly to avoid errors and miscommunications in written communication.

Misspelt Word Correct Word Meaning

The branch of mathematics dealing with numbers and

Arithmatic Arithmetic
calculations.
Entreprenuer Entrepreneur A person who starts and runs a business.
The feeling of envy towards someone’s achievements or
Jelousy Jealousy
possessions.
Inspiring fear or respect due to power, strength, or
Formidible Formidable
capability.
Indomitible Indomitable Impossible to defeat or discourage.
Courtecy Courtesy Polite behavior or gesture.
A statement that represents something as greater than it
Exageration Exaggeration
really is.
Surender Surrender To give up or yield to an opponent or authority.
Cornal Colonel A senior military officer rank.
Leftinant Lieutenant A military or police officer rank.
Twelth Twelfth The number 12th in a sequence.
Accomodate Accommodate To provide space or meet someone's needs.
Beutiful Beautiful Pleasing to the senses or mind.
Comming Coming Arriving or happening soon.
Definately Definitely Without a doubt; certainly.
Embarras Embarrass To make someone feel awkward or ashamed.
Facinate Fascinate To attract and hold interest.
Gramatical Grammatical Related to the rules of language.
Happend Happened Occurred or took place.
Inteligent Intelligent Having the ability to learn and understand quickly.
Judgment Judgement The ability to make considered decisions.
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Information, understanding, and skills gained through

Knowlege Knowledge
experience or education.
Liscence License An official permit to do or own something.
The process of preserving or keeping something in good
Maintainance Maintenance
condition.
Neccessary Necessary Required or essential.
Occured Occurred Took place or happened.
Persue Pursue To follow or chase something.
Recieve Receive To get or be given something.
Seperate Separate To divide or keep apart.
Tommorow Tomorrow The day after today.
Unforseen Unforeseen Not expected or predicted.
A space completely void of matter, or a device for
Vaccum Vacuum
cleaning.
Wether Whether Expressing a choice between alternatives.
Yatch Yacht A luxury boat or sailing vessel.
Acheive Achieve To accomplish a goal or succeed in doing something.
Beleive Believe To accept something as true or real.
Calender Calendar A chart or system showing days, weeks, and months.
Dilemna Dilemma A difficult choice between two options.
The surrounding conditions in which a person, animal, or
Enviroment Environment
plant lives.
Febuary February The second month of the year.
Goverment Government The ruling body of a nation or state.
Haras Harass To repeatedly annoy or intimidate someone.
Indipendent Independent Free from external control or influence.

Knowlegeable Knowledgeable Having a lot of knowledge or information.

Liason Liaison A person who facilitates communication between groups.

Mischievious Mischievous Playfully causing trouble.
Noticable Noticeable Easily seen or recognized.
Oppotunity Opportunity A favorable chance or occasion.
Pronounciation Pronunciation The way in which a word is spoken.
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Recomend Recommend To suggest something as good or suitable.

Abscence Absence The state of being away or not present.
Acceptible Acceptable Considered satisfactory or permissible.
Acommodate Accommodate To provide lodging or to adjust to something.
Aquisition Acquisition The act of gaining possession of something.
Argueing Arguing Disputing or reasoning in disagreement.
The murder of a prominent person for political or
Asassination Assassination
ideological reasons.
Benefitted Benefited Gained or received an advantage.
Bizzare Bizarre Very strange or unusual.
Brocolli Broccoli A green vegetable from the cabbage family.
Camoflage Camouflage A way of disguising or blending in.
Cemetary Cemetery A place where dead people are buried.
Chauffer Chauffeur A person employed to drive a private car.
Collegue Colleague A person one works with in a professional setting.
Commited Committed Pledged or dedicated to something.
Conceed Concede To admit as true or valid.
Concious Conscious Aware of and responding to one's surroundings.
Controversary Controversy A dispute or argument involving opposing opinions.
Curteous Courteous Polite and respectful in manner.
Debri Debris Scattered fragments or remains.
Decieve Deceive To mislead or trick someone.
Desparate Desperate Feeling hopeless or in urgent need.
Disapoint Disappoint To fail to meet expectations.
Disastorous Disastrous Causing great damage or harm.
The practice of training oneself to follow rules or a code
Discipline Discipline
of behavior.
Dumbell Dumbbell A short bar with weights used for exercise.
Eighthy Eighty The number 80.
Emmigrate Emigrate To leave one’s country to settle in another.
Excede Exceed To go beyond a limit or expectation.
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(Assistant Professor)

Expidition Expedition A journey undertaken for a purpose, often exploration.

Extreem Extreme Reaching the highest degree or intensity.
Familar Familiar Well known or easily recognized.
Feburary February The second month of the year.
Flourcent Fluorescent Emitting bright light from a chemical reaction.
Forein Foreign From a country or place other than one's own.
Fourty Forty The number 40.
Guarentee Guarantee A promise or assurance.
Heirarchy Hierarchy A system in which people or things are ranked.
Humerous Humorous Funny or amusing.
Pretending to have beliefs or values that one does not
Hypocracy Hypocrisy
actually follow.
Illegible Illegible Not readable due to poor handwriting or printing.
Indispensible Indispensable Absolutely necessary.
Inoculate Inoculate To vaccinate or introduce a virus for immunity.
Irressistable Irresistible Too attractive or tempting to resist.
Judgemental Judgmental Being critical or forming opinions quickly.
Lazer Laser A device that emits a concentrated beam of light.
Mischievious Mischievous Playfully causing minor trouble.
Neice Niece A daughter of one's sibling.
Parallell Parallel Extending in the same direction, always equidistant.
Playwrite Playwright A person who writes plays.
Remenisce Reminisce To recall past experiences with nostalgia.
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
Commonly Confused Words
Several words may be confusing because they appear similar in pronunciation but have different
meanings. The following sentences contain words that are frequently mistakenly interchanged.

No
Words Meaning Example Sentence
.
Accept: To receive or
Accept / agree;
1 She accepted the gift, except for one item.
Except
Except: Excluding
Affect / Affect: To influence; The weather affects my mood, and the effect is
2
Effect Effect: Result noticeable.
Allusion: Indirect
Allusion / reference; His novel makes an allusion to Greek mythology,
3
Illusion creating an illusion of fantasy.
Illusion: False belief

Aloud / Aloud: Out loud;

4 She read aloud because it was allowed.
Allowed Allowed: Permitted
Assure: Give confidence;
Assure /
Ensure: Make certain; I assure you that we will ensure everything is
5 Ensure /
Insure: Provide financial insured.
Insure
protection
Bare: Naked;
He walked barefoot on the bare ground but
6 Bare / Bear Bear: An animal or to couldn’t bear the heat.
endure

Brake / Brake: To stop; Use the brake carefully so you don’t break the
7
Break Break: To shatter car.

Capital: City or money;

Capital /
8 Capitol: Government The capital city has a famous capitol.
Capitol
building
Climactic: High point;
Climactic / The climactic scene of the movie took place in
9 Climatic: Related to
Climatic harsh climatic conditions.
climate
Complement
Complement: Enhances; Her shoes complement her dress, and she
10 /
Compliment: Flattery received many compliments.
Compliment

Council / Council: Governing body; The student council offers career counsel to
11
Counsel Counsel: Advice students.

Desert / Desert: Barren land; The Sahara is a vast desert, and I love chocolate
12
Dessert Dessert: Sweet dish cake for dessert.
Discreet / Discreet: Careful; Be discreet about personal matters; keep work
13
Discrete Discrete: Separate and personal life discrete.
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Elicit: Draw out; The speech elicited applause, but the sale of illicit
14 Elicit / Illicit
Illicit: Illegal goods was condemned.

Emigrate: Leave a
Emigrate / country; He emigrated from India and immigrated to
15
Immigrate Immigrate: Enter a Canada.
country
Farther: Physical
Farther / distance;
16 She walked farther to discuss the issue further.
Further
Further: More abstract
Fewer: Countable;
17 Fewer / Less Fewer apples, but less sugar.
Less: Uncountable
Imminent: About to
Imminent / happen;
18 A storm is imminent, said an eminent scientist.
Eminent
Eminent: Famous
Its: Possessive;
19 Its / It’s It’s raining, but its effects are mild.
It’s: It is
Lie: Recline;
20 Lie / Lay Lie down while I lay the book here.
Lay: To put down
Loose: Not tight;
21 Loose / Lose Her shoelaces are loose; don’t lose them.
Lose: Misplace
Personal / Personal: Individual; Her personal details are known to the company
22
Personnel Personnel: Employees personnel.
Precede / Precede: To come before; A speech will precede the event before we
23
Proceed Proceed: To continue proceed.
Principal / Principal: Main or head;
24 The school principal enforces strong principles.
Principle Principle: Rule
Stationary: Not moving;
Stationary /
25 Stationery: Writing The bike is stationary next to the stationery shop.
Stationery
material
Than: Comparison; Then:
26 Than / Then She is taller than him, and then they left.
Time

Their / Their: Possessive;

Their house is over there, and they’re coming
27 There / There: Place;
now.
They’re They’re: They are
To: Preposition;
To / Too / I went to the store, bought two apples, and ate too
28 Too: Also;
Two much.
Two: Number 2
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Who’s / Who’s: Who is;

29 Who’s calling? Whose phone is this?
Whose Whose: Possessive

Your / Your: Possessive;

30 Your bag is here, and you’re late.
You’re You’re: You are
Advice / Advice: Recommendation;
31 My advice is to listen when I advise you.
Advise Advise: To give guidance
Aisle: Walkway; She walked down the aisle of the church and later
32 Aisle / Isle
Isle: Small island visited an isle.

Appraise / Appraise: Evaluate; The jeweler appraised the ring after being
33
Apprise Apprise: Inform apprised of its history.

Ascent / Ascent: Climb; His ascent up the mountain required his team’s
34
Assent Assent: Agreement assent.

Born: Birth; She was born in March, and her success was
35 Born / Borne
Borne: Carried borne of hard work.

Censor / Censor: Suppress content; The movie was censored, and the author faced
36
Censure Censure: Criticize censure.
Gait: Way of walking;
37 Gait / Gate His gait was slow as he approached the gate.
Gate: Entrance

Hoard / Hoard: Stockpile; He hoarded supplies, but a horde of people

38
Horde Horde: Large group needed them.

Wander / Wander: Move aimlessly; I wander through the city and wonder about its
39
Wonder Wonder: To be curious history.
All together:
All together / Everyone/everything in The family was all together for dinner, which was
40 one place;
Altogether altogether surprising.
Altogether: Completely
Amend: To modify a law
Amend / or rule; They amended the constitution and emended the
41
Emend book’s errors.
Emend: To correct a text
Appraise / Appraise: To evaluate; The antique was appraised, and the owner was
42
Apprise Apprise: To inform apprised of its value.
Canvas: A strong fabric;
Canvas / She painted on a canvas after canvassing for
43 Canvass: To campaign or
Canvass votes.
solicit votes
Cite: To reference; Site:
Cite / Site / Location; Please cite the source of information about the
44
Sight historical site you saw with your sight.
Sight: Vision
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Conscience: Sense of right

Conscience / and wrong; His conscience told him to apologize when he
45
Conscious Conscious: Awake and became conscious of his mistake.
aware
Defuse / Defuse: To reduce danger; The officer defused the bomb before the gas
46
Diffuse Diffuse: To spread diffused in the air.
Disburse / Disburse: To pay money; The bank disbursed the funds as the crowd
47
Disperse Disperse: To scatter dispersed.
Dual: Having two parts;
He has dual citizenship, but once fought a duel
48 Dual / Duel Duel: A fight between two
for honor.
people
Eminent: Famous;
Eminent / The eminent scientist warned that a storm was
49 Imminent: About to
Imminent imminent.
happen
Envelop: To surround;
Envelop / Fog enveloped the city as she sealed the
50 Envelope: A paper cover
Envelope envelope.
for letters
Explicit / Explicit: Clearly stated; The rules were explicit, but an implicit
51
Implicit Implicit: Implied understanding existed.
Gorilla: Large ape;
Gorilla / A gorilla was seen in the wild, while guerrilla
52 Guerrilla: A type of
Guerrilla fighters planned their next move.
fighter
Hanged: Executed by
Hanged / hanging; The criminal was hanged, and a picture was hung
53
Hung on the wall.
Hung: Suspended
Incite: To provoke;
Incite / His speech incited a riot, but the book provided
54 Insight: Deep
Insight insight into human nature.
understanding
Medal / Medal: An award;
He won a gold medal, never meddles in others'
55 Meddle / Meddle: To interfere;
affairs, and showed mettle during a crisis.
Mettle Mettle: Courage
Moral: Ethical lesson;
Moral / The story had a strong moral, which boosted
56 Morale: Spirit or
Morale team morale.
confidence
Peek: Quick look;
Peek / Peak / Peak: Highest point; She took a peek at the peak of the mountain,
57
Pique Pique: To stimulate which piqued her curiosity.
interest
Prescribe / Prescribe: To recommend; The doctor prescribed medicine, but proscribed
58
Proscribe Proscribe: To forbid alcohol consumption.
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Respectfully Respectfully: With He spoke respectfully to the elders, and the boys
59 / respect; Respectively: In received medals for first and second place,
Respectively order mentioned respectively.
Aisle: A passage between
rows; She walked down the aisle at her wedding on a
60 Aisle / Isle
beautiful isle.
Isle: A small island

Aloud / Aloud: Audibly; He read aloud in class because it was allowed by

61
Allowed Allowed: Permitted the teacher.

Breach: Violation;
Breach / The security breach exposed data, while the baby
62 Breech: Lower part of
Breech was in a breech position.
something
Born: Given birth to;
She was born in July, and her struggles were
63 Born / Borne Borne: Carried or
borne with patience.
endured
Cache: Hidden storage; The thieves found a cache of weapons but no
64 Cache / Cash
Cash: Money cash.
Chord: Musical notes
Chord / played together; The guitarist played a beautiful chord while tying
65
Cord Cord: A rope-like a cord around the bundle.
structure
Climactic: Exciting or
Climactic / dramatic; The climactic scene of the movie was set in
66
Climatic Climatic: Related to extreme climatic conditions.
climate
Cue: A signal; His cue to enter was missed, so he stood in the
67 Cue / Queue
Queue: A line of people queue waiting.

Discreet / Discreet: Careful, tactful; She gave a discreet glance at the two discrete
68
Discrete Discrete: Separate groups in the room.
Elicit: To draw out a
response; The lawyer tried to elicit the truth about the illicit
69 Elicit / Illicit
trade.
Illicit: Illegal
Flare: To burst into
flames; The fire flared up as she displayed her flair for
70 Flare / Flair
cooking.
Flair: Talent or style
Flaunt / Flaunt: To show off; She flaunted her new dress but flouted the school
71
Flout Flout: To disregard rules dress code.
Forward: Ahead;
Forward / She moved forward after reading the book’s
73 Foreword: Introductory
Foreword foreword.
section of a book
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Gait: Manner of walking; His gait was slow as he approached the garden
74 Gait / Gate
Gate: An entrance gate.

Loath / Loath: Unwilling; She was loath to admit her mistake because she
75
Loathe Loathe: To hate loathes losing.

Mantel: Shelf above a

Mantel / fireplace; The clock on the mantel was covered with a dust
76
Mantle mantle.
Mantle: Cloak or covering
Persecute: To harass;
Persecute / The innocent man was persecuted before they
77 Prosecute: To take legal
Prosecute prosecuted the real criminal.
action
Stationary: Not moving;
Stationary / The car remained stationary while she bought
78 Stationery: Writing
Stationery stationery from the shop.
materials
Waive: To give up
Waive / voluntarily; He waived his right to a refund and waved
79
Wave Wave: Movement of water goodbye.
or hand gesture
Yoke: A wooden
crosspiece; The oxen were tied to a yoke while she separated
80 Yoke / Yolk
Yolk: Yellow part of an the yolk from the egg.
egg

Phrases with Specific Meanings

No. Phrases Meaning Example Sentence

Attaché: Someone
working in an embassy
Attaché /
handling a specific area; The cultural attaché attended the conference
1 Attaché
Attaché Case: A carrying an elegant attaché case.
Case
hard-sided rectangular
briefcase for documents
Pass Mark: The
required score to pass an
Pass Mark / exam;
The university set a pass mark of 75%, but his
2 Passing Passing Mark: Used in passing mark in the league was the highest.
Mark US English for
performance
measurement

Home in / Home in: To focus or He tried to home in on the main issue during the
3 move toward something;
Hone in meeting.
Hone in: Incorrect
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

variant, but commonly

used
Hold Up: To delay or
Hold Up / support; The traffic held up our plans, but the bank holdup
4
Holdup was the bigger news.
Holdup: A robbery
Make Do: To manage
Make Do / with what is available; We had to make do with limited resources during
5
Make Due Make Due: Incorrect the project.
usage
All Ready: Completely
All Ready / prepared; The students were all ready for the exam, but some
6
Already Already: Prior to a had already finished studying.
certain time
Pick Up: To collect or
Pick Up / lift; I need to pick up my order before driving my new
7
Pickup Pickup: A type of vehicle pickup truck.
or an increase
Log In: Action of
Log In / accessing a system;
8 Please log in using your correct login details.
Login Login: The credentials
used
Work Out: To solve or
Work Out / exercise; She plans to work out at the gym before her
9
Workout Workout: A session of evening workout.
physical exercise
Every Day: Each day;
Every Day / I go for a walk every day as part of my everyday
10 Everyday: Ordinary,
Everyday routine.
common
Break Down: To stop
Break Down working or analyze; My car will break down if I don't get it checked;
11
/ Breakdown Breakdown: A failure or the breakdown of expenses is listed below.
classification
Set Up: To arrange or
Set Up / establish; We need to set up the venue before checking the
12
Setup Setup: The arrangement setup.
itself
Check Out: To examine
Check Out / or leave; I will check out the book before heading to the
13
Checkout Checkout: The process hotel checkout.
of paying at a store
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Pass By: To go past

something;
Pass By / Passby: Incorrect I will pass by your house later to drop off the
14
Passby spelling (should be book.
"passerby" for a person
passing by)
Look Out: To be
cautious;
Look Out / Look out for traffic while standing at the lookout
15 Lookout: A place for
Lookout point.
watching or a person
who watches
Go Ahead: To proceed;
Go Ahead / The manager gave the go-ahead for the project to
16 Go-ahead: Permission to
Go-ahead go ahead.
proceed
Run Away: To escape;
Run Away / Runaway: A person who The child tried to run away, but the police caught
17
Runaway escapes or something out the runaway.
of control
Call Off: To cancel;
Call Off / Call-off: Used rarely to
18 They had to call off the event due to rain.
Call-off indicate a cancellation
process
Go On: To continue;
Go On / Go-on: Incorrect usage, Please go on with your presentation while we
19
Go-on should be "goings-on" discuss the goings-on later.
for events
Take Over: To assume
Take Over / control; The company will take over operations after the
20
Takeover Takeover: The act of takeover is finalized.
assuming control

1.​ One who is against the religion - Heretic​

2.​ One who eats human flesh - Cannibal​

3.​ One who lives at the same time - Contemporary​

4.​ One who is more than a hundred years old - Centenarian​

5.​ One who lives on others - Parasite​

6.​ One who is settled in another country - Immigrant​

 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
7.​ One who knows many languages - Polyglot​

8.​ One who sells sweets and pastries - Confectioner​

9.​ One who has become dependent on something or drugs - Addict​

10.​Something no longer in use - Obsolete​

11.​Words written on a tomb - Epitaph​

12.​A person who is unable to pay debts - Insolvent​

13.​A short poem or speech addressed to the spectators after the conclusion of the
drama/Concluding part of a literary work - Epilogue​

14.​Act of deceiving somebody to make money - Fraud​

15.​Succession of rulers belonging to one family - Dynasty​

16.​To seize control of a vehicle to force it to go to a new destination or demand something -

Hijack​

17.​Lasting only for a moment - Momentary​

18.​One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain - Stoic​

19.​Killing of a child - Infanticide​

20.​One who studies election trends using opinion polls - Psephologist​

21.​A doctor who treats children - Paediatrician​

22.​One who can think about the future with imagination and wisdom - Visionary​

23.​A building where an audience sits - Auditorium​

24.​The study of maps - Cartography​

25.​The study of the origin and history of words - Etymology​

26.​Belonging to all parts of the world - Cosmopolitan​

27.​One who hates mankind - Misanthrope​

28.​A person who believes in total abolition of war - Pacifist​

29.​One who collects coins - Numismatist​

 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
30.​One who believes in no government and therefore incites disorder in a state - Anarchist​

31.​One who secretly listens to talks of others - Eavesdropper​

32.​One who stays away from school or work without permission - Truant​

33.​A person without training or experience in a skill or subject - Novice​

34.​The study of religion and religious ideas and beliefs - Theology​

35.​Dry weather with no rainfall - Drought​

36.​Too much official formality - Red-tapism​

37.​A remedy for all diseases - Panacea​

38.​Something that is poisonous and unhealthy - Toxic​

39.​The worship of idols or images - Idolatry​

40.​A place where nuns live and work - Convent​

41.​One who destroys images or attacks popular beliefs - Iconoclast​

42.​Feeding on food made of both plant and flesh - Omnivorous​

43.​The habit of always admiring oneself - Narcissism​

44.​Property handed down after the death of a person - Inheritance​

45.​Building in which a dead body is kept for a time - Mortuary​

46.​The first public speech delivered by a person - Maiden speech​

47.​Study of insects - Entomology​

48.​The sound of the funeral bell - Knell​

49.​One who loves books - Bibliophile​

50.​A wall built to prevent the sea or a river from flooding an area - Dyke​

51.​One who walks in sleep - Somnambulist​

52.​A government by officials - Bureaucracy​

53.​A person who never takes alcoholic drinks - Teetotaller​

 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
54.​A tank where fish or water plants are kept - Aquarium​

55.​One who believes in giving equal opportunity to women in all fields - Feminist​

56.​Place of burial (especially not in the churchyard) - Cemetery​

57.​A person who is always hopeful and looks upon the brighter side of things - Optimist​

58.​The use of many words where only a few are necessary - Circumlocution​

59.​Occurring at night/ awake and active at night - Nocturnal​

60.​Arrangement in order of occurrence - Chronological​

61.​To do something at the exact appointed time - Punctual​

62.​A child whose parents are dead - Orphan​

63.​That can be spread by touch - Contagious​

64.​A short time ago - Recently​

65.​One who is very careful about spending money - Frugal

66.​One who walks on foot – Pedestrian​

67.​One who presents a radio or TV program – Anchor​

68.​A person who composes music – Composer​

69.​A person who writes plays – Dramatist​

70.​One who is recovering from illness – Convalescent​

71.​A person who travels to work daily – Commuter​

72.​A person who takes care of a museum – Curator​

73.​A person skilled in telling stories – Narrator​

74.​A speech given without prior preparation – Extempore​

75.​One who studies the human mind – Psychologist​

76.​A person who pretends to be what he is not – Hypocrite​

77.​A person who compiles a dictionary – Lexicographer​

 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
78.​One who cannot be corrected – Incorrigible​

79.​A remedy for all evils – Elixir​

80.​One who looks at the bright side of things – Optimist​

81.​A person who does not believe in the existence of God – Atheist​

82.​A person who is fond of luxury and pleasures – Sybarite​

83.​A person who is difficult to please – Fastidious​

84.​A person who is new to a profession or activity – Neophyte​

85.​A person who loves his country – Patriot​

86.​A person who does not express their feelings openly – Reserved​

87.​A place where birds are kept – Aviary​

88.​A place where wine is made – Winery​

89.​A person who looks on the dark side of things – Pessimist​

90.​A person who doesn't believe easily – Skeptic​

91.​A person who doubts everything – Agnostic​

92.​A child who is mentally advanced for their age – Prodigy​

93.​A person who is extremely patriotic – Chauvinist​

94.​The study of birds – Ornithology​

95.​A person who lends money at an excessively high interest rate – Usurer​

96.​A person who opposes war and violence – Pacifist​

97.​One who studies rocks and minerals – Geologist​

98.​A government by a king or queen – Monarchy​

99.​A person who enjoys eating a lot – Gourmand​

100.​ One who renounces the world and practices self-discipline – Ascetic
 Shraddha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of a verb and one or more particles. Particles are small
words that we already know as prepositions and adverbs. Thus, phrasal verbs consist of two
and occasionally three words:
●​ A base verb​

●​ At least one particle (preposition or adverb)​

Many phrasal verbs are idiomatic, meaning the combination of the verb and particle has a
meaning different from the base verb alone.
For example:
●​ Give up and Give in have meanings quite different from just Give.​

Literal or Non-Literal Meaning

1. Literal Meaning
In some cases, the verb and the particle keep their separate literal meaning.
Example:
●​ He looked up and saw a plane.​

○​ Here, the meaning of the verb looked and the particle up remain unchanged.
○​ He looked up = He looked + up (in the direction of the sky).​

2. Non-Literal Meaning
Sometimes, the meaning of the phrasal verb cannot be guessed from the individual meanings of
the verb and particle. The addition of the particle(s) changes the meaning completely.
Example: Fall through (to fail to happen / not happen)
●​ We found a buyer for our house, but then the sale fell through.​

Example: Look up (to find information in a reference book)

●​ He looked up all the new words in the dictionary.​

Example: Hold up (can mean "to cause a delay" or "to try to rob someone")
●​ Traffic was held up due to an accident. (caused a delay)​

●​ The robbers held up the bank. (tried to rob someone)​

The original meaning of hold (e.g., to hold something in your hands) no longer applies.
Types of Phrasal Verbs & Their Usage
There are five main types of phrasal verbs:

1. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

(These do not need an object.)
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Examples:
●​ You're driving too fast. You ought to slow down.​

●​ I got up at 7:00 today.​

2. Transitive Phrasal Verbs (Separable)

(These must have an object and can be separated.)
2.1 Object Between the Verb and Particle
●​ I think I'll put my jacket on.​

2.2 Object After the Particle

●​ I think I'll put on my jacket.​

✅
Rule: If the object is a pronoun (he, she, it, etc.), it must come between the verb and the particle.​

❌ I think I'll put it on.​

(NOT I think I'll put on it.)

3. Transitive Phrasal Verbs (Object Must Come Between the Verb and Particle)
(The object must be placed in between.)
Example:
●​ Our latest designs set our company apart from our rivals.​

4. Transitive Phrasal Verbs (Inseparable)

(The object must come after the particle; they cannot be separated.)
Examples:
●​ John takes after his mother.​

●​ Why do you put up with the way he treats you?​

5. Transitive Phrasal Verbs with Two Objects

(One object after the verb and one after the particle.)
Example:
●​ They put their success down to good planning.​

📝 Worksheet: Identify the Phrasal Verb & Label It as Transitive or Intransitive

Instructions:​
Read each sentence carefully. Underline the phrasal verb. Write whether it's Transitive (T) or
Intransitive (I).

Sentences ✅ Answer Key

1.​ She gave up smoking last year. 1.​ gave up – T (gave up what? smoking)
2.​ The car broke down on the highway. 2.​ broke down – I
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3.​ We looked after our neighbor’s dog. 3.​ looked after – T (looked after what? dog)
4.​ He woke up early today. 4.​ woke up – I
5.​ They called off the meeting. 5.​ called off – T (called off what? meeting)
6.​ My brother ran away from home. 6.​ ran away – I
7.​ I picked up the phone. 7.​ picked up – T (picked up what? phone)
8.​ The baby threw up after eating. 8.​ threw up – I
9.​ Please turn down the volume. 9.​ turn down – T (turn down what? volume)
10.​The lights went out suddenly. 10.​went out – I
11.​She put on her jacket before leaving. 11.​put on – T (put on what? jacket)
12.​The plane took off on time. 12.​took off – I
13.​We need to figure out the solution. 13.​figure out – T (figure out what? solution)
14.​He passed out after the marathon. 14.​passed out – I
15.​I came across an old friend at the mall. 15.​came across – T (came across what?
16.​Please fill out this form. friend)
17.​They showed up late for the concert. 16.​fill out – T (fill out what? form)
18.​The teacher pointed out the mistake. 17.​showed up – I
19.​The kids grew up in the countryside. 18.​pointed out – T (pointed out what?
20.​She turned off the lights before going to mistake)
bed. 19.​grew up – I
20.​turned off – T (turned off what? lights)

⚠️ Be careful with object placement!

Important Usage Notes

●​ The wrong object position can make the sentence grammatically incorrect or change its
meaning.​

●​ You must know the correct grammar pattern of each phrasal verb.​

Examples of Different Uses of "Look Up"

Phrasal Verb Meaning Example

To become I hope things will start to look up in the new

Look up (intransitive)
better year.

Look something up (object: To find If you don't know what the word means,
something) information look it up in a dictionary.

Look someone up (object: To visit

Look me up next time you're in Jaipur.
someone) someone

Phrasal Verbs in Passive Voice

Some transitive phrasal verbs can be used in the passive. However, in passive form, the object
cannot come between the verb and particle.

✅ Active:
Examples:

●​ The soldiers blew up the bridge.​

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●​ The soldiers blew the bridge up.​

✅ Passive:
●​ The bridge was blown up by the soldiers.​

✅ Active:
●​ Switch the lights off before you leave.​

●​ Switch off the lights before you leave.​

✅ Passive:
●​ The lights must be switched off before you leave.​

✅ Active:
●​ It's time they did away with these silly rules.​

✅ Passive:
●​ It's time these silly rules were done away with.​

Some Phrasal Verbs

1. Account for (tr) = Give a good reason for, explain satisfactorily (some action or expenditure):

●​ A treasurer must account for the money he spends.​

●​ He has behaved in the most extraordinary way; I can't account for his actions at all.​

●​ I can't account for his behaving like that.​

2. Allow for (tr) = Make provision in advance for, take into account (usually some additional
requirement, expenditure, delay, etc.):

●​ Allowing for depreciation, your car should be worth £2,000 this time next year.​

3. Ask for

●​ Ask for = Ask to speak to:​

○​ Go to the office and ask for my secretary.​

●​ Ask for = Request, demand:​

○​ The men asked for more pay and shorter hours.​

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4. Ask someone in (object before in) = Invite him to enter the house:

●​ He didn't ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message.​

5. Ask someone out (object before out) = Invite someone to an entertainment or a meal (usually
in a public place):

●​ She had a lot of friends and was usually asked out in the evenings, so she seldom spent an
evening at home.​

6. Back away (intr) = Step or move back slowly (because confronted by some danger or
unpleasantness):

●​ When he took a gun out, everyone backed away nervously.​

7. Back out (intr) = Withdraw (from some joint action previously agreed on), discontinue or
refuse to provide previously promised help or support:

●​ He agreed to help but backed out when he found how difficult it was.​

8. Blow out (tr) = Extinguish (a flame) by blowing:

●​ He blew out the candle.​

9. Blow up (tr or intr)

●​ (a) = Destroy by explosion, explode, be destroyed:​

○​ They blew up the bridges so that the enemy couldn't follow them. (blew the
bridges up)​

○​ Just as we got to the bridge, it blew up.​

●​ (b) = Fill with air, inflate, pump up:​

○​ The children blew up their balloons and threw them into the air. (blew the
balloons up)​

10. Break down

●​ (a) = Cause to collapse by using force:​

○​ The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house.​

●​ (b) Used of people, it normally implies a temporary emotional collapse:​

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○​ He broke down when telling me about his son’s tragic death.​

●​ (c) It can express the collapse of mental resistance:​

○​ At first, he refused to admit his guilt, but when he was shown the evidence, he
broke down and confessed.​

●​ (d) When used for health, it implies a serious physical collapse:​

○​ After years of overwork, his health broke down, and he had to retire.​

●​ (e) It is very often used for machines:​

○​ The car broke down when we were driving through the desert, and it took us two
days to repair it.​

●​ (f) It can be used for negotiations:​

○​ The negotiations broke down (were discontinued) because neither party agreed.​

11. Break in (intr), break into (tr)

●​ Enter by force:​

○​ Thieves broke in and stole the silver.​

○​ The thieves broke into the house when the owner was on holiday.​

●​ Interrupt someone by some sudden remark:​

○​ I was telling them about my travels when he broke in with a story of his own.​

12. Break out (intr)

●​ Begin (used for evils such as wars, epidemics, fires, etc.):​

○​ War broke out on 4 August.​

●​ Escape by using force from a prison, etc.:​

○​ They locked him up in a room, but he broke out. (smashed the door and escaped)​

13. Bring up (tr)

●​ Educate and train children:​

○​ She brought up her children. (brought her children up)​

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●​ Mention:​

○​ At the last committee meeting, the treasurer brought up the question of raising the
annual subscription. (brought the question up)​

14. Call in

●​ Call somebody in (tr) = Ask for someone in authority to come and deal with a situation:​

○​ The company called in a team of experts to help it sort out its problems.​

●​ Call something in (tr) = Ask for money that you have lent to be repaid:​

○​ The company continued to trade at a loss, and the bank decided to call in its loan.​

●​ Call in (intr) = To telephone somewhere, especially your workplace, to tell them what
you are doing or where you are:​

○​ During the break, I called in to the office.​

15. Call off (tr) = Cancel something not yet started, or abandon something already in progress:

●​ They had to call off (= cancel) the match as the ground was too wet to play on. (call the
match off)​

16. Call out (tr) = Summon someone to leave their house to deal with a situation outside:

●​ The police couldn’t control the mob, so troops were called out.​

17. Call up (tr)

●​ Summon for military service:​

○​ In countries where there is conscription, men are called up at the age of eighteen.
(call up men/call men up)​

●​ Telephone:​

○​ I called Tom up and told him the news. (called up Tom)​

18. Care for (tr) = Like (seldom used in the affirmative):

●​ He doesn't care for films about war.​

19. Carry on (intr) = Continue (usually work or duty):

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●​ I can't carry on alone any longer; I'll have to get help.​

20. Carry on with (tr) = Continue:

●​ The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment.​

21. Carry out (tr) = Perform (duties), obey (orders, instructions), fulfill (threats):

●​ You are not meant to think for yourself; you are here to carry out my orders.​

22. Clean out (tr) = Clean and tidy a room/cupboard/drawer, etc., thoroughly:

●​ I must clean out the spare room. (clean the spare room out)​

23. Clean up (intr) = Clean and tidy something thoroughly:

●​ These painters always clean up when they've finished.​

24. Clear away (tr) = Remove articles, usually to make space:

●​ Could you clear away these papers? (clear these papers away)​

●​ (intr) = Disperse:​

○​ The clouds soon cleared away, and it became quite warm.​

25. Come across/upon (tr) = Find by chance:

●​ When I was looking for my passport, I came across these old photographs.​

26. Come along/on (intr) = Come with me, accompany me.

●​ "Come on" is often said to someone who is hesitating or delaying:​

○​ Come on, or we'll be late.​

27. Come into something

●​ Receive money, land, or property from someone after they die:​

○​ She’ll come into quite a lot of money when her father dies.​

●​ Be involved in something:​
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○​ Josie doesn’t come into the movie until quite near the end.​

28. Come round (intr)

●​ Finally accept a previously opposed suggestion:​

○​ Her father at first refused to let her study abroad, but he came round (to it) in the
end.​

●​ Come to my (your/his, etc.) house:​

○​ I'll come round after dinner and tell you the plan.​

Here’s the formatted version with bold headings and numbering for better readability:

29. Cut in (intr) – Slip into a traffic lane ahead of another car when there isn't room to do this
safely.​

○​ Accidents are often caused by drivers cutting in.​

30. Cut off (tr) – Disconnect, discontinue supply (usually of gas, water, electricity, etc.).​

○​ The company has cut off our electricity supply because we haven't paid our bill.
(cut our supply off)​

31. Die away (intr) – Become gradually fainter till inaudible.​

○​ They waited till the sound of the guard's footsteps died away.​

32. Do away with (tr) – Abolish.​

○​ The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinking hours.​

33. Draw back (intr) – Retire, recoil.​

○​ It's too late to draw back now.​

34. Drop in (intr) – Pay a short unannounced visit.​

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○​ He dropped in for a few minutes to ask if he could borrow my books.​

35. Enter for (tr) – Become a competitor/candidate (for a contest, examination, etc.).​

○​ Twelve thousand competitors have entered for the next Jaipur Marathon.​

36. Fade away (intr) – Disappear, become gradually fainter (usually of sounds).​

○​ The band moved on and the music faded away.​

37. Fall out (intr) – Quarrel.​

○​ The thieves are falling out.​

38. Fill in/up (tr) – Complete forms, etc.​

●​ I had to fill in three forms to get my new passport. (fill three forms in)​

39. Find out (tr) – Discover as a result of conscious effort.​

●​ In the end, I found out what was wrong with my Wi-Fi.​

40. Fix up (tr) – Arrange.​

●​ The club has already fixed up several matches for next season. (fixed several matches up)​

41. Get about (intr) – Circulate; move or travel in a general sense.​

●​ The news got about that he had won the first prize in the state lottery and everybody
began asking him for money.​

42. Get away (intr) – Escape, be free to leave.​

●​ Don’t ask him how he is because if he starts talking about his health, you'll never get
away from him.​
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43. Get away with (tr) – Perform some illegal or wrong act without being punished, usually
without even being caught.​

●​ He began forging cheques and at first, he got away with it but in the end, he was caught
and sent to prison.​

44. Get up (intr) – Rise from bed, rise to one's feet, mount.​

●​ I get up at seven o'clock every morning.​

45. Get up (tr) – Organize, arrange (usually an amateur entertainment or a charitable

enterprise).​

●​ They got up a concert in aid of cancer research.​

46. Go for (tr) – Attack.​

●​ The cat went for the dog and chased him out of the hall.​

47. Go in for (tr) – Be especially interested in, practice; enter for (a competition).​

●​ This restaurant goes in for vegetarian dishes (specializes in them).​

●​ She plays a lot of golf and goes in for all the competitions.​

48. Go on (intr) – Continue a journey.​

●​ Go on till you come to the crossroads.​

49. Go on (intr), go on with (tr), go on + gerund – Continue any action.​

●​ Please go on playing; I like it.​

●​ Go on with the treatment. It is doing you good.​

50. Hang about/around (tr or intr) – Loiter or wait (near).​

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●​ He hung about/around the entrance all day.​

51. Jump at (tr) – Accept with enthusiasm (an offer or opportunity).​

●​ He was offered a place in the Himalayan expedition and jumped at the chance.​

52. Keep on – Continue.​

●​ I wanted to explain, but he kept on talking and didn't give me a chance to say anything.​

53. Knock out (tr) – Hit someone so hard that he falls unconscious.​

●​ In the finals of the boxing championship, he knocked out his opponent, who was carried
out of the ring. (knocked his opponent out)​

54. Look after (tr) – Take care of.​

●​ Will you look after my parrot when I am away?​

55. Make for (tr) – Travel towards.​

●​ The escaped prisoner was making for the coast.​

56. Make off (intr) – Run away (used of thieves, etc.).​

●​ The boys made off when they saw the policemen.​

57. Pick out (tr) – Choose, select, distinguish from a group.​

●​ Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. (pick it out)​

58. Put aside/by (tr) – Save for future use (usually money).​

●​ He puts aside Rs 1000/- a month to pay for his summer holiday. (puts it aside)​

●​ Don't spend all your salary. Try to put something by each month.​
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59. Ring up (tr or intr) – Telephone.​

●​ I rang up the theatre to book seats for tonight. (rang the theatre up)​

●​ If you can't come, ring up and let me know.​

60. Ring off (intr) – End a telephone call by putting down the receiver.​

●​ He rang off before I could ask his name.​

61. See about (tr) – Make inquiries or arrangements.​

●​ I must see about getting a room ready for him.​

62. See somebody off – Accompany an intending traveler to his train/boat/plane, etc.​

●​ The station was crowded with boys going back to school and parents who were seeing
them off.​

63. Take off (tr) – Remove (when used of clothing 'take off' is the opposite of 'put on').​

●​ He took off his coat when he entered the house and put it on again. (took his coat off)​

64. Take to (tr)​

●​ Begin a habit: He took to drink (began drinking too much).​

●​ Seek refuge/safety in:​

○​ When they saw that the ship was sinking, the crew took to the boats.​

○​ After the failure of the coup, many of the rebels took to the hills and became
guerillas.​

65. Talk over (tr) – Discuss.​

●​ Talk it over with your wife and give me your answer tomorrow. (talk over my
suggestion/talk my suggestion over)​
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66. Wait on (tr) – Attend, serve food at home or in a restaurant.​

●​ The man who was waiting on us seemed very inexperienced; he got all our orders mixed
up.​

67. Wind up (tr or intr) – Bring or come to an end (used of speeches or business proceedings).​

●​ The headmaster wound up (the meeting) by thanking the parents. (wound the meeting up)​

68. Work out (tr) – Find by calculation or study, the solution to some problem or a method of
dealing with it; study and decide on the details of a scheme.​

●​ He used his calculator to work out the cost. (work the cost out)​

Idioms

An idiom is an expression where the meaning is different from the meaning of the individual
words. Idioms are a type of formulaic language, which consists of fixed expressions that you
learn and understand as units rather than as individual words.

For example, to have your feet on the ground means "to be sensible":​
"Tara is an intelligent girl who has both her feet firmly on the ground."

A lot of idioms are formed using phrasal verbs. For example:​

"After he left me, it took me a long time to pick up the pieces (= It took me a long time to return
to a normal life)."

Many idioms are colloquial, meaning they are used in informal conversation rather than in
writing or formal language. For example:​
"I won't tell anyone your secret. My lips are sealed."

Idioms and Their Meanings

1.​ A creature of habit – A person who likes to do the same thing at the same time
regularly.​
Example: My sister goes to bed at exactly 10:30 every night; she's a creature of habit.​

2.​ A live wire – A lively and energetic person.​

Example: Most of the group are very quiet—we need a live wire like Jez to get us
talking.​

3.​ The salt of the earth – A good, reliable, and honest person.​
Example: Mrs. Andrews runs the business, and people think she's the salt of the earth.​

4.​ The scum of the earth – A person or group considered to be extremely unpleasant or
evil.​
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Example: Drug dealers are the scum of the earth.​

5.​ Nobody's fool – A person who is too clever to be tricked.​

Example: He's tough, ambitious, and he's nobody's fool—our best hope as a manager.​

6.​ A cold fish – A person who shows little emotion or seems unfriendly.​
Example: He's a bit of a cold fish. He hardly ever speaks to us or even smiles.​

7.​ A man/woman of his/her word – Someone who always keeps their promises.​
Example: If he said he would help you, I'm sure he will; he's a man of his word.​

8.​ Have egg on your face – Be embarrassed due to failure.​

Example: If this plan fails, I'll have egg on my face.​

9.​ Out of the frying pan, into the fire – Moving from a bad situation to an even worse one.​
Example: My last job was hard enough, but this one is awful—it's out of the frying pan,
into the fire!​

10.​Couch potato – A person who spends too much time watching TV.​
Example: That boy's a real couch potato!​

11.​Bite off more than you can chew – Take on more than you can handle.​
Example: He'll never cope in that job. He's bitten off more than he can chew.​

12.​Butter wouldn't melt in somebody’s mouth – Someone who looks innocent but isn’t.​
Example: She tells lies and then acts as if butter wouldn't melt in her mouth.​

13.​Have a finger in every pie – Be involved in many activities.​

Example: He's one of those businessmen who's got a finger in every pie.​

14.​Cry over spilt milk – Waste time worrying about what can’t be changed.​
Example: I left the matter, as there's no use crying over spilt milk.​

15.​Full of beans – Very energetic.​

Example: He's 65 but still full of beans.​

16.​Beauty sleep – Sleep needed to stay healthy and attractive.​

Example: I'm off to bed—I need my beauty sleep.​

17.​A storm in a teacup – A lot of worry over something small.​

Example: Is it a genuine problem or just a storm in a teacup?​

18.​Take the bull by the horns – Face a problem directly.​

Example: When he was in hardship, he took the bull by the horns.​

19.​Part and parcel – A necessary part of something.​

Example: Delivery delays are part and parcel of postal services.​

20.​Fight like cat and dog – Argue a lot.​

Example: They fight like cat and dog.​
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21.​Go the extra mile – Make extra effort.​
Example: Sofia is a great nurse—she'll go the extra mile for her patients.​

22.​At sixes and sevens – In a state of confusion.​

Example: We're at sixes and sevens at work this week.​

23.​Chalk and cheese – Totally different.​

Example: The twins may look alike, but they're like chalk and cheese.​

24.​Hustle and bustle – Crowds and noise.​

Example: It's great to leave the hustle and bustle of the city at the weekend.​

25.​Every nook and cranny – Every small place.​

Example: We explored every nook and cranny of the island.​

26.​Every cloud has a silver lining – Good in every bad situation.​

Example: He was upset about IIT Bombay, but his father said, "Every cloud has a silver
lining."​

27.​It never rains but it pours – Problems come all at once.​

Example: When my mother had a stroke, she also broke her leg. It never rains but it
pours.​

28.​All's fair in love and war – Anything goes in extreme situations.​

Example: It was unfair, but all's fair in love and war.​

29.​Fiddle while Rome burns – Ignore an important problem.​

Example: The management remains fiddling while Rome burns.​

30.​Rome wasn't built in a day – Important things take time.​

Example: I'm impatient to finish decorating, but Rome wasn't built in a day.​

31.​No pain, no gain – Success requires effort.​

Example: I have to study hard, but no pain, no gain.​

32.​First come, first served – The first person gets the opportunity.​
Example: We don't have enough tickets—first come, first served.​

33.​Ignorance is bliss – Sometimes, not knowing is better.​

Example: He doesn’t follow the news because ignorance is bliss.​

34.​You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink – You can’t force someone
to do something.​
Example: You can't educate kids who aren’t interested—you can lead a horse to water,
but you can't make it drink.​

35.​Carry coals to Newcastle – Do something unnecessary.​

Example: Giving him books is carrying coals to Newcastle—he has plenty.​
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36.​A flash in the pan – A short-lived success.​
Example: Winning the cup in 1998 was a flash in the pan.​

37.​Baptism of fire – A difficult first experience.​

Example: Our new IT manager had a baptism of fire—all computers crashed.​

38.​Might as well be hung for a sheep as a lamb – If punished, might as well go big.​
Example: You’re already late, so take the day off—might as well be hung for a sheep
as a lamb.​

39.​Shedding crocodile tears – Fake sadness.​

Example: The politicians were shedding crocodile tears over the farmers.​

40.​Achilles' heel – A weak point.​

Example: Corruption is our Achilles' heel.​

41.​The green-eyed monster – Jealousy.​

Example: Their relationship was ruined by the green-eyed monster.​

42.​Burn the candle at both ends – Work too hard.​

Example: His illness was due to burning the candle at both ends.​

43.​By leaps and bounds – Improve quickly.​

Example: Her Spanish improved by leaps and bounds.​

44.​First refusal – First opportunity to buy something.​

Example: Can I have first refusal on your car?​

45.​A golden handshake – A large severance payment.​

Example: Did Charlie get a golden handshake?​

46.​At the cutting edge – The most advanced.​

Example: We need a product at the cutting edge.​

47.​Blue-sky thinking – Creative thinking.​

Example: The management had a weekend of blue-sky thinking.​

48.​Burn the midnight oil – Work late.​

Example: Try not to burn the midnight oil before an exam.​

49.​Let sleeping dogs lie – Avoid bringing up past issues.​

Example: I'll let sleeping dogs lie.​

50.​Pays him chickenfeed – Pays very little.​

Example: They pay him chickenfeed.​

51.​Easier said than done – Harder than it seems.​

Example: Exercising more is easier said than done.​
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52.​To bell the cat – Do a risky but necessary task.​
Example: Who will bell the cat and challenge corruption?​