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Plain old telephone service (POTS) is a basic voice-grade telephone service historically delivered via analog signals over copper loops, remaining a standard connection method for residential and small business users despite the rise of digital technologies. POTS features bi-directional communication, a narrow frequency range, and various calling features that have evolved with computerization. While modern communication systems have advanced, the fundamental operation of POTS remains largely unchanged and compatible with older technologies.

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21 views5 pages

Yulu 30

Plain old telephone service (POTS) is a basic voice-grade telephone service historically delivered via analog signals over copper loops, remaining a standard connection method for residential and small business users despite the rise of digital technologies. POTS features bi-directional communication, a narrow frequency range, and various calling features that have evolved with computerization. While modern communication systems have advanced, the fundamental operation of POTS remains largely unchanged and compatible with older technologies.

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kevin
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Plain old telephone service (POTS), or publicly offered telephone

service, is basic voice-grade telephone service. Historically, POTS has been


delivered by analog signal transmission over copper loops, but the term also
describes backward-compatible analog connections offered by digital
telephone systems.[1]

Copper loop POTS was the standard service offering from telephone
companies in the United States from 1876 until 1988, [2] when the Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) was introduced,
followed by the development of cellular telephone systems and voice over
internet protocol (VoIP).

Despite the advent of these technologies, copper loop POTS remains a basic
form of residential and small business connection to the telephone
network in many parts of the world. The term encapsulates a technology that
has been available since the introduction of the public telephone system in
the late 19th century, remaining largely unchanged despite the introduction
of innovations such as Touch-Tone dialing, electronic telephone
exchanges and fiber-optic communication into the public switched telephone
network (PSTN).

Characteristics

[edit]

Modern, automated POTS is characterized by several aspects: [3]

 Bi-directional (full duplex) communications.

 Using balanced signaling of voltage analogs of sound pressure waves


on a two-wire copper loop

 Restricted to a narrow frequency range of 300–3,300 Hz, called


the voiceband, which is much less than the human hearing range of
20–20,000 Hz

 Call-progress tones, such as dial tone and ringing tone

 Pulse dialing and dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF)

 BORSCHT functions: battery feed (B), over-voltage protection


(O), ringing (R), signaling (S), coding (C), hybrid (H), and test (T)

 Loop start, ground start and E&M signalling


The pair of wires from the central office switch to a subscriber's home is
called a subscriber loop. It carries a direct current (DC) voltage at a nominal
voltage of −48V when the receiver is on-hook, supplied by a power
conversion system in the central office. This power conversion system is
backed up with a bank of batteries, resulting in continuation of service during
interruption of power to the customer supplied by their electrical utility.

The maximum resistance of the loop is 1,700 ohms, which translates into a
maximum loop length of 18,000 feet or 5 km using standard 24- gauge wire.
(Longer loops are often constructed with larger, lower-resistance 19-gauge
wire and/or specialized central office equipment called a loop extender. They
may be 50,000 feet [15 km] or more.)

Many calling features became available to telephone subscribers after


computerization of telephone exchanges during the 1980s in the United
States. The services include voicemail, caller ID, call waiting, speed
dialing, conference calls (three-way calling), enhanced 911,
and Centrex services.

The communication circuits of the public switched telephone


network continue to be modernized by advances in digital communications;
however, other than improving sound quality, these changes have been
mainly transparent to customers. In most cases, the function of the local
loop presented to the customer for connection to telephone equipment is
practically unchanged and remains compatible with pulse dialing telephones.

A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two


or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one
another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many
communications networks, either to allow for simultaneous communication in
both directions between two connected parties or to provide a reverse path
for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. There
are two types of duplex communication systems: full-duplex (FDX) and half-
duplex (HDX).

In a full-duplex system, both parties can communicate with each other


simultaneously. An example of a full-duplex device is plain old telephone
service; the parties at both ends of a call can speak and be heard by the
other party simultaneously. The earphone reproduces the speech of the
remote party as the microphone transmits the speech of the local party.
There is a two-way communication channel between them, or more strictly
speaking, there are two communication channels between them.
In a half-duplex or semiduplex system, both parties can communicate
with each other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one direction
at a time. An example of a half-duplex device is a walkie-talkie, a two-way
radio that has a push-to-talk button. When the local user wants to speak to
the remote person, they push this button, which turns on the transmitter and
turns off the receiver, preventing them from hearing the remote person while
talking. To listen to the remote person, they release the button, which turns
on the receiver and turns off the transmitter. This terminology is not
completely standardized, and some sources define this mode as simplex.[1][2]

Systems that do not need duplex capability may instead use simplex
communication, in which one device transmits and the others can only listen.
Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers, baby
monitors, wireless microphones, and surveillance cameras. In these devices,
the communication is only in one direction.

Simplex

[edit]

Simplex wireless communication

Simplex communication is a communication channel that sends


information in one direction only.[3]

The International Telecommunication Union definition is a communications


channel that operates in one direction at a time, but that may be reversible;
this is termed half duplex in other contexts.

For example, in TV and radio broadcasting, information flows only from the
transmitter site to multiple receivers. A pair of walkie-talkie two-way
radios provide a simplex circuit in the ITU sense; only one party at a time can
talk, while the other listens until it can hear an opportunity to transmit. The
transmission medium (the radio signal over the air) can carry information in
only one direction.

The Western Union company used the term simplex when describing the half-
duplex and simplex capacity of their new transatlantic telegraph
cable completed between Newfoundland and the Azores in 1928.[4] The same
definition for a simplex radio channel was used by the National Fire
Protection Association in 2002.[5]

Half duplex

[edit]

A simple illustration of a half-duplex


communication system

A half-duplex (HDX) system provides communication in both directions, but


only one direction at a time, not simultaneously in both directions. [6] [7][8] This
terminology is not completely standardized between defining organizations,
and in radio communication some sources classify this mode as simplex.[2] [1]
[9]
Typically, once one party begins a transmission, the other party on the
channel must wait for the transmission to complete, before replying. [10]

An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a walkie-


talkie, wherein one must say "over" or another previously designated
keyword to indicate the end of transmission, to ensure that only one party
transmits at a time. A good analogy for a half-duplex system would be a one-
lane road that allows two-way traffic, traffic can only flow in one direction at
a time.

Half-duplex systems are usually used to conserve bandwidth, at the cost of


reducing the overall bidirectional throughput, since only a
single communication channel is needed and is shared alternately between
the two directions. For example, a walkie-talkie or a DECT phone or so-called
TDD 4G or 5G phones requires only a single frequency for bidirectional
communication, while a cell phone in the so-called FDD mode is a full-duplex
device, and generally requires two frequencies to carry the two simultaneous
voice channels, one in each direction.

In automatic communications systems such as two-way data-links, time-


division multiplexing can be used for time allocations for communications in
a half-duplex system. For example, station A on one end of the data link
could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second, then station B on the
other end could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second, and then the
cycle repeats. In this scheme, the channel is never left idle.

In half-duplex systems, if more than one party transmits at the same time,
a collision occurs, resulting in lost or distorted messages.

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