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Chapter - 2 Steady Heat Conduction

Chapter 2 focuses on steady heat conduction, covering concepts such as thermal resistance, multilayer geometries, and thermal contact resistance. It explains the principles of heat transfer through plane walls, including Fourier's law, and introduces thermal resistance networks for analyzing complex heat transfer problems. The chapter also discusses the impact of convection and radiation on heat transfer and provides examples for practical applications.

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11 views45 pages

Chapter - 2 Steady Heat Conduction

Chapter 2 focuses on steady heat conduction, covering concepts such as thermal resistance, multilayer geometries, and thermal contact resistance. It explains the principles of heat transfer through plane walls, including Fourier's law, and introduces thermal resistance networks for analyzing complex heat transfer problems. The chapter also discusses the impact of convection and radiation on heat transfer and provides examples for practical applications.

Uploaded by

umromostafa7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION


Part 1
Objectives
• Understand the concept of thermal resistance and its
limitations, and develop thermal resistance networks
for practical heat conduction problems
• Solve steady conduction problems that involve
multilayer rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical
geometries
• Develop an intuitive understanding of thermal contact
resistance, and circumstances under which it may be
significant
• Analyze finned surfaces, and assess how efficiently
and effectively fins enhance heat transfer
• Solve multidimensional practical heat conduction problems
using conduction shape factors

2
STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALLS
Heat transfer through the wall of a house can be
modeled as steady and one-dimensional.
The temperature of the wall in this case depends
on one direction only (say the x-direction) and
can be expressed as T(x).

for steady operation


In steady operation, the rate of heat transfer
through the wall is constant.

Fourier’s law of
heat conduction

3
The rate of heat conduction through
a plane wall is proportional to the
average thermal conductivity, the
wall area, and the temperature
difference, but is inversely
proportional to the wall thickness.
Once the rate of heat conduction is
available, the temperature T(x) at
any location x can be determined by
Under steady conditions, the
replacing T2 by T, and L by x.
temperature distribution in a plane
wall is a straight line: dT/dx = const.
4
Thermal Resistance Concept

Conduction resistance of the


wall: Thermal resistance of the
wall against heat conduction.
Thermal resistance of a medium Analogy between thermal and electrical
depends on the geometry and the resistance concepts.
thermal properties of the medium.
rate of heat transfer → electric current
thermal resistance → electrical resistance
Electrical resistance temperature difference → voltage difference

5
Newton’s law of cooling

Convection resistance of the


surface: Thermal resistance of the
surface against heat convection.

Schematic for convection resistance at a surface.


When the convection heat transfer coefficient is very large (h → ),
the convection resistance becomes zero and Ts  T.
That is, the surface offers no resistance to convection, and thus it
does not slow down the heat transfer process.
This situation is approached in practice at surfaces where boiling
and condensation occur. 6
Radiation resistance of the
surface: Thermal resistance of the
surface against radiation.

Radiation heat transfer coefficient

Combined heat transfer coefficient

Schematic for
convection and radiation
resistances at a surface. 7
Thermal Resistance Network

The thermal resistance network for heat transfer through a plane wall subjected to
convection on both sides, and the electrical analogy.

8
Temperature drop

U overall heat
transfer coefficient

Once Q is evaluated, the


surface temperature T1 can
be determined from

The temperature drop across a layer is


proportional to its thermal resistance.

9
Multilayer
Plane
Walls
The thermal resistance
network for heat transfer
through a two-layer plane
wall subjected to
convection on both sides.

10
11
GENERALIZED THERMAL RESISTANCE NETWORKS

Thermal resistance network for


two parallel layers.

12
Two assumptions in solving complex
multidimensional heat transfer
problems by treating them as one-
dimensional using the thermal
resistance network are
(1) any plane wall normal to the x-axis is
isothermal (i.e., to assume the
temperature to vary in the x-direction
only)
(2) any plane parallel to the x-axis is
adiabatic (i.e., to assume heat transfer
to occur in the x-direction only) Thermal resistance network for
combined series-parallel arrangement.
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The rate of heat transfer through this composite system
can be expressed as:

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Example :

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