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Unit 5 History Development of Optometry

The document outlines the history and development of optometry, highlighting key milestones from the 13th century to the 21st century, including the contributions of notable figures and the establishment of professional organizations. It also discusses Saint Lucy, the patron saint of the blind, and her association with vision and light. The timeline illustrates the evolution of optometric practices, legislation, and education in the field.

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34 views25 pages

Unit 5 History Development of Optometry

The document outlines the history and development of optometry, highlighting key milestones from the 13th century to the 21st century, including the contributions of notable figures and the establishment of professional organizations. It also discusses Saint Lucy, the patron saint of the blind, and her association with vision and light. The timeline illustrates the evolution of optometric practices, legislation, and education in the field.

Uploaded by

klenthbernardino75
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 5: HISTORY

& DEVELOPMENT
OF OPTOMETRY
DR. IVAN MENDOZA-VELOSO
Instructor
RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE
SAINT LUCY ‘LUCIA’

- is considered the patron saint of the eyes or the blind.

- Her name, Lucia, comes from the Latin root lux, meaning
light.
SAINT LUCY LIFE & WORKS
Lucia is portrayed as the daughter of wealthy pagan
Romans. She converts to Christianity and chooses a life of
chastity and devotion. She is eventually executed for her
faith after refusing marriage. Depending on the account,
Lucia either has her eyes gouged out by soldiers as
punishment for refusing to marry, or she gouges out her own
eyes to make herself undesirable for marriage. She is
unfortunately executed in all versions of the hagiography,
but some editions state that her family finds that she has her
eyes miraculously restored to her body when they gather to
bury her.

https://www.aao.org/museum-blog/detail/shedding-light-on-saint-lucy
SAINT LUCY LIFE & WORKS
Based on the gruesome and surprisingly ocular nature of
Lucia’s martyrdom, it is easy to see why she has been
associated with eyes, vision, and the blind for almost two
thousand years. However, popular celebrations of Saint
Lucy have generally referenced her name’s association
with light and brightness, instead of her execution.

Her annual religious holiday, Saint Lucy’s Day, is observed


on Dec. 13 and is usually considered a festival of light in the
darkness of winter.

https://www.aao.org/museum-blog/detail/shedding-light-on-saint-lucy
A statue of Saint Lucy from Decoding the Eye — note her platter of eyeballs!

Saint Lucy of Syracuse, by Dominico di Pace Beccafumi, c1521


MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1263 – ROGER BACON first mentions lenses as useful for
those with weakness of sight.

1286 – approx. date of invention off spectacles in northern


Italy by unknown artisan.

1604 – JOHANNES KEPLER describes the function of the


retina and demonstrates that concave lenses correct
myopia and convex lenses correct hyperopia.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1621 – WILLEBRORD SNELL discovers the LAW OF
REFRACTION.

1623 – first book on optometric principles, THE USE OF


EYEGLASSES published in Spain by DAZA DE VALDES.

1629 – KING CHARLES I grants a royal charter to the


Worshipful Company of Spectacle Markers, London.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1783 - JOHN MCALLISTER, SR. opens first U.S. shop for
optometric services, Philadelphia. By 1816 John McAllister &
Son was making gold and silver spectacles in a family
business that survived until early 20th century.

1784 – BENJAMIN FRANKLIN invents a split bifocal lens for


spectacles.

1798 – JOHN DALTON describes color blindness.


MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1801 - THOMAS YOUNG discovers astigmatism and is first to map
the normal visual field. Cylindrical lenses were first developed in
1821.

1843 - Invention of the trial lens case facilitated the


determination of a lens prescription independent of the vending
and dispensing of spectacles.

1847 - JAMES PRENTICE, English optician, arrives in U.S. His son


CHARLES F. PRENTICE, will become the "father of American
Optometry."
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1851 - HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ invents the
ophthalmoscope and is first to see the interior of the living
eye.

1856 - Handbook of Physiological Optics is written by


HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ, a monumental treatise in three
volumes. It was translated from German to English ni 1924,
edited by JAMES P.C. SOUTHALL.

1862 - HERMAN SNELLEN devises test types and eye chart


used to measure visual acuity.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1864 - F.C. DONDERS publishes “Anomalies of Accommodation
and Refraction of the Eye” and establishes norms and principles
of prescription. He was the first to have cylindrical lenses put in
the trial case.

1865 - The word "optometry" used by VERSCHOOR in Holland in a


dissertation on refraction.

1872 - Beginnings of Illinois College of Optometry, the oldest


continuous program, with origins in courses and schools such as
McFatrich, Needles, Chicago College, and Northern Illinois
College of Optometry. MONOYER proposes the term diopter for
lens power.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1873 - CUIGNET demonstrates principle of retinoscopy,
retinoscope introduced.

1886 - English translation of E. LANDOLT’s book, Refraction


and Accommodation of the Eye. CHARLES PRENTICE
develops and promotes prism diopter measuring system.

1887 - A.E. FICKE and F.A. MUELLER independently


experiment with blown-glass contact lenses.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1888 - First successful scleral contact lenses made to correct
vision.

1895 - CHARLES F. PRENTICE threatened with jail for


charging a fee for eye exam.

In 1896 he issued a treatise on the reasons why states


should recognize the professional status of the optometrist.
Optical Journal, first optometric journal published in the U.S.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1898 - Formation of the American Association of Opticians.
Name changed in 1910 to the American Optical
Association, and in 1919 to American Optometric
Association(AOA).

1901 - Passage of first state law recognizing and regulating


the practice of optometry -- Minnesota. (All states had
optometry laws by 1921)

1910 - First university courses in optometry, Columbia


University (1910-1954), a big step toward recognition of the
optometric profession.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1911 - ANDREW J. CROSS publishes Dynamic Skiametry in Theory
and Practice, introducing the basic theory and method for
dynamic retinoscopy.

1914 - Optometrists go on record favoring regulations against


drivers with defective vision and encouraging visual tests for
driver licensing.

1915 - In the case of MARTIN V. BALDI the PA Supreme Court


rules that optometry is a calling separate from medicine and
cannot be regulated by the state board of medicine as a "minor
branch" of that profession. ALBERT FITCH had convinced
Pennsylvania optometrists to pursue legal action.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1919 – International Board of Boards (IBB) established.
Name changed to International Association of Boards of
Examiners in Optometry (IAB) in 1954, and to the
Association of Regulatory Boards (ARBO) in 1999.

1922 - American Academy of Optometry organized to


encourage investigative research.
- First Conference on Optometric Education

1923 - Pennsylvania College of Optometry awards the first


Doctor o f Optometry (O.D.) degree.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1924 - The District of Columbia enacts an optometry law,
completing a total U.S. coverage.

1925 - Beta Sigma Kappa founded as international


optometric fraternity.

1928 - CHARLES SHEARD introduce "case analysis" for


refraction. Also graduates of optometry affiliated with a
university will be eligible for licensure.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1937 - "Optometry on Trial” The Story of Optometry was
authored by Wilber Brucker under AOA auspices in 1938.

1938 - Plastic contact lenses introduced by THEO OBRIG


and JOHN MULLEN.

1940 - Association of Schools & Colleges of Optometry


(ASCO) created; ALBERT FITCH first President.
Parent organization was International Federation of
Optometry Schools (1921-1940).
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1941 - New York optometrist L. LESTER BEACHER produces
textbook on contact lens technique.

1947 - Optometrists first commissioned in the U.S. Army.


Many years passed before optometrists reached a status
equivalent to the other major health professions.

1950 - Formation of Association of Military Optometrists; first


President: EUGENE STRAWN. Organized as Armed Forces
Optometric Society (AFOS) in 1970.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1951 - National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO)
founded by IAB and ASCO, first National Board exam given in
1952.

1952 - Cross-linked hydrophilic polymer (HEMA) discovered by


OTTO WICHTERLE who ushers in the era of the soft contact lens.

1961 - Pennsylvania optometrists introduce a bill to authorize the


use of ophthalmic diagnostic pharmaceutical agents, but it is
defeated.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1965 - Medicare and Medicaid enacted by U.S. Congress,
discriminates against optometrists.

1968 - American Optometric Student Association (AOSA)


formed. Although discussed and a committee formed by
MYERS who became the AOSA's first President.

1969 - National Optometric Association (NOA) founded by


C. CLAYTON POWELL and JOHN L.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1970 - Formation of the Armed Forces Optometric Society
(AFOS); first president: LTC FREDERICK VAN NUS.

1971 - U.S. Food &Drug Administration approves Bausch


&Lomb soft contact lens, consumer advertising begins 1974.

1973 - Bill introduced in North Carolina to authorize


optometrists to use and prescribe pharmaceutical agents
for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1976 - First TPA Law passed- West Virginia. This law permitted
the use of therapeutic drugs by optometrists.

1977 - U.S. Supreme Court reverses four decades of


precedent and holds that professionals may utilize truthful
advertising (Bates vs. Arizona State Bar).

1978 - Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issues rule


(Eyeglasses I) for goods and services by optometrists,
ophthalmologists, and opticians for spectacle prescriptions.
MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1990 - Neuro Optometric Rehabilitation Association (NORA)
formed, WILLIAM PADULA - first President.

1995 - Active optometric involvement in national research


studies, CLEK (Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of
Keratoconus Study) and OHTS (Ocular Hypertension
Treatment Study).

1997 - AOA's Centennial Year Anniversary celebration.


MILESTONES IN THE HX OF OPTOM
1998 - First state law specifically authorizing the use of lasers by
optometrists for certain treatment purposes enacted in
Oklahoma.

2005 - Optometry 2020 Summits (2005-06), a series of 3 national


meetings attended by representatives from over 20 optometric
organizations.

2010 - National health care legislation enacted, designating


children's vision as an essential benefit and preserving state
patient access to care laws.

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