Science second semester Study Pack - Answers

Biology Vocabulary

Photosynthesis- a process where carbon dioxide, water, and salts, are converted into
carbohydrates by plants using sunlight and chlorophyll;

Roots- organ of plant that typically lies below surface

Xylem- transports water, minerals, and foods to other parts of plants

Leaf- flattened green part from the stem, where photosynthesis takes place

Epidermis- provides protection for plant

Palisade Mesophyll- tissue made of many chloroplasts

Spongy mesophyll- lower layer of tissue with fewer chloroplasts

Stomata- microscopic openings in leaves, site of exchange of gases

Guard cells- control excessive water loss

Agriculture- the practice of farming or growing crops or raising animals;

Pests- a destructive insect or animal that attacks crops;

Pesticide- a substance used for destroying pests;

Fertilizer- a substance added to the soil to increase fertility;

Selective breeding- choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce
offspring with more desirable characteristics

Genetically Modified Organism(GMO)- food produced from plants or animals whose DNA has
been altered through genetic engineering
 1. Using the vocabulary words above, label the parts of the leaf

Cuticle

Epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll Transport vessel/Xylem/Phloem

Lower epidermis
Stomata

2. Write the Word Equation and Chemical Equation for photosynthesis.

a. Word Equation:
light energy

Carbon dioxide water oxygen glucose

chlorophyll

b. Chemical Equation:
light energy

6CO2 6H20 C6H12 6O2

chlorophyll

3. Discuss some the benefits of using pesticides and fertilizers on crops:

Pesticides Fertilizers

 Greater yield  Plants grow faster

 Cost effective  PLants are bigger

 Effective & Rapid  Greater yield

 4. What possible negative effects might there be from using pesticides and fertilizers on crops?

Pesticides Fertilizers

 Can kill useful animals  Dehydrates plants

 Chemical pollution  Increases the salt content

 Toxic to farmers  Root burn

5. What are the 4 main mineral salts needed for healthy functioning of a plant?

 Phosphorus  Magnesium

 Iron  Nitrogen

Electricity Vocabulary

Electricity- the flow or presence of electric charge

Electric charge- the charge (positive or negative) which created when electrons are gained

Potential difference/Voltage- the difference between the electrical potential (possibility) between
two points.

Electric current- a flow of negative charges (Electrons) from one place to another

Direct current (DC)- an electric current which travels only in one direction

Alternating current (AC)- an electric current which alternates (changes) directions periodically
(every once in a while).

Circuit- an arrangement of electrical components

Series circuit- a circuit in which the current flows in one direction with one continuous current

Parallel circuit- a circuit with branches where currents split along different, parallel,paths.

Valence electrons- are just electrons that are not attached to any one particular molecule.

Units of Measurement

Hertz (Hz)- a unit of measurement for frequency

Amperes(Amps)- a unit of measurement (A) for electric current.

Voltage (Volts)- the push that moves the electrons from one point to another.

Without voltage, there is no electricity because there is no flow of electrons.

1. In your own words, what is electricity?

2. Use your notes from class to fill in the following Diagram

Symbol Symbol Name Purpose

Generates a constant voltage

Cell

Twice as much voltage

Two-Cell Battery

A switch(open/closed), can
Switch either stop the electric flow or
allow it to continuosly flow
 Disconnects the flow of
Fuse electricity when it reaches a
certain amount

Reduces the flow of electric

current
Resistor

Resistor which can change the

Variable Resister
amount of resistance

Generates light
Bulb

Produces a buzzing sound

Buzzer

Converts electrical energy to

Motor mechanical energy

Measures voltage
Voltmeter

Measures electric current

Ammeter

3. Identify the Circuits and label the parts of the diagram:

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

 4. Give three examples of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Elements

Magnetic Non-Magnetic

Iron Zinc

Nickel Aluminium

Cobalt Magnesium

Acids and Alkalis

Vocabulary for new lesson Acids & Alkali

Acid - PH less than 7.

Alkali - (Base) PH greater than 7.
Neutral - PH of 7.
pH - Tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is.
Litmus - To test whether a solution is acidic or basic. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic
conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions.
Universal Indicator - Used to show the acidity of alkalinity of solutions.
Solution - A liquid mixture.
Corrosive - Causing damage to metal or other materials through a chemical process.
Irritant - A substance that causes slight inflammation or other discomfort to the body.

Use Pages 82-86 to answer the following questions

5. Complete the following sentences

All solutions in water are either Acidic, Alkaline, or Neutral. We can tell them apart by
using special Indicators, which change colour depending on the type of solution. Often the
indicator is one colour in an Acid and a different colour in an alkali.
6. Strong acids which can cause damage to metal or other materials are called Corrosive.
7. What do we call the scale that measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is? PH Scale
8. Give one reason that we might want to know the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Tells us the taste as acids are sour and alkali solutions are bitter