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MCR536 Answers 2022 23 Remaining

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14 views5 pages

MCR536 Answers 2022 23 Remaining

Uploaded by

ayushabhas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MCR 536 End-Semester Exam Answers

Remaining Unique Questions from 2022-23 End-Sem

Question 1(a):

What are polypeptides? Discuss the role of polypeptides during cell-material interaction with proper

schematic illustrations.

Answer:

Polypeptides are linear polymers of amino acids joined via covalent peptide bonds. They are the building

blocks of proteins, and their primary structure involves a specific sequence of amino acids with N- and

C-terminal ends.

Role in Cell-Material Interaction:

- Structural proteins like collagen (a triple helix of three polypeptide chains) are found in bone, cartilage,

tendons, and ligaments.

- Proteins adsorb on biomaterial surfaces upon implantation, forming the initial interface.

- Cells do not interact directly with the material but interact with this protein layer.

- Key proteins involved: fibronectin, vitronectin, fibrinogen.

- Integrin receptors on the cell membrane bind to specific ligands on adsorbed proteins, triggering cell

adhesion and signaling.

Schematic Events:

1. Protein adsorption on biomaterial surface.

2. Initial contact between cell and protein layer.

3. Bond formation between cell surface receptors and cell adhesion ligands.

4. Cytoskeletal reorganization and spreading of the cell on the substrate.

Page 1
MCR 536 End-Semester Exam Answers

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Question 1(b):

Sequence of events before the implant is encapsulated. How do cells respond toward injury and implant?

Answer:

Sequence of Events Post-Implantation:

1. Protein adsorption on the implant surface (seconds).

2. Cell adhesion to adsorbed proteins (minutes to hours).

3. Inflammatory response:

- Acute (3-5 days): dominated by neutrophils and monocytes.

- Chronic: persists with macrophages, foreign body response.

4. Granulation tissue formation.

5. Fibrous capsule formation (encapsulation) around non-bioactive (bioinert) implants.

Cellular Responses:

- Erythrocytes: oxygen transport.

- Leukocytes (WBCs): immune functions.

- Platelets: blood clotting.

- Neutrophils and monocytes: infiltrate the implant site, initiate immune response.

------------------------------------------------------------

Question 2:

Cellular adaptation processes and consequences. Role of osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast

cells in bone remodeling. Consequences of inflammation in healing bone injury.

Page 2
MCR 536 End-Semester Exam Answers

Cellular adaptation can be induced and/or regulated


at any number of regulatory steps, including
Answer: receptor binding, signal transduction, gene
transcription or protein synthesis
Cellular Adaptation Processes:

- Atrophy: Decreased cell size due to disuse, malnutrition.

- Hypertrophy: Increased cell size due to higher workload or hormones.

- Hyperplasia: Increased cell number; may be physiological or pathological.

- Metaplasia: Reversible change of one adult cell type to another.


Atrophy : Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy : Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia : Increase in cell number
Consequences: Metaplasia : Change in cell type

- May lead to loss of function, organ dysfunction, or tissue degradation if adaptation fails.

Roles in Bone Remodeling:

1. Osteogenic cells: Divide and differentiate into osteoblasts.

2. Osteoblasts: Synthesize bone matrix; initiate mineralization.

3. Osteocytes: Mature cells embedded in bone; nutrient exchange.

4. Osteoclasts: Resorb bone; critical for remodeling and calcium regulation.

Inflammation in Bone Healing:

- Acute inflammation initiates repair via immune cell recruitment.

- Chronic inflammation can delay healing, cause fibrous tissue formation, or result in implant rejection.

------------------------------------------------------------

Question 6:

Compare bioinert, bioactive, and biodegradable ceramics regarding bone interaction. Importance of Ca/P

ratio. Role of simulated body fluid (SBF). Selection criteria for ceramic implants.

Page 3
MCR 536 End-Semester Exam Answers

Answer:

Bioinert Ceramics:

- Do not interact chemically with bone.

- Encapsulated by fibrous tissue.

- Examples: Alumina, Zirconia.

Bioactive Ceramics:

- Form direct bond with bone.

- Stimulate healing and integration.

- Examples: Bioglass, sintered Hydroxyapatite (HA).

Biodegradable Ceramics:

- Gradually resorbed and replaced by tissue.

- No long-term stress shielding.

- Examples: Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP), low-temp HA.

Ca/P Ratio Importance:

- Ideal bioactivity: Ca/P ~ 1.5-1.67.

- Ca/P < 1: Not suitable for implants.

- Ca/P ~ 1.5: Indicates biodegradability.

SBF Role:

- Mimics body fluids.

- Tests bioactivity by checking formation of apatite layer on implant surface.

Page 4
MCR 536 End-Semester Exam Answers

Selection Criteria for Ceramic Implants:

1. Biocompatibility

2. Functional performance: mechanical match with bone, wear resistance, porosity.

Page 5

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