GOVT DEGREE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN BEGUMPET

BA JOURNALISM

FINAL YEAR SEM 4

PAPER : BROADCAST AND NEW MEDIA JOURNALISM

STUDY MATERIAL

Syllabus: Unit-V: New Media Journalism: Web-based newspapers, web-journalism. Unique features
of Web Journalism, language, Internet newspaper editions, updates, Internet News Groups, e-mail,
blogs. Internet as a tool for data gathering, Social Media Journalism, issues of veracity and
credibility.

Social Media Platforms as source of news items or information.

New media and the internet have radically changed the way news is collected, disseminated and
consumed. The significance of the internet as a source of news is very well documented in the
literature on online news and social media.

Newspapers and television news channels keep a track of what news items are posted on different
news portals and websites on a daily basis. In the present day digital world, Twitter (see Hermida
2010), Facebook and other social media platforms are emerging as instantaneous and popular
sources of news with almost all politicians at national and international levels, political parties,
organisations, celebrities, and newsmakers having their own twitter accounts and Facebook pages to
directly connect with the public and to feed reporters with the latest information. The earlier
debates on whether online sources are reliable or not and does online news count as journalism is
rendered irrelevant given the heavy reliance of journalists on online sources.

Ex: Dance on Bullet Bandi song by a newly wedded copule posted on social media became an news
item. Many social issues posted on platforms etc.

1Q) What is new media journalism?

A: New media is any media—from newspaper articles and blogs to music and podcasts—that are
delivered digitally. From a website or email to mobile phones and streaming apps, any internet-related
form of communication can be considered new media. New media are digital form such as chip, CD
converted from analogue media(film, cosset). Their fundamental characteristics are free and unlimited
access to data and its copying without losing quality and interactivity.

Few examples of new media include:

 Blogs
 Email
 Music and television streaming services
 Social media networks
 Virtual and augmented reality
 Websites
Q) What is online journalism ? explain its unique features?

A: Online journalism refers to content created and distributed online. In other words, this is a type
of journalism which operates via internet. Online journalism is publishing of information that is
equivalent to that of its print and broadcast counterparts (such as newspapers, magazines, radio and
television). It follows the professional code of conduct similar to traditional journalism. Digital media
is a technology-driven and evolving medium. New innovations, new ideas and concepts are added to
it more frequently than in any other traditional media. The introduction of mobile telephony has
made access to news a universal phenomenon. In India, there are more than a billion mobile phone
users with over 389 million having access to internet on their handsets. According to a report by
Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI, 2017), the number of internet mobile users is
expected to double in the coming years.

The online medium provides journalists with a vast range of options to gather information in an
interesting and entertaining way. The internet provides opportunity for instant publishing, archiving,
linking, use of audio and video with greater interactivity and also provides instantaneous feedback.
All these features give online journalism an upper hand over other media. These key features of
online news medium has a great impact on conventional media e.g. newspaper, radio, and
television. Online medium is not only posing a challenge to the conventional media but is also
forcing them to adopt changes in their newsroom operations and news delivery platforms.

UNIQUE FEATURES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF ONLINE JOURNALISM:

the important characteristics of online journalism are

1. Online: As the word suggests, it operates on a online platform which can be

seen or updated in real time. Here breaking news and events can be updated

as it happens - like live telecast in television news channels, live updates in

news websites are quite common nowadays.

2. Shifted time: Online journalism also takes advantage of shifted time. Online

publications can archive stories for now or later. Users can read those stories

at any time of their choice. In other medium this facility is not available easily.

In the conventional print media, if you want to read any previous day’s or month’s

newspaper you have to get access to the news organization library or one should

collect newspapers on daily basis and archive it periodically – which can be

quite a tedious task.

3. Multimedia: Online journalism can include multimedia elements: text and

graphics (newspaper and books), sound, music, motion elements and animation

(broadcast medium), 3D, etc. One of the greatest opportunity of multimedia

journalism is the ability to combine various media elements for a news story.

At present, most media organizations provide derivatives of their ‘parent’

products. Newspapers are providing digital text, radio organizations are providing

audio clips and TV channels are providing streamed video links. But multi media

is providing to these news entities an opportunity to adapt other designs also.

There are number of sites where we can see this adaptation.

Newspaper organizations are not only providing digital text but also audio clips

and motion pictures - almost all major dailies are practicing this method. TV

channels are also complementing their video files with text – similar to newspapers

all leading news channels are running their news portals.

Interactivity: Online journalism is interactive. Hyperlinks are primary mechanism

for this interactivity on the web. Through hyperlinks different types of media

options are added to a news package to bring more in-depth analysis. Through

hyperlinking various elements of lengthy and complex works are added together

in a story. Work of an online journalist consists of hyperlinking of own web

pages or at times links to other websites.

Interactivity also provides users options to comment and add some information

to the existing content. Online sites also conduct online poll to bring in more

Online Journalism interactivity. This feature of online journalism is helpful in several ways:

 It makes users’ spend more time on the web page.

 It makes the users’ experience more enjoyable.
 It helps users to gain more information.
 Users perceive the site navigation easily.

Immediacy: As per Encyclopaedia of Journalism, ‘News is like bread-it is

best served fresh as it goes stale quickly.’ This statement points to the fact

that immediacy is a key component of journalism. Journalists have responsibility

to provide information as quickly as they can and what better way to do it

than through the internet. It is the fastest medium and through this information

can be disseminated from personal computer to mobile. With the ability to

upload content anytime through a basic internet connection, online media is as

immediate as we can get.

Hyper-textuality: Hyper-textuality is a prime ‘tool’ used to introduce interactivity

in a web page. Hypertext is a web link which can be used to provide variety

of information in one page. These links carry a variety of media content (audio,

video, graphics, animation , etc.) in a story. Through hypertext, journalists enrich

their content. So, this being a distinctive unique characteristic of online journalism,

it helps differentiate online media differently from other forms of media. Traditional

journalism provides for linear presentation of a story while online media brings

multi-linearity to the story. It also enables users to be participants when they

click their way through hyperlinked set of pages.

2Q) What is the difference between Traditional media and online media?

A: the difference between traditional journalism and online journalism?

First and foremost, the major difference is the medium used for information dissemination.
Traditional journalism disseminates information through printed materials, such as the newspapers,
and other broadcasting equipment like the television and radio. Online journalism, on the other
hand, has its articles published in the internet.

For online journalism, the writer or journalist writes his articles on his web log (blog). Some online
journalists are writers not employed in any media company. Some online journalists also do not gain
any profit from their articles. Being unemployed, they do not have any deadlines to beat when
posting an article. The traditional journalist, on the other hand, writes his articles to be published in
a newspaper. Whether they are working as a freelance writer or under a media company, they get
paid for their articles and have deadlines to beat.

The length of the articles posted also differs. In online journalism, the writer can write a lengthy
article, while in traditional the writer has limited space for his article.

Also, in online journalism internet users only get to read news articles with a stable internet
connection. While in traditional journalism, people get to be updated with the latest happenings
without going online.

Today, writers and journalists can use multimedia elements for online journalism like as text,
graphics, sound, motion picture, animation, video, 3D etc, but in traditional journalism they can’t do
these types of practices.
In Online journalism, readers can comment or can give their feedback instantly on that particular
article or some other write ups, but in traditional journalism, reader’s response is too delayed and
limited reader’s comments are published in Traditional journalism.

In Online Journalism, information is regularly updated by minute to minute, as they happen. While
on the other hand, in Traditional Journalism, it takes time, like as in newspaper, if something is
happened after the publishing of that day’ newspaper, that happening will be published on the next
day’ newspaper.

Online Journalism is an evolution; it’s even easier to get published online. However, I honestly don’t
think that it can replace the concreteness of print or traditional journalism practices etc. As long as
print is making money traditional journalism is here to stay.

Q) f online media VERSES traditional media?

A: Benefits of digital journalism:

1. Extensive Reach

When publishing a story on the internet journalists are

instantaneously enabling their work to reach readers from all over
the world. With the accessibility of online news at the touch of
people’s fingertips due to beauty of devices such as smartphones and
laptops the possibilities of reaching a diverse audience are
guaranteed.

2. Cost Effective

By regularly purchasing a newspaper or magazine in order to

enlighten yourself on current affairs you will find that this habit will
eat away at your disposable income. With the price of print steadily
rising, I can assure you that this isn’t going to be a cheap pastime.
For example, the weekday edition of The Guardian is priced at
£2.20 and the Saturday edition of The Guardian is priced at £3.20.
These prices are coming in to be similar to the price of a Tesco meal
deal, and when you can access the same information on The
Guardian’s website for free, this seems to be a rather unnecessary
expense. Let’s face it, who wouldn’t like to save some cash?

3. Interactive Audiences

When posting news stories digitally journalists have the ability to

engage with their readers in a variety of different ways. For
example, The Sun have a comments section at the end of every news
story which enhances the way in which they can connect with their
audience. Readers can post their thoughts and feelings about a story
that The Sun have posted, however these comments might not
always be positive, but it is a good way to help The Sun understand
those that read the content they publish.

4. Report Stories Immediately

One of the most noticeable benefits of online journalism is that

reporting news can be written, edited and published within a matter
of days. The lead times for online and print journalism greatly differ.
For instance, the monthly print magazine Cosmopolitan has to be
planned, written and produced months ahead of the issue date
which results in a lack of content about current affairs which is then
left to their online presence to publicise as this can be updated
instantaneously.

Q) Advantages and disadvantages of online and traditional media

: Old media are media that were owned and controlled by large companies and
disseminated through one-way communication methods. Examples include
newspapers, film and television.

New media are media that can be produced and distributed digitally by anyone with
an internet connection and generally involve two-way communication. Examples
include blogs, social media (like Facebook and Twitter) and online forums.

“The term ‘new media’ will generally refer to those digital media that are interactive,
will incorporate two-way communication, and involve some form of computing.”

New media like Facebook and Twitter have made communication, socialization,
sharing and interacting easier for people with an internet connection. We can now not
only be the consumers of information but also information producers. Sharing news,
thoughts and opinions to a global audience is no longer something only the rich and
powerful can do. Anyone with a Twitter handle how has global reach.

Advantages Of Old Media

media

1. Old media have broad reach.

Old media were designed as a form of mass communication that was to be broadcast
to the masses. From the invention of the printing press in 1440 to the 1980s, print
media such as newspapers, then radio, and finally television, followed this same
broadcast formula. One message was broadcast to an entire population of a nation.
People of all ages got their news from a small amount of publications that had
extremely broad reach across a population.

2. Urgent information is broadly dispersed.

A follow-up benefit of this broad reach of old media was that information of public
importance was distributed rapidly. Still today, when a public disaster occurs, most
people turn to old media of television and radio to get important information from
authorities. This information is often controlled by, distributed by, and policed by the
government so everyone gets the same information about how to protect themselves
during times of emergency.

3. The people who control news dissemination are authorities and experts.

Old media has important gatekeepers (Carr, 2012) to ensure the quality and
authenticity of information. Published information is parsed by editors and producers
to ensure it is true. People along the information supply train are trained and
experienced journalists, and their editors provide checks and balances to what is
distributed in newspaper, radio and television broadcasts. By contrast, new media can
be produced and disseminated by anybody with an internet connection, leading to
misinformation. This is one possible con of the internet.

4. Extreme views do not spread easily.

Because of the control that gatekeepers exert over old media, unfettered media bias,
extreme and radical opinions are curtailed. Untrue information can be prevented and
filtered and offensive information can be bleeped out to protect children. Unfortunately
with the rise of social media, our world has become increasingly polarized and
radicalized (Thompson, 2011). This is largely due to the fact those gatekeepers aren’t
there to provide quality control for information anymore.
5. A sense of community and social cohesion develops.

Benedict Anderson (1983) theorized that the emergence of the printing press led to
the concept of the ‘nation’. He said that when people of a nation all started to read the
same information each day, they began to see themselves as a community. Before
then, our sense of community was to people in our villages. After that, we saw
ourselves as an “imagined community” who share a common set of values and culture.

Disadvantages Of Old Media

6. Minority views can be marginalized.

There is extensive literature that shows that people of color, women, and other
minorities have had their views curtailed and silenced in old media. Instead, dominant
views are perpetuated by old media. Critical theory and post-structuralism (inspired in
large part by Michel Foucault) have long stressed that media has produced unfair
stereotypes and narratives about minorities. Old media were complicit in the
reproduction and normalization of ‘dominant discourses’, and have long silenced
minority or unpopular opinions.

7 The government and oligarchs often control the message.

Throughout the 20th Century, the ability to share information was controlled by a small
group of people. This helped them to maintain their power. In Manufacturing Consent,
Herman and Chomsky (2010) highlight how corporate America and media oligarchs
(such as Rupert Murdoch) have had a mutually beneficial relationship where they
perpetuated untruths and propaganda in order to maintain their positions of power in
society. To a greater extreme, in socialist nations, governments literally censor the
‘old’ press and only allow favorable media coverage.
8. Old media don’t get much instant feedback.

Today, when you broadcast something on the internet, it gets comments and re-tweets
to provide the writer with instantaneous feedback. This isn’t the case with traditional
media like television, which broadcast information without an instantaneous response
(one exception might be talk back radio). Interestingly, many major communication
models in the 20th Century that had a linear structure (e.g. the Laswell model and the
Shannon-Weaver model) are largely outdated due to the two-way communication
features of new media.

9. People don’t listen to or respect old media anymore.

The declining trust in expertise and authority is widely a result of the emergence of
new media. As previously marginalized and even extreme voices have been magnified
by new media, people have started turning away from old media and considering it to
be elitist and untrue. Whether these claims are accurate or not, the declining trust in
old media means it doesn’t have the clout it once did.

Advantages Of New Media

internet

10. Information production is no longer just for the elites.

In the era of blogs, social media, and instant communication, elites and the powerful
no longer hold a monopoly on mass dissemination of information. Anyone with an
internet connection can now have their beliefs and opinions broadcast to anyone
around the world who wants to listen. This removal of gatekeepers has allowed us to
become not just information consumers, but also information producers.
11. People can find their ‘tribe’.

With the rise of the internet, people can connect to people who share their interests
from around the world. This has led to the rise of a multitude of internet subcultures
where people get together on forums and associate with their ‘tribe’. Now, subculture
groups (goths, LGBTQI youth, punks, etc.) who feel out of place among their friends
from school can go online and connect with people who share their experiences.

12. National borders are less of a barrier.

In the 20th Century, our ability to communicate was often restricted to people in our
local community. This limited who we could associate with. The rise of dispersed tribes
could have the effect of undermining traditional cultural groups (based around national
identities, etc.) and instead allow us to link up with our dispersed sub-cultural groups
around the world.

13. Minority views and opinions can gain traction.

People from minority groups that were traditionally excluded from old mass media
platforms have found platforms to share their opinions online. Together, they have
been able to form groups large enough to have their voices heard. Silenced voices
have risen up – from the #metoo movement to the Arab Spring – to change our world
for the better.

14. We can stay in touch.

Prior to social media platforms like Facebook, we often lost touch with people form out
past. But now, thanks to social media, we can watch people from a distance and share
our major achievements, milestones and life changes to stay in touch with people on
our distant periphery.

15. News is instantaneous.

Thanks to news apps, Twitter, etc., news spreads faster than ever. We no longer need
to wait until the 6pm news to access our news. As part of this instantaneous access
to knowledge, we now have what’s known as the “24 hour news cycle”. Consumers
have an insatiable appetite for news, so new media have to pump out an ongoing
stream of ever more sensationalized news articles.

16. News producers get instant feedback.

As soon as a piece of news is pumped out, tweets fling back and comments are
provided to show feedback. Digital analytics software identifies which headlines get
the most clicks and can show how long people spend reading each article. These
qualitative and quantitative big data coalesce to help news producers to create content
that best serves their consumers.

Disadvantages Of New Media

17. Misinformation spreads like wildfire.

Without traditional gatekeepers of knowledge such as editors and publishing houses,

there is nobody controlling which information is disseminated. Misinformation has
become widespread in the 21st Century thanks to social media (Allcott, Gentzkow &
Yu, 2019). This causes fringe conspiracy theories and even doctored images to
influence people’s political and social views.

18. We can live in an ideological bubble.

New media often allow us to ‘subscribe’ to our own news networks and favorite
information producers. Without the need to have widespread mass appeal, new media
target dispersed niche and ideological markets. Conservatives begin to only consume
conservative media; and liberals only consume liberal media. People begin to only
reinforce their personal views, causing social polarization.

19. There is fierce media competition.

While in the past there were three or four major news organizations, now there are
diverse and numerous sources for news. Small news websites with fresh takes for
niche audiences popped up, crowding the market with information. In this crowded
media market, there is competition in all niches, and brands need to have a fresh take
to get attention.

20. There is a wider customer base for companies large and small.

While competition is more fierce than ever, there is also a bigger customer base than
ever before. Websites target global audiences and have global reach. A savvy media
producer or social media marketer can expand their market globally – beyond what
traditional media was generally capable of.

21. Children can access inappropriate information more easily.

New media gives on-demand access to information. While in the past adult content
was broadcast late at night, today it can be accessed day and night. Scholars like Neil
Postman (1985) argue that there is a “disappearance of childhood” as a result of how
media is changing. As children have greater access to adult information, the innocence
of childhood is being decayed earlier than ever.

Conclusion

For your essay you might have to take a position on whether new media has been a
‘positive’ or a ‘negative’ force in society. In reality, there is no clear answer here: it’s
been both positive and negative, in different ways. But we can clearly see that it has
changed society significantly. It plays a huge role in political campaigns and changing
how companies communicate with potential consumers. By outlining all the different
facets of the advantages and disadvantages of new media, you can show the person
grading your paper your deep and nuanced knowledge of the impact of new media on
society.

Q) How INTERNET iS A TOOL FOR DATA GATHEIRNG?

A: The use of Internet to aid research practice has become more popular in the

recent years. In fact, some believe that Internet surveying and electronic data

collection may revolutionize many disciplines by allowing for easier data

collection, larger samples, and therefore more representative data.

Internet, data gathering has become something that is very easy to do. With data

gathering, software and plugin all around the internet, getting your hands on data is just

one click away.

Because of how accessible data gathering methods are, some people tend to just

gather data for the sake of it. That being said, those who do collect data should know

how important it is to businesses, especially when it is used correctly. T

the role of the internet

The internet has become a significant in as information source

The internet has already surpassed newspapers as a source as everyone turn to for

The internet is either the most popular source or tied with newspapers media

organisations as the most popular source for local topics such as education, information

regarding businesses to housing, schools and jobs.

with the internet accessibility, it has become more significant source for local news and

information. the internet editions, the online breaking news are turning into source of

information

____________________________________________

Q) What is News group?

A newsgroup is an Internet-based discussion around an individual, entity,

organization or topic. Newsgroups enable remotely connected users to

share, discuss and learn about their topic of interest by exchanging text

messages, images, videos and other forms of digital content.

Newsgroups are also referred to as usenet newsgroups.

Newsgroups were initially created in 1979 by some university students to

exchange messages. Users can subscribe for free by submitting an email

address, and the group generally consists of several topics/categories based

around a main theme. The user/subscriber can post a message in a

particular topic/category, which is either automatically visible in open

newsgroups, or can only be viewed by approved members in moderated

groups. All subscribers participating or following a particular

topic/newsgroup will be notified of new messages and updates. Moreover,

news/stories/topics in the newsgroup can be read through a downloadable

news reader application.

Despite new technologies such as social media, newsgroups continue to

thrive online.

Following are the major Newsgroup Hierarchies.

● Talk.* Newsgroup Hierarchy — Discussion of contentious issues such as religion

and politics.

● Comp.* Newsgroup Hierarchy -Discussion of computer-related topics

● Rec.* Newsgroup Hierarchy — Discussion of recreational activities (e.g. games

and hobbies)

● Sci.* Newsgroup Hierarchy — Discussion of scientific subjects

● Soc.* Newsgroup Hierarchy — Socialising and discussion of social issues.

● News.* Newsgroup Hierarchy —Discussion of news

● Alt.* Newsgroup Hierarchy—Discussion of Alternative topics

● Misc.* Newsgroup Hierarchy —anything which does not fit in the other

Hierarchies

Q) What is fake news?

Fake news refers to false or misleading information which masquerades as legitimate

news. Generally, fake news falls into two categories:

● Deliberately inaccurate stories – that is, the people publishing them know them to

be false but publish them anyway. This might be to manipulate public opinion or
to drive traffic to a specific website.

● Stories that contain elements of truth but are broadly inaccurate. This might be

because the writer hasn’t checked all their facts or has exaggerated certain

aspects to make a particular point.

Misinformation isn’t a new phenomenon – the term “fake news” was actually used in the

19th century – but the internet and soI don’cial media have transformed how it’s created

and spread. Pre-internet, people tended to receive their news from trusted media

sources whose journalists were required to follow strict codes of practice. The internet

enabled new ways to publish, share and consume news and information, with relatively

little regulation or editorial standards. Many people now consume news from social

media and other online sources – but it’s not always easy to determine which stories are

credible and which are false.

Types of fake news

There are different types of fake news, depending on the motivation of those who create

it. For example:

Clickbait

Sensationalism sells, and outrageous or weird stories and distorted images drive clicks

and shares online. Clickbait refers to stories deliberately designed to get more website

visitors and increase advertising revenue for the website owners – often at the expense

of truth and accuracy.

Propaganda

This refers to false or distorted stories written to mislead audiences and promote a

political agenda or biased perspective.

Poor quality journalism

Sometimes, journalists don’t have time to check all their facts before publishing, leading

to genuine mistakes becoming fake news. However, trusted new sources will correct

errors in their stories and be transparent with readers when they’ve got things wrong.

Misleading headlines

Sometimes a story may be broadly true, but a sensationalist or misleading headline is

used to entice readers to click on it. This can lead to fake news – since usually only the

headline and small snippets of the article are displayed on social media, where it can
quickly spread.

Imposter content

This is when genuine news sources are impersonated with false, made-up stories to

deceive or mislead audiences.

Satire or parody

Some fake news is published for entertainment value. For example, satirical stories use

humor, irony, or exaggeration to joke about the news or famous people. These stories

don't attempt to mislead audiences because they aren't meant to be taken seriously.

Notable examples of satirical websites include The Onion and The Daily Mash.

High-profile politicians have been known to dismiss stories they disagree with – which

may be factual and verified – as “fake news”. Because the term “fake news” is

expansive and means different things to different people, it can be contested. In 2018,

the British Government banned the term from official papers or documents, claiming it

was too poorly defined to be meaningful. Instead, it prefers to use the terms

"misinformation" and "disinformation" when describing false stories:

● Disinformation– fake or misleading stories created and shared deliberately,

often by a writer who might have a financial or political motive to do so.

● Misinformation – this also means fake or misleading stories, but in this case,

the stories may not have been deliberately created or shared with the intention to

mislead.

How does fake news work?

Fake news is often spread through fake news websites, which, in an attempt to gain

credibility, often emulate authentic news sources. According to research, social media

enables false claims to spread quickly – more quickly, in fact, than real news. Fake

news spreads rapidly because it’s typically designed to grab attention and appeal to

emotions – which is why it often features outlandish claims or stories which provoke

anger or fear.

Social media feeds often prioritize content based on engagement metrics – that is, how

often it’s shared and liked – rather than how accurate or well-researched it is. This

approach can allow clickbait, hyperbole, and misinformation to spread widely. Social

media companies are seen as platforms rather than publishers, which means they don’t
have the same legal liabilities as traditional media outlets – although this may change

as the political and legal landscape evolves.

Social media bots can spread fake news since they mass produce and spread articles,

regardless of the credibility of their sources. Bots can create fake accounts online,

which then gain followers, recognition, and authority – some of which are programmed

to spread misinformation.

Trolls – internet users who deliberately try to start arguments or upset people – also

play a part in spreading fake news. Sometimes they can be paid to do so for political

reasons. The terms “troll farm” or “troll factory” are sometimes used in this context to

refer to institutionalized groups of trolls who attempt to interfere in political decision making.

Fake news sometimes involves the use of Deepfakes. These are fake videos created

using digital software, machine learning, and face-swapping. Images are combined to

create new footage which shows events or actions that never actually took place. The

results can be very convincing and difficult to identify as false.

Fake news examples

Coronavirus fake news

The Covid-19 pandemic provided fertile ground for false information online, with

numerous examples of fake news throughout the crisis. A persistent example of fake

news in social media was the claim that 5G technology was linked to the spread of the

virus – supposedly because 5G suppressed the immune system while the virus

communicated through radio waves. These claims were not true and were repeatedly

debunked by official sources but were still shared extensively.

US presidential election in 2016

Fake news and misinformation became a big issue during the US election in 2016, with

false and misleading claims across the political spectrum. One analysis suggested that

a large proportion of fake news generated in the election was created by teenagers in

Macedonia, who found the more hyper-partisan stories they created, the more people

clicked through and shared, and the more money they made as a result.

Q) Veracity or How to identify fake news

You may be wondering how to identify fake news on Facebook and other social media
sites? As a student, how to avoid fake news? Or how to avoid accidentally sharing

misinformation online? Here are ten tips to identify misinformation, recognize fake news

websites, and think before you share:

1. Check the source:

Check the web address for the page you're looking at. Sometimes, fake news sites may

have spelling errors in the URL or use less conventional domain extensions such as

".infonet" or ".offer". If you are unfamiliar with the site, look in the About Us section.

2. Check the author:

Research them to see if they are credible – for example, are they real, do they have a

good reputation, are they writing about their specific area of expertise, and do they have

a particular agenda? Consider what the writer’s motivation might be.

3. Check other sources:

Are other reputable news or media outlets reporting on the story? Are credible sources

cited within the story? Professional global news agencies have editorial guidelines and

extensive resources for fact-checking, so if they are also reporting the story, that’s a

good sign.

4. Maintain a critical mindset:

A lot of fake news is cleverly written to provoke strong emotional reactions such as fear

or anger. Maintain a critical mindset by asking yourself – why has this story been

written? Is it promoting a particular cause or agenda? Is it trying to make me click

through to another website?

5. Check the facts:

Credible news stories will include plenty of facts – data, statistics, quotes from experts,

and so on. If these are missing, question why. Reports with false information often

contain incorrect dates or altered timelines, so it’s a good idea to check when the article

was published. Is it a current or old news story?

6. Check the comments:

Even if the article or video is legitimate, the comments below may not be. Often links or

comments posted in response to content can be autogenerated by bots or people hired

to put our misleading or confusing information.

7. Check your own biases:

We all have biases – could these be influencing the way you respond to the article?

Social media can create echo chambers by suggesting stories that match your existing

browsing habits, interests, and opinions. The more we read from diverse sources and

perspectives, the more likely it is that we can draw accurate conclusions.

8. Check whether it’s a joke:

Satirical websites are popular, and sometimes it is not always clear whether a story is

just a joke or parody. Check the website to see if it’s known for satire or creating funny

stories.

9. Check images are authentic:

Images you see on social media could have been edited or manipulated. Possible signs

include warping – where straight lines in the background now appear wavy – as well as

strange shadows, jagged edges, or skin tone that looks too perfect. Bear in mind, too,

that an image may be accurate but simply used in a misleading context. You can use

tools such as Google’s Reverse Image Search to check where an image originates from

and whether it has been altered.

10. Use a fact-checking site:

Some of the best known include:

● Snopes

● PolitiFact

● Fact Check

● BBC Reality Check

Q) what is email

A: Electronic mail also known as e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from a sender to
one or more recipients.

Modern e-mail operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early e-mail systems
required that the sender and the recipient both be online at the same time in common with instant
messaging. Today’s email systems are based on a store and forward model.

E-mail servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers
are required to be online simultaneously; they need to be connected only briefly, typically to an E-
mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
An internet E-mail message consists of three components, the message envelop, the message
header and the message body. The message header contains control information, including an
originator’s E-mail address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is
also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.

These are steps involved in sending an E-mail

There are three main steps involved in sending an Email message. These are –

The sender composes a message using an e-mail client on the computer.

When the user sends the message, the E-mail text and attachments are uploaded to the SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server as outgoing mail.

All outgoing messages wait in the outgoing mail queue while the SMTP server communicates with
the DNS (Domain Name System) to find out where the recipients e-mail server is located.

If the SMTP server finds the recipient’s e-mail server, It will transfer the message and attachments.

If the recipient’s server cannot be found, the server will get a mail failure notification in their inbox.

Components of E-mail messages

These are the main components of Email messages

To : field is where the e-mail address of the person receiving the e-mail is placed.

From : field is where your e-mail address put.

Subject : field indicated the purpose of e-mail.

Cc : stands for carbon copy. It specifies recipients who are not direct addresses. This field is optional.

Bcc : stands for Blind Carbon Copy. It is similar to Cc, except the recipients are secret. This field is
also optional.

Message Body : is the area where you type your main message.

Q) what is social media journalism?

A: Social media journalism is simply broadcasting newsworthy topics and articles through

social media channels. With Twitter, many celebrities are able to provide ‘newsworthy’

updates in 140 characters or less and have the local media actually pick up the story
and redistribute. LinkedIn has many pages dedicated to news items relevant to its

users. But Facebook is taking the biggest steps towards social media journalism.

Social Media Journalism | Facebook

Understanding the role of social media journalism today, Facebook has unveiled a new

Facebook Page and “Meetup program” for journalists. According to

MediaMughals.com:

The Page, ‘Journalists on Facebook’, is intended as a resource for journalists who wish to

incorporate social media journalism into their reporting, networking and storytelling.

The‘Meetup program’ is a sort of workshop which will enable users how to use facebook

as a reporting tool. Facebook has been consistently working with media organizations on

this subject matter since the beginning of 2010 and trying to make the content of news

more social. The recent launch of “ Journalists on Facebook Page”will enable all the

media reporters, who are Facebook friendly, to find sources, interact with readers, and

advance the stories. This will give them a nice platform to have a feedback on their

respective coverage and will strengthen the relationship of media and society. The Page

will provide journalists with best practices for integrating the latest Facebook products

with their work and connecting with the Facebook audience of more than 500 million

people.