CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 8

ENVIRONMENT AND
ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL
AND RESOURCES
NATURAL RESOURCES

Prepared by
Prepared
MATHEWby JOSEPH
MATHEW
HSST JOSEPH
POLITICAL SCIENCE
HSST
KPRGS GHSSSCIENCE
POLITICAL KALLIASSERY
KPRGS GHSS
KANNUR
KALLIASSERY
 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
AGRICULTURAL LAND IS
LOSING FERTILITY
SCARCITY OF SAFE
DRINKING WATER
DEFORESTATION
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
OZONE HOLE
COASTAL POLLUTION
GLOBAL WARMING
CLIMATE CHANGE
 RELEVANCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN
POLITICAL SCIENCE
NO SINGLE GOVERNMENT CAN
ADDRESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES FULLY
POLITICAL INTERFERENCE IS
NEEDED TO FIND AND CONTROL
THE ELEMENTS BEHIND THE
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRAMMES
1972 – 'LIMITS TO
GROWTH'
PUBLISHED BY CLUB OF
ROME
DISCUSSES THE
POTENTIAL DEPLETION
OF THE EARTH'S
RESOURCES AGAINST
THE GROWING WORLD
POPULATION
8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMM

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT

PROGRAMME (UNEP) ORGANISED A
NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMM

BRUNDTLAND REPORT,
OUR COMMON FUTURE,
1987
TRADITIONAL PATTERNS
OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
WERE NOT
SUSTAINABLE IN THE
LONG RUN

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMM

EARTH SUMMIT, 1992

UNITED NATIONS
CONFERENCE ON
ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT HELD IN
RIO DE JANEIRO IN
JUNE 1992
170 STATES AND
THOUSANDS OF NGOs
ATTENDED THE
PROGRAMME

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 EARTH SUMMIT

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA OF THE

RICH AND DEVELOPED FIRST
WORLD, GLOBAL NORTH, IS
DIFFERENT FROM THE POOR AND
DEVELOPING THIRD WORLD,
GLOBAL SOUTH

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 EARTH SUMMIT

GLOBAL NORTH WAS CONCERNED

WITH OZONE DEPLETION AND GLOBAL
WARMING.
GLOBAL SOUTH WAS ANXIOUS ON
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 EARTH SUMMIT

RIO SUMMIT PRODUCED CONVENTIONS

DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE,
BIODIVERSITY, FORESTRY.
AGENDA 21
A LIST OF DEVELOPMENTAL PRACTICES BY
RIO SUMMIT

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
COMBINING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
WITH ECOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITY

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

THE PROTECTION OF
GLOBAL COMMONS
GLOBAL COMMONS –
REGIONS LOCATED
OUTSIDE THE
SOVEREIGN
JURISDICTION OF ANY
STATE.
THEY INCLUDE THE
EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE,
ANTARTICA, THE OCEAN
FLOOR AND OUTER
SPACE
COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED
RESPONSIBILITIES
GLOBAL NORTH – EVERYONE IS EQUALLY
RESPONSIBLE FOR ECOLOGICAL
CONSERVATION
GLOBAL SOUTH – MUCH OF
THE ECOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION IS CAUSED
BY THE INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH.
SO NORTH IS MORE
RESPONSIBLE FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
 COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES NEED EXEMPTION

FOR ANOTHER REASON ALSO.
THEY ARE IN THE PROCESS OF
INDUSTRIALISATION AND THEY DEMAND
RELAXATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
RIO SUMMIT ACCEPTED THE DEMAND OF
SOUTHERN COUNTRIES AND CALLED IT
'COMMON BUT
DIFFERENTIATED
RESPONSIBILITIES'

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 KYOTO PROTOCOL (1997)
AN INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENT SETTING
TARGETS FOR
INDUSTRIALISED
COUNTRIES TO CUT THEIR
GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS.
CHINA, INDIA AND OTHER
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
WERE EXEMPTED FROM
THE PROTOCOL

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES
MEMBERS OF A GROUP HAVE BOTH RIGHTS
AND DUTIES WITH RESPECT TO USE AND
PROTECTION OF COMMON PROPERTY

EG – SACRED GROVES
IN KERALA ARE
MANAGED BY THE
LOCAL VILLAGE
COMMUNITY

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 INDIA'S STAND ON
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1. MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY
OF CURBING EMISSION
RESTS WITH THE
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

2. GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS OF INDIA IS
LESS THAN WORLD AVERAGE AND
INDIA IS ONLY A DEVELOPING COUNTRY.
SO INDIA DESERVE EXEMPTION ON
ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS
 3.INDIA IS ALREADY AN ACTIVE
PARTICIPANT IN GLOBAL MOVEMENTS
FOR CLEAN ENVIRONMENT

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 4. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SHOULD
PROVIDE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AND
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY TO ENABLE
THEM TO PARTICIPATE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS
●

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS
ONE OR MANY?
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS ARE
VERY VIBRANT AND POWERFUL
MOST OF THEM WORK AT LOCAL
LEVEL
DIVERSITY IS AN IMPORTANT TRAIT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENTS

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS ONE OR MANY?

WORLD WITNESSED THE EFFORTS OF

VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENTS WITH DIFFERENT GOALS
IT INCLUDES
FOREST MOVEMENTS, ANTI DAMS
AND PRO RIVER MOVEMENTS,
MOVEMENTS AGAINST
INDUSTRIES etc
ARE EXAMPLES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENTS
 RESOURCE GEOPOLITICS
RESOURCE GEOPOLITICS IS ALL ABOUT
WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN , WHERE AND HOW.
RESOURCES ARE THE FOCUS OF
INTERSTATE RIVALRY
Eg– THE ACCESS TO TIMBER
IN COLONIAL PERIOD AND
OIL IN WORLD WAR TIMES
WERE VERY IMPORTANT IN
DECIDING THE RELATIONS
BETWEEN THE STATES

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 RESOURCE GEOPOLITICS
DURING COLD WAR, NORTHERN
COUNTRIES ADOPTED A NUMBER OF
METHODS TO ENSURE THE STEADY
FLOW OF RESOURCES. IT INCLUDED
DEPLOYMENT OF MILITARY NEAR
EXPLOITATION SITES
THE STOCKPILING OF STRATEGIC
RESOURCES
PROP UP FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTS IN
PRODUCING COUNTRIES
SUPPORT TO
MULTINATIONAL
COMPANIES AND
FAVOURABLE AGREEMENTS
 RESOURCE GEOPOLITICS
IMPORTANT RESOURCES
IN GLOBAL STRATEGY
OIL
HISTORY OF PETROLEUM IS
THE HISTORY OF WARS
THE IMMENSE WEALTH
ASSOCIATED WITH OIL
GENERATED POLITICAL
STRUGGLE TO CONTROL IT.
GULF REGION IS THE MAJOR
SOURCE OF OIL.
CONFLICTS IN THE GULF
REGION IS MAINLY RELATED
TO OIL RELATED ISSUES

8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 RESOURCE GEOPOLITICS
WATER
SCARCITY OF FRESHWATER IS
A LEADING SOURCE OF
CONFLICTS IN 21ST CENTURY
SOME COMMENTATORS
PREDICTED THE POSSIBILITY
OF 'WATER WARS'
CLASHES BETWEEN
DOWNSTREAM AND
UPSTREAM STATES
ARE VERY COMMON
OVER RIVER POLLUTION,
OVER IRRIGATION AND
CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
 THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND
THEIR RIGHTS
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
DESCENDANTS OF PEOPLE WHO
INHABITED THE PRESENT TERRITORY OF A
COUNTRY AT TIME WHEN PERSONS OF A
DIFFERENT CULTURE
OR ETHNIC ORIGIN
ARRIVED THERE
FROM OTHER PARTS
OF THE WORLD AND
OVERCAME THEM
8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR RIGHTS

“SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL ”

THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LIVE IN
MORE CONFORMITY WITH THEIR
PARTICULAR TRADITIONS THAN
THE STATE INSTITUTIONS
LOSS OF LAND,
ECONOMIC RESOURCE
BASE, IS A SERIOUS
THREAT TO
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR RIGHTS

8% OF TRIBAL POPULATION
CONSTITUTES THE INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE IN INDIA

MOST OF THEM DEPEND

ON CULTIVATION FOR
THEIR SUBSISTENCE

MINORITY ARE HUNTERS

AND GATHERERS
8. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
 THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEIR RIGHTS
THEY HAD FREE ACCESS TO LAND
TILL THE COLONIAL PERIOD
INDIAN CONSTITUTION INCLUDES A
NUMBER OF PROVISIONS FOR THE
PROTECTION OF TRIBAL PEOPLE
BUT THEY PAID MORE FOR
DEVELOPMENT
BECAUSE THEY
ARE THE LARGEST
GROUP OF PEOPLE
DISPLACED FOR
DEVELOPMENTAL
PROJECTS
 THE WORLD COUNCIL
OF INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES WAS FORMED
IN 1975 TO DEAL WITH
THE ISSUES OF TRIBAL
COMMUNITY WHOLE
OVER THE WORLD

Prepared by The future will either be

MATHEW JOSEPH
HSST POLITICAL SCIENCE
KPRGS GHSS KALLIASSERY
green or not at all
KANNUR