UNIT-1

#1. What is Computer Network?

• A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices—such as computers,
smartphones, printers, and servers—that communicate and share resources with each
other. These connections can be established through physical cables (like Ethernet) or
wireless signals (such as Wi-Fi). The primary purpose of a computer network is to enable
data exchange and resource sharing among multiple devices.
• Computer Network means where no of computers are connected to each other.
• Two Computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
Now let discuss first basic terminology, which you should know before studying Computer
Network ~

# Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks

1. Network: A network is a collection of computers and devices that are connected
together to enable communication and data exchange.
2. Nodes: Nodes are devices that are connected to a network. These can include
computers, Servers, Printers, Router, and other devices.
3. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted
over a network. Examples of protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP
4. Topology: Network topology refers to the arrangement of various elements (links,
nodes, etc.) in a computer network. It defines how different devices (like computers,
printers, and servers) are connected and how data flows between them.
5. Service Provider Networks: These types of Networks give permission to take Network
Capacity and Functionality on lease from the Provider. Service Provider Networks include
Wireless Communications, Data Carriers, etc.
6. IP Address: An IP address is a unique numerical identifier that is assigned to every device
on a network. IP addresses are used to identify devices and enable communication
between them.
7. DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that is used to translate human
readable domain names (such as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can
understand.
8. Firewall: A firewall is a security device that is used to monitor and control incoming and
outgoing network traffic. Firewalls are used to protect networks from unauthorized access
and other security threats
#2. Goals of Computer Networks: -
i. Resource Sharing: Enable multiple users to access shared resources like files,
printers, and internet connections.
ii. Reliability: Provide backup systems and alternative pathways to ensure continuous
operation even if one part fails.
iii. Scalability: Allow the network to grow by adding new devices without significant
changes to the existing setup.
iv. Cost Efficiency: Share resources to reduce the need for individual equipment,
lowering overall costs.
v. Communication: Facilitate various forms of communication, such as emails, instant
messaging, and video conferencing.

#3. Applications of Computer Networks:

i. Business Applications:
i. Email and Instant Messaging: Quick communication among employees.
ii. Shared Databases: Access to centralized information for all team members.
iii. Remote Work: Employees can work from anywhere by accessing the company's
network.
ii. Home Applications:
i. Internet Access: Connect multiple devices to the internet simultaneously.
 ii. File Sharing: Share photos, videos, and documents between family members.
iii. Smart Home Devices: Control devices security cameras remotely.
iii. Educational Applications:
i. Online Learning Platforms: Attend virtual classes and access course materials.
ii. Research Collaboration: Share data and work together on projects in real-
time.
iii. Access to Digital Libraries: Utilize e-books, journals, and educational videos.

iv. Healthcare Applications:

i. Telemedicine: Consult with doctors via video calls.
ii. Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Access and update patient records in a
centralized system.
v. Entertainment Applications:
i. Streaming Services: Watch movies and listen to music online.
ii. Online Gaming: Play games with others over the internet.
iii. Social Networking: Connect with friends and family through platforms like
Facebook and Twitter.

#4. Categories Of Networks

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

• Definition: A small network used for personal devices like mobile phones, laptops,
and smartwatches.
• Range: About 1 to 100 meters.
• Example: Bluetooth connections, wireless mouse & keyboard, or a hotspot created
by a mobile phone.
• Best For personal use in a small area.
• Speed: Very High
• Cost: Lower Cost
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
 Definition: A network that connects computers and devices within a limited
area like a home, office, or school.
 Range: Up to a few kilometres.
 Example: Computers in a school lab connected through LAN, an office
network.
 Best For organizations, schools, and small businesses.
 Speed: Very High
 Cost: Lower in Cost

3. Campus Area Network (CAN)

 Definition: A network that connects multiple LANs within a campus, such as a
university or company campus
 Range: Covers a larger area than LAN but is smaller than MAN. (1-5KM)
 Example: A university with different departments having interconnected
networks.
 Best For: Educational institutes, large offices, and company campuses.
 Speed: Average
  Cost: Little high

4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Definition: A network that covers a city or a large town. It connects multiple
LANs and CANs.
 Range: Up to 50 km.
 Example: Internet services provided by telecom companies in a city.
 Best for Government agencies, large businesses, or citywide internet
providers.
 Speed: Slow
 Cost: High

5. Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Definition: A large network that covers a country or even the entire world.
• Range: Unlimited (Global reach).
 • Example: The Internet, bank networks across different countries.
• Best For international businesses, online services, and global communication.
• Speed: Slow
• Cost: Very High

#5. Organization of the Internet :

#6. Network structure and architecture
#7. OSI Model
#8.TCP/IP LAYER
#9. Network Devices and Components of a Network:
#10. COMPONENTS OF A NETWORK
#11. UNDERSTANDING TOPOLOGY AND NETWORK TOPOLOGY
#12. TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
#13. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
#14. SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
#15. ENCODING
#16. NETWORK PERFORMANCE
#17. TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
#18. SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
#19. MULTIPLEXING