j | Introductory Chemistry Study Guide i Set 1:The Structure of the atom The two isotopes will have the same number of protons and electrons. They will have the 4. a) helium ——b)- magnesium same chemical propertios. They have different 5 ees ine numbers of neutrons and different masses. | ) silicon cobalt g) lithium bh) nitrogen Set 2: Electrons | 9) iron i) mercury 4 i 2. a) Pb wc aa d) Cu | 9K Au @Na_ Bi Sn i 1 pcr True | era oe ere en cnr area | Jina neutral atom the number of protons | equals the number of electrons. ) False, mass of electron is 1/1836 | that of a proton. | @ Tre | 9 Tue | False, most of the mass is in the nucleus ) True 1h) False, compounds have 2 or more elements | chemically combined. ! | a 2protons, 2neutronsand electrons =| Q, a) Li..21 bY B.23 || ©) 18 protons, 22 neutrons and 18 electrons 2C..287 9 Ca.2882 ! € 58protons, 74 neutrons and 53 electrons 3 Ki psa ! ©) 79protons, 118 neutrons and 79 electrons 2 i ae | f) 92protons, 144 neutrons and 92 electrons. Se ae ee aq 4. Li + lose electron i) 5. Co is the formula for the element cobalt, e ioe | | it indicates that cobalt is an clement as it ») F : gain 1 electron | is composed of only one type of atom. eat apaeinen | CO represents the compound carbon dioxide, | it is composed of 1 carbon atom joined to Me ee) | cone oxygen atom, ©) 0 = gain 2clectrons | T= gain electronRe soe nogative2, CxO? a Ke » oeSre 4 eale 2 eHee 9 2g ee » eoe oBre eo eo 8. each hydrogen shares H a pair of electrons with oxygen Set 3: Valencies 4. a) hydrogen D)_ magnesium 9 copper(tt) ——@)_ iron (I) ©) aluminium iron lll) ) barium W) zine 2. a) oxide b) fluoride @) sulfide ©) chloride 1) carbide ) phosphide ih) iodide 3. a) Agt bt oa @ NH) SOX A) Zn 8) Bat® ) PO i) NOx p Ne HOF oD Re 4. a) Cu, cr b) Znt OF @ Rete ® Feo Se 2 MgtN 9 ABS, Br a) AP*,PO,* —b). Zn? NOs Set 4: 4. a) b) Se-non-metal ©) [-non-metal — g) Zn-metl — ) Bonding Review Questions N-non-metal K-metal Kr—non-metal @) W-metal —h). Ti-metal 2. Fe metal only motallie ‘MgO metal with non-metal ionic ALS; metal with non-metal ionic NI _non-meials only covalent OCl, non-metals only covalent Bal; metal withnon-metal ionic a) covalent b) metallic ¢)_ ionic @ ionic @)_ covalent. 9. covalent 8) ionic WD covalent 4. a) lost3—b) gained? gained 1 @ lost2 —@) lostd. =) gained 2 ) lost3 fh) gained i) lost 1 i) gained 3 5. a) 08 08 00 = CLS ePreGr's, oo ceIntroductory Chemistry Sady Guide Set 5: Writing formulae (I) 1h) chromium (II) chloride i) aluminium sulfate 4. a) carbon dioxide _b) hydrogen bromide ©) oxygen dichloride d) sulfurdioxide Be gleam sisoest ©) carbon tetrachloride 9 hysrogen iodide | 2, ) carbon monoxide 2) diphosphorus pentaoxide by ammonia 1) nitrogen tr odie ©) magnesium sulfide 2a) Ch b HCL) S03 ee eee ©) iron (tl) oxide 8. copper (i) nitrate aa ae ales 8). diphosphorus pentaoxide ete Oss eel Chie bh) aluminium chloride te fl 1) barium sulfite 4, a) zine by chloride es cise ©) hydrogen sulfate 4) silver 3.2) KOH —) Al(OH)y ©) Sn(NO3)g sulfate iron (Itt) @ 90, 9 Cy PsN 2) nitrite hy tiny) Rea ee 4, a) aluminium chloride) Zn(NOs)p ©) Fe(OH), 4 comrect 5.) CuO by FeCOs, See 9) Al(80,), © Mg(NO3)2 a) Z0(0H) a er 5. 2) Al(605)s b) CrCO3)p coe Rees 2 PLISO4)s 4) CoyNy Ba) PO ») OF OlcanCOy, «| ee ose d) Fes; ALCO); 9 Bag(PO,)2 Se a ©) FeCH,COO), —«_(NH,),PO, Set 6: Writing formulae (Il) i a Set 7: Balancing equations [I) 4. a) 2Na + 21,0 > 2NaOH + Hy 1b) Cu(NOg)y +2NaOH > CulOH), + 2NaNO, 9 CaCO, + 2HCI > CaCl, + CO, + HO 4. a) zincsulfide ) calcium hydrogensulfate iron (11) nitrate ) magnesium hydroxide ©) ammonium nitrate 2. a) 3Mg + No > MgsNo aluminium oxide b) SNaOH + HyPO, > NasPO, + 3H,0 1) copper {if carbonate 9 Ca(OH), + 2HCL > CuCh, + 2H,0 134| Review Guestions _ 3B. a) 3CaCO, + 2HyPO, > b) KOH + HCI > KCI + HO Cay(POy)p + 3HZO + 3CO, ates Gis ad b) ZnO + H,S > ZnS + 1,0 ©) 2H;0p > Oy + 2H,0 B. a) 2Fe + 3H,SO, > Fe,($0,), + 3H, 1b) Fe,05 + 6HINO, > 2Fe(NO,), + 3H,0 4. 9) ARHCO, > C05 + COs + HHO Aah ne ena b) 2Naj0) + 2H,O > 4NaOH + O; 9) 2CHOH)s + 3H2SO4 > Cra(SO4)3 + 60 Set 9: Writing equations 5. a) Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl + Hy 4. a) acid + metal hydroxide > salt + water b) 2Al + GHCI > 2AICl, + 3H ') acid + metal carbonate -> ©) SNaOH + H3POs > NazPO,+3H,0 salt + water + carbon dioxide jaQH + H3PO, -> NaPO,+ : nee 0 acid + metal oxide -> salt + water 6. a) MgO + H,S0, > Mg50, + H,0 eee any eee seeere b) 2AlOH)y + 3H,S0, > AlG0,)3 + 6H,0 salt + water + carbon dioxide ©) FeO, + 6HNO, > 2Fe(NO,)s + 3H,0 ORE SMa Set 8: Balancing equations [Il) 2. a) 3H,SO, +2AI(0H); > Al(6O,); + 64,0 4. a) NaxCO} + Ca(NO,), > 2NaNO, + CaCO, 1B) 2HNO, + Bo(OH}y > Ba(NO;), + 2H,0 b) 2NaHCO; > Na,CO; + CO, + H,0 ©) 2CH;COOH + Mg(HCOs), -> TH,COO), + 2H,0 + 20 9 8ZnS04 + 2Al > Al(GO))3 + 3Zn Mee eee ae €) $05 + 2NaOH > Na,SO, + H,0 | 2, a) 2KOH + H,S0, > K,S0, + 24,0 b) 4Al + 30; > 2A1,0 . 3MgO + 2H;PO, > MgyPO,), + 3H,0 3. a) 2Fe(OH)s + 3H,SO, > Fey(60,), + 6,0 b) 2HCI + Cad > CaCl, + HO 9 Ca(OH), + CO, > CaCO; + HO B. a) 3KHCO, + H,PO4 > K;PO, + 3H,0 +3CO, b) 3NaOH + HPO, -> Na,PO, + 3H,0 9) PO(NO,) + 2Nal > 2NaNO3 + Pb, 4, a) 2HCI+ FeO, > FeCh + HO + CO b) 2HINO, + NaO > 2NaNO, + H,0 9 SHSO, + 2CHOH); > Cry(S0)); + 6450 4. 2) Crx{CO), + 3H,SO, > Cr{S0,)y + 3CO, + 3H,0 5. a) SHCI + Fe(OH), > FeCl + 3,0 b) NaCH,COO + HCI > NaCl+CH,COOH b)_2HINO, + BaCO,-> Ba(NO3)y + H0 + CO, Ca(OH), + 2CHCOOH > ©) 2CH,COOH + Ca(OH), > Ca(CH;COO), + 2H,0 Ca{CHCOO), + 21,0 d) H,S0, + 2LIOH -> LiSO, + 2H,0 5. a) NHHCO, + HINO, > NHNO, + CO, + H,0 ©) HCO, + Mg(OH), > MgO0, + 2,0Introductory Chemistry Study Guide 6. a) ») o a e 2HyPO, + Fey0y -> 2FePO, + 3H,0 805 + Ba(OH), > BaSO, + 1,0 P,05 + 6NaOH -> 2NaPO, + 3H,0 3H,S0, + Fe{CO3)3 > Fey(SOy)3 + 3H;0 + 3CO, SHCI + Cr(HCOs), > CrCl, +3H,0 +3C0, Set 10: Reactions involving a metals K,Al,Zn,Au — b) Fe, Pb, Hg, Ag Na, Ca, Ni, Cu CuorHg b) Ag, Pt or Au K,NaorCa —d) Al,Zn, Fe, Ni,Sn or Pb CA(g) + ZCI (uy > CaCl (an) + Hg) Fe(g + ZAC ag) > FC ag) + Ha Ag 0) + Hs$04 (ag) > No Reaction 2Na i + HyCOs (aq)-> N82CO3 (ag) * Ha) 2Na (g) + 2H20 ig) > 2N2OH (ag) + Hog) Zn) + HO (> 200 +H) Pt ig) + HO ig) > No Reaction Mg) + H20 (g)-> MBO (a) + Haig) AK fy + Op (> 2K wy) ‘Au (+ Op gy > No Reaction 4AL (6) + 303 (gy > 2ALO5 (5) 2Cu ig) + Op gy > 2CUO Using the activity series the unknown ‘metal lies somewhere between Zn and Cu. Metal may be Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb (Pb unlikely as not shiny) Further tests with solutions of Ni and Sn ‘would determine identity. Set 11: lonic Solutions 4. a) cation -Ca?* , anion - OH ) cation -Fe* anion - COP cationAP+ , anion-PO,> 4) cation Ce , anion = $0, cation — Ba? , anion - NOs cation- Rb! , anion- CO, cation - Ca?* , anion - PO,* cation - Co%* , anion- NO cation -Ni2* , anion— Br ‘ABNOS | CulNOg),] FANO,):| Ba(NO5)p AgS0,|Ni [Ni | BaSO, ‘Agcl | Nal Nil | Nil ‘Ag,CO| CuCO, | FeCO, | BaCO, AgOH | Cu(OH), | Fe(OH), | Nit Ni*qq) + 20H“qqy > NOH) PO aq) + 2 aq) > Pola) Ba**iag) a S04" aq) aay Hgaq) * Wag) > Hela Nag) + Sag) > NS) 2AM aq) + 350 Pag) + 382° ag) + GOH Qa) > 3Ba80yiy) + 2AIOH)s © AB%aq) + Brag > ABBte) 4) AP gg) + 30H: (aq) > AIOHD3 gy Add a small amount of each solution to different test tubes of sodium sulfate solution. No change would be noticed for the NaNO; and FeCl; solutions. However the Ba(NO,), solution ‘would form the white precipitate BaSO,. ‘Then add small amounts of NaNO; and FeCl solutions to separate test tubes of KOH solution. The NaNO; will not react but the FeCl, solution will form a precipitateReview Questions Set 12: Relative atomic mass a) Mr (Zn(NOs3)2) = 654+ (2x 140) + (6x 160) = 1894 41. a) nitrogen, oxygen, neon ey ee }) carbon, aluminium, chlorine chromium, iron, zine = (2x 270) + @x921) + (12x 16) =3423 Mp ((NHy)2CO3) = (2x140)+ (8 x1.0) + 120 + (8 x160) =960 2. titanium 4 4) M, (Mg(OH),) 1) krypton = 243 + (2x 16.0) + (2x 1.0) = 583 ) iodine ) My (CuCOs) = 63.5 + 12.0 +3 x 16.0) = 123.: 3. a) 160/40 =4 a f) M, (FeO) =55.8+16.0 = 718 b) 1079/108=10 oO 12.0/1.0 =12 4, a) On b)SOz ak d) SO3 4. argon (40) and calcium (40.1) 5. M, (HzO) = 18, M, (CO) = 28, 'M, (CH3COOH) = 60, My (CzHsOH) = 46 , 5. The presence of different isotopes for a 'M, (NHg) = 17 , My (C3Hg) = 44 particular clement means thatthe average be ate a ceoee: ee ee eee eet eer bea whole number eg. chlorine has to b) 17 Hatoms= 17 \ same as NH Isotopes, chlorine 35 (= 75%) and ehlrine-37 Ce yee an Ween cas cele ieee eee eee tnd ol would be incorrect ose the form, eee ee agen ome te relative molecular mas inal cases new definition suggested by the chemists would work equally as well. Also since 1/16 of the mass of an oxygen-16 atom is the same as 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom, the relative ‘masses of the elements as listed on Table 1 ‘would not be affected. Set 13: Relative molecular mass a @) M,(SOz) = 641 For substances such as ionic compounds (which are made up of an infinite array of ions) we refer to their relative formula mass. Set 14: Percentage composition h a) M, (602) = 321 + (2x 16.0) = 641 % S= (821 / 64.1) x 100 = 50.1% % O = (32.0 / 64.1) x 100 = 49.9% a) M, (N2)=28 b) M,(CO)=120+160 =28 b) M,(Ck)=71 — &) Mr(S03) = 80.1 %C = (12/28) x100 = 42.9% Sik coy eae Sn iwieds 16 % O= (16 / 28)x 100 = 57.1% dM, (NaCl) = 23.0 +35.5= 58.5 2. a) M, (NaCl) = 230+ 355= 585 % Na = (23 / 585) x100 = 393% b) M, (CaO) = 40.1 + 16 = 56.1 ©. M; (AlCls) = 27.0 + (8x 355) = 1335 ) M, (ZnS) = 65.4 +321 =975 ©) M, (MgO) =243 + 16.0= 403 ) M,(KOH)= 39.1 + 160+ 10=561 % Cl = (355 / 58.5) x 100 = 60.7% dM, (Mg(OH),) 4.3 + (2x 16.0) + (2x 1.0) = 583 YY Mg = (243 / 58.3) x 100 = 41.7% 22.0 / 583) x 100 = 54.9% % H= (2.0 / 583)x100 = 3.4%Introductory Chemistry Study Guide 2 2. a) w o 2 ») ° a) @ ») o ») Qo 138 M; (AgNOs) = 1079 + 14.0 + (3 x 16.0)= 169.9 % Ag = (107.9 / 169.9) x 100= 63.5% %@ H= (2 / 18) x 100 = 11.1% M, (CH) = 44 2% C= (36 / 44) x 100= 81.8% M, (NagSOg) = 1421 ‘% Na = (46 / 142.1) x 100 = 32.4% Mr (Pb(NOg)2)= 381.2 % Pb = (2072 / 331.2) x 100= Me (NHy)2CO3= 96.0 .% C= (12.0 / 96.0) x 100 = 125% 6% M, (BaCla - 2Hy0) = 244.3 9% H_0 = (86 / 244.3) x 100 = 14.7% ‘M, (CaSO, . 2H) = 172.2 % HO = (36 / 172.2) x 100 = 20.9% Mr (Mg80q.. 7H0) = 2464 °% HzO = (126 / 246.4) x 100 = 51.1% M, (NagCO3. 10H,0) = 286.0 °% HO = (180 / 286) x 100 = 62.9% M,; (FeCly . 6420) = 2703 % HO = (108 / 270.3) x 100 = 40.0% M, (NH) = 17 %N = (4 / 17) x 100 = 824% M, (NHiNOs) = 80 % N= 08 / 80) x 100 = M, (NH)2804 = 1321 % N= 8 / 132.1) x 100= 21.1% M, (CO(NHG)2) = 60 % N= (28 / 60) x100 = 46.7% 5.0% ‘M, (Fe203) = 159.6 % Fe = (111.6 / 159.6) x 100 = 68.9% M, (AO) = 102 % Al = (64 / 102) x 100 = 52.9% 1M, (CueSa) = 183.5, % Cu = (635 / 183.5) x 100 = 34.6% 4) M, (CaCO) = 1001 % Ca = (40.1 / 100.1) x 100 = 40.1% e) M, (PbS) = 239.3 % Pb = (207.2 / 239.3) x 100 = 86.6% 1G. M, (Al0) = 102% Alin alumina (Al,03) = (64/102) x 100= 52.9%, Since this bauxite ore contains 10% alumina then % Al in the ore = 10% of 52.9% * 5.3%, Set 15: Moles/particles 4. a) 602% 10 / 602 10 b) 241 x 10 / 6.02 x 10% 301 x10 / 60210 =50mol @) 120x10% / 02x10 = 19.9 mol .0-mol LO mol 2. a) (0.25)(6.02% 10%) = 15x 10% Ag atoms ‘b) (2.06.02 10%) =12.x 104 Pb atoms ©) (0.05)(6.02 x 10%) = 3.01 x 10 CO ‘molecules @) (20)(6.02 x10) | = 12x10 Ns molecules: 8. a) (2.5)(602x 10%) = 15x 10% Nz molecules b) (25/602 10)2) ©) (0.40)(6.02 x 10°3)(4) = 9.63 x 10°9 H atoms d) (625)(602x10%)(7) = 2.68 x 10°5 atoms in all .01 x 10 N atoms sodium atoms are heavier 1b) mass of Na atoms / mass C atom = 46.0 / 240 = 192 a) 2mol H2 -> 4mol H atoms Bb) Gmol Zn -> 6 mol Zn atoms ©) 2mol NH5-> 8 mol atoms 4) 1 mol NH{OH -> 7 mol atoms ‘The greatest number of atoms is contained in 2-mol of NHs gas. 1,000,000,000 .0 x 108/602 x 10 66 x 10°18 molReview Questions Set 16: Molar mass a a) » a) » a a) ») a) » a » ° » o M(Na) = 230g molt M (NaCl) = 585 g molt M (Na) = 28.0 ¢ molt M 602) = 641 g molt M (NaOH) = 230 + 160+ 1,0 =40.0g mot! M (2nCOg) = 65-4 + 12.0 + (16.0 x 3) =1254g mot! M (PbO) = 207.2 + 16.0 = 223.2 g mot! M (MgCl) = 243 + (055 x2) = 95:3 g mol M (Alg(S0s)s) (@7.x2) + (821 x3) + (160x 12) = 342.3 g mol"! M (MgtHCO3).) =243 + (L0x2) + (120%2) + (1606) 146.3 g mol! M (P4Ojp) = (31.0 x 4) + (16.0 x 10) = 284 g mol! M (NagCO3 . 10H30) (23.0 x 2) + 12.0 + (16.0 x 3) + (18.0 x 10) 86 g mol! ‘Ax compares the mass of an atom to that of (1/12 of a carbon-12 atom), while My compares the mass of a molecule, ‘Mri a relative measurement (ie. no units) ‘whereas molar mass (M)is the mass of 1 ‘mole of a substance (M is My expressed in grams). Ae(O) =160 A; (Op) =320 M(Q2) =320g mor! M, 0%) =2x14 =28 2M =28gmol? M, (fa) =2x19 =38 M(¥) = 38.g mol M, (XY3) = 14+ x19) = 71 g molt Set 17: Mass to moles 4. a) n(Ca) =802/401 =20mol b) n(CO,)=88/ 440 = 020 mol nC) = 100/365 = 0.274 mot 4) n (CoHOH)= 250 / 46.0 = 0.54 mol 2 a) n (Hy) =200/20 =10mol b) n(H)— =2x200/20 =20 mol | ©) n(NHy) =200/17.0 = 1.176 mol “(A =(3) (1.176) =353:mol 4) (CoHle) = 20 / 26= 0.769 mol nH) =(0769)(2) =154mol 3, a) _n(AgCh = 125 / 143.4= 0872 mol 1b) (AI(NO3)3) =45 / 213 =0.021 mol 6)__n ((NH4)2COg) = 25.0 / 96 = 0.26 mol ) n(KOH)=240 /56.1 = 4.28 mol 4. a) n(CO,) =2.20 / 440 = 0.05 COp molecules 1b) 0 (C)=n(CO2) =005 mot Qn (Q)=2xn (COp)=0.10 mol 5. a)_n (Cu(NO3)3) = 20.0/187.5 = b)_n (Cu*? ions) = n (CulNO3)2) = 0.107 mol ©) n(NO5 ions)=2xn (Cu(NO;)2)= 0214 mol 4)» atoms) = 6x (Cu(NO3)s) = 0.642 mal 4107 mol 6. M (Cin) = (12120) + @2x10) + (1x160) =342 g mol! c-m(CigHag0x1) = 90.0 / 342 = 0.0877 mol 2:1 (0) = (11)0.087) = 0.965 mol of O atoms also M (HO) = 18 g / mol (FO) =100/18 =5.55 mol nO) =()655) Hence the 100 g of water contains more atoms of oxygen than the 30 g of sugar.Introductory Chemistry Study Guide Set 18 - Moles to mass 4. a) M(H) = 2x 10) +16: i.e, mass of 1 mol of Ht b) M(Q) =160gmol7 i.e, mass of 1 mol of O atoms = 160 g 9 M(COg) = 12.0 + (2x 16.0) = 44.0 g mol! i.e, mass of 1 mol of CO molecules = 44.0 g 8 g mol? 18g 4) MQ) =310g mol i.e, mass of 1 mol of P atoms = 31.0 g B. a) _M(NaOH) =400 g mol m (NaOH) =n. M =(1.25)400) = 500 b) m(Zn) =n. =(0.25)(654) = 16358 0 M(P(NO3)2) = 2072+ 2x 140) + (6x 160) a -M = (0.025)(159.6)= 3.99 g 1b) M(AgNOs) = 107.9 + 14.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 169.9 g mol m=n.M = (0.025)(169.9) = 423 g 9) M(NHAC) = 14+ 4x 1.0) +355 535 g mol! M = (15.0)635) = 8025 d)M ((NH4)2504) 2 x 140) + (8x 1.0) + 32.1 + (4x 16.0) 92.1 g mol! M=(15.0)(132.1) = 1982 g m= 4, a) 1mol Cl (71.0 g) > 1 mol SOs (64:1 g) b) 1 mol HCI (365 g) > 2 mol NH (340 g) 0) 1 mol PbO 2232 g)>1.5 mol ZnCO (188. g) 4) 3.0 mol NaHCOs (252.0 g) > 10 mol Mg(H804)9 (218.2 8) 5. a) M(Alz(50,)s) (2x27.0) + (3x 32.1) + (12x 16.0) 342.3 g mol m_=n.M= (0.60)(342.3) = 205.45 Set 1 ce b)_M((NHg)2CO5) = (2x 140) + (Bx 1.0) + 120+ @x160) 96 g mol" m=n. M= (1.25/96) = 120 g ©) M(KHCO;) =39:1 +1.0+ 120+ (3x 160) = 100.1 g mol? m=n.M=(0.55)(100.1) 4) M(NaxCO5 . 1040) = (2x 2300) + 120 + (3x 16.0) + (10 x 180) 5.1 g m=n.M = (3.20)286) = 9152.5 2) Hz 20g mol), NH; (170g mol"), CO (280 g mol) , Nz 280 g mol"), 0p (32.0.3, mol") , COz (440g mol"), 50> (640 g mol!) , Cp (7.0 g mol!) Moles - constituents a) 1 mol Hy gas contains 2 mol of H atoms 1b) 1 mol H3S0, acid contains 2 mol of H atoms 6) mol CHsCOOH acid contains 4 mol of Hatoms 4) 1 mol CgHy30¢ contains 12 mol of H atoms a) 5.0 mol SO» contains 10.0 mol of O atoms 1) 15.0 mol of CigHaOn1 contains 165.0 mol of Oatoms: ) 1.25mol of Ba(NOs)2 contains 7.5 mol of atoms 0,02: mol of MgSO, . 7H20 contains 0.22 mol of O atoms a) 225 mol of CO» contains: 2.25 mol of C and 4.5 mol of O 1b) 3.40 mol of HINO; contains: 3,40 mol of H, 3.40 mol of N and 10.2 mol of O 9 050 mol of NaySO4 contains: 1.0 mol of Na, 0.050 mol of $ and 2.0 mol of O 4) 4.0 mol of Ca(ECO3)2 contains: 40 mol of Ca, 80 mol of H, 8.0 mol of C and 24.0 mol of 0a) n (HO) =m / M=50 / 18=278 mol (0) =278 mol 'b)_n (HySOq) = m / M = 250 / (2.0 + 32.1 + 64) = 0.0255 mol n(O) = (4)(0.0255) = 0.102 mol Qn (AlO3)=m /M = (1000 x 1000) / (54.0 + 48.0) = 9804 mol 1 (O) = (3)(9804)= 29412 mol 4) n(NHY:COy =m /M = 100 / (28.0 + 8.0 + 12.0 + 48.0) = 1.04 mol “. (O) = (3)(1.04)= 3.12 mol 5. a) n (NaCl) =m /M~=600 / (23.0 +355) = 1.03 mol b)_n (NHy),S0, =m /M = 225 /(28.0 +80 = 32.1 + 64.0) = 0.0170 mol 1 (NHg") = (2)(0.0170) = 0.0340 mol (S042) = 0.0170 mol 1 (Pb(NO3)3) = m / M = 2000 / (207.2 + 28.0 + 96.0) = 0.604 mol n (Pb2+) = 0,604 mol * n(NO3) = 1.21 mol 4d) 1 (Fe20s) =m /M = 10.0 / (111.6 + 48.0) = 0.0627 mol 125 mol 483 mol , Mass of ethancic acid in 50.0g vinegar is 6% of 0, 1m (CHsCOOH) = (6 / 100)50) = 3.0 3 a) n (CH3COOH) =m/M=30/ (24.0 + 4.0 +320) = 0.050 mol bb)». n (C) atoms = (2)(0.050 mol) = 0.10 mol 1m (C) atoms = (n)(m)= (0.10)(12.0)=1.2 Set 20: Moles - mass/particles 4. a) n(Ag)=m/ M=100 / 1079 =0.0927 mol = N(Ag) = 0.0927)(6.02 x 102) =5.58 x 1022 atoms b) (Al) =m /M-=100 / 270 = 0370 mol ©. NAN) = (0.370)(6.02 x 1023) = 2.23 x 1023 atoms a @ a) » @ a) » Qo @ 1n (HO) = m / M=200 / 180=1.11 mol *. total n (of atoms) = (3)(1.11) = 3.33 mol *. total N (of atoms) = (3.33)(6.02 x 1023) = 2.01 x 104 atoms n (CHCOOH) =m /M = 200 / 60.0 = 0333 mol total n (of atoms) = (6)(0.233) = 2.67 mol *. total N (oF atoms) = (2.67)(6.02 x 10%) = 1.61 x 102! atoms (Ch) =m / M=710/ @x355)=1.0 mol N (Cla) = 602x 10 molecules n (NH) =m /M= 300 / 17.0 =1.76 mol IN (NHg) = 1.76 x 6.02 x 108 .06 x 1024 molecules ni (Ha) = * N (th) /M=60/20=3.0 mol (3)(6.02 x 1079) = 181 x 1024 molecules n(CO)=m / M=400 / 280 = 1.48 mol N (CO) = (1.43)(6.02 x 1075) = 8.60 x 10 molecules (CaCO) =m /M = 1250 / (40.1 +120 +480) = 1.249 mol “total (of atoms) = (6)(1.249) = 6.24 mol total N (of atoms)= (6.24)(6.02 x 1023) =376 x 1024 atoms n (CuSO,) =m / M = 106 / (635 +321 + 64.0) = 010664 mol total n (of atoms) = (6)(0.0664) = 0.398 mol total N (of atoms)= (0.398)(6.02 x 10°) 40 x 10% atoms n (NHNOg) = m / M = 225 / (280+ 4.0 + 48.0) =0.281 mol +. total n (of atoms) = (9)(0.281) = 2.53 mol *. total N (of atoms) = (2.53)(6.02 x 10%) = 152x108! atoms (NaOH) = m / M = 84.0 /(230 +16.0+1.0)=2.10 mol total n (of atoms) = (32.10) = 6:30 mol *- total N (of atoms) = (6.30}(6.02 x 1073) = 3.79 x 1024 atomsIntroductory Chemistry Siudy Guide 4. a) n (HCl) =m/M =176 /365 = 0.482 mol * n(Cl) =0.482 mol NCP = (0482)(6.02 x 10%) = 2.90 x 1033 atoms by (PbSOy) =m / M = 155.0 / (207.2 + 32.1 + 64.0) = 0511 mol 511 mol (0.511}(6.02 x 10) = 3.08 x 1023 atoms = 0.263 mol iM 8 / (63.5 +280 +960) = 0.0363 mol (6(0.0363) = 0.218 mol (0.218)(6.02 x 1079) 31 x 10% atoms 5. a) n(S0;) = 6.02x 10% / 6.02 x 1079 10 mol =n. M= (1.0321 +320) 4.1 g b) n Zn) =3.01 x 10% / 6.02 x 10% = 5.0 mol . m(Zn)=n-M= (0/654) =327g 1 (Cgbyg) = 260 10 / 6.02 x 103 = 0.0432 mol *-m (Ces) = n.M = (0.0432)(96.0 + 18.0) =492g )_ (Cat) = 45 x 1024/6.02 x10= 7.475 mol n (OH?) = 9.0 x 1074/6.02 x 103 = 14.95 mol ie. 7475 mol of C(OH)p +, m (Ca(OH) =n. M ‘= (7.475)(40.1 + 32.0 + 2.0) since 1 mole of H$04 contains 1 mole of sulfur 1 ($03) = 332 mol 1m (FI,S04) = (3.32)(98.1) =3059.g Set 21: Equations - mole/mole 1. CHy(@)+202() > COr(g) +2720 (@ 1 mol CH ig gives 1 mol CO2(g) 4. n(NaNOg) /n (NaCO,) = 2/, 1 (NagCOs) = (2) (0.05) 010 mot 5. n(KCIO3) /n(O2) = 2/5 + n(KClO3) = 2/3) (45) = 30 mol G, From the equation we can see that for every. ‘mole of CaCO3 we need tivo moles of HCL Hence since we have equal amounts of these reactants it means that the HCI will be the limiting reagent (ie. will run out first). Hence consider only HCI for calculating amount of CO» produced 1 (CO2) /n (HCI) = Vy * n (CO = (1/2) 5.0) 5 mol Set 22: Equations - mole/mass 4. 2g +Ory > 201g) n (HO) /n (Hy) = 2/ 1 (H,0) produced = (1)(10) = 10 mol m (HO) produced = (1.0) (18.0) = 180g 2. (Fig) /n (Hg) 1 (Fg) produced m (Hg) produced = (0.55)(2005) = 1103 g 3. n (NaCl) / n (AgNO3 n (NaCl) required 120 mol m (NaC) required = (12.0) (58.5) = 702g 142Review Questions 4, n (CuO) /n(Cud0;) = 1/4 = 1 n(CO,) / n(CuCOx) = 1/) = 1 -n (CuO) produced = (1)(0.40) 1m (CuO) produced = (0.40) 78: +. n (COs) produced = (1) (0.40) J: m (COs) produced = (0.40)(44) 5. CH + 503 (g) > 3CO> (g) + 44,0 (g) n(COp) /n(C3Hg) = 3/4 = 3 1 (CO,) produced = (3)(1.5) s--m (CO3) produced = (4.5) (44) B. n (CO; /n(Coths) nn (COz) produced = (8)(10.0) = 80.0 mol . m(CO}) produced = (80)(44) = 3520 ¢ n (HzO) /n(CgHyg) = 18/2 1 (HO) produced = (9)(100) = 90.0 mol . m (HO) produced = (90.0)(180) = 16208 + total mass of gases = 5140 g = 16/y Set 23: Equations - mass/mole A. 2+ Org > n(H,0) / n (Hg) n (FE) available +. n (H,0) produced 2. n(HCl) /n(Mg) = 2/4 = 2 (Mg) available = m/M = 0.20 mol (HCI) produced = (2)(0.20) = 0.40 mol 3. n (12804) /n((NH4)2S04) 1 ((NHy)9$04) produced Wye m/M = (809/439 3) 1606 mol (1)(0.606) 0.606 mol 1 (H,SO,) required 4 n(CO)/n(CuCoy) = 14 = 1 1 (CuCO3) reacted = m/M= (24/1935) = 0.0194 mol = (ons = 00194 mot 1 (CO») produced 5. n (Mg) /n(Mg3N2) = y= 3 n (MggNp) required m/M = (158/4q)9) 0155 mol *. m (Mg) needed = @)(0.0155) 0.0465 mol 6. n(CO)/n(CyHo) = 8% n (HO) /n(CyHyo) = 1W/p n(CyPyp) reacted = m / M= (050/59 0) 8.62 x 10-3 mol. J n(COp) produced = (4(862x 10-3) 0.035 mol n(H,0) produced = (5)(8.62 x 10-3) mol 0.043 mol ©. total moles gaseous products = 0.078 mol Set 24: Equations - mass/mass A. yg + Orig) > BLO (FO) / n (Hy) = 2/; n (Hp) reacted m/M= (1/9) 05 mol 1 (HO) produced = (1)(05) = 05 mol “. m (H30) produced (0.5)(18.0) 0g n(Ag) /n(Cu) = 24 = 2 (Cu) reacted = m /M = (638/635) 0.10 mol | 1 (Ag) produced = (2)(0:10) = 0.20 mol | ©. m(Ag) produced = (0.20)(107.9) = 21.6 g 8. n(NaOH)/n(NazO2) = 4/) = 2 ny) /n(Nag0x) = 1/g = 05 ‘n(NajOy) reacted = m/M= 250/799) = 032 mol ~ n(NoOH) produced = (2)(032) = 0.64 mot 1m (NaOH) produced! = (0.68)(40) = 256g alson (02) produced = (05)(032) = 0:16 mol J+ m(Oy) produced = (016)(320) = 512g 4 n(Pblz) fn (Pb(NO3)2) = 1 n (Pb(NO;),) reacted = m/M= (750/51 9) 0.0226 mol 2 m(Pblp) produced = (0.0226/(461.0) 04g,144 Introductory Chemistry Siudy Guide T=} n= n (HNO) / n (Ca(OH) = 2/) = 2 n (Ca(OH),) reacted = m/M= (500/74 1) 0.675 mol n(FINO3) required = (2)(0.675) 1.35 mol -. m(HINO3) required = (.35)63.0)=85.0 g B. a) Cag) +2HCI og) > CaCl, fg) + Hg) b) n(Ca) available = m/M= (40/49) 0.10 mol m/M= (40/36 5) =0.11 mol n (HCI available 4) From the equation we can see that for ‘every mole of calcium that reacts two ‘moles of hydrochloric acid are required. Hence there is insufficient hydrochloric acid to consume all the calcium. (ie, HCL will be completely used up) in (Fy) / n (HC) =1/)=05 mol 1 (H) produced m (H2) produced Set 25: Molar volume 4, a) n (He) = V/224 = 1.2/2.4 = 0.50 mol By n(Cly) = V/224 = 0.560/224 = 0.025 mol 224 = 200/224 = 8.90 mol /224 = 384/224 = 17.1 mol a @ 2, a) VIS) = (2.0)(22.4) = 4481 b) V(NH3) = (0.15)(224) = 3.6L. 0 VO) 25)(22.4) = 2800 4) -V (CyHyq) = (0.082)(22.4) = 0.941 1, 3. a) n(H,)=m /M=24.0/20 = 120 mol V (Hy) = (12.0224) = 268.8 L b) nO.) =m /M = 200/32 = 6.25 mol V (Oy) = (625)(224) = 140 1 GO,)=m /M = 1.25/64.1 = 0.0195 mol V (60,) = (0.0195)(22.4) = 0.437 L @) (CO) =m /M = 60.0/28.0 = 175 mol V (CO) = (0.0195)@22.4) = 0.497 L 4, a) n(O;)=m /M =20/224 = 0893 mol 1m (O,) = (0.899)(32.0) = 28.6 g b)_n (Cl) = V/22.4 = 200/224 = 0.893 mol £. m (Cl) = (0.893)(71.0) = 63.4 g 0 n(CO,) = V/224 = 0.560/22.4 = 04025 mol 10 g 1m (NH,) = (156:25)17.0) = 2656 5 5. a) Gasjar B contains the greatest number ‘of molecules (Avogadro's hypothesis: equal volumes of gases contain equal number of particles) b) Gas jar A contains greatest mass of gas. G. (Ny) =V/224 = 0.780/22.4 = 0.0348 mol ©. m (Ng) = (0.0348)(28.0) = 0.975 g, similarly 1 (Q;) = 0.210/224 = 9.37 x 103 mol 1m (Oy) = (937 x 1032.0) = 0300 g n (An) = 0.010/224 = 4.46 x 10" mol 1m (Ar) = (4.46 x 1049(40.0) = 0.018 g mass of 1 Lof dey air = 1.293 g Set 26: Equations - volume /volume A. Ci) +2 (q > CO (g) 1vol’ 1 vol vol (CO;) / vol (O;)=1/1=1 vol (O;) consumed = 50 L vol (CO,) produced = (1)(60) = 50 L B. a) vol (CO) / vol (CO,) = 2/2=1 +. vol (CO) consumed = (1)(0.060) = 0.060 L. = 60-mL,Review Questions b)_ vol (04) / vol (CO,) = 1/2 ‘vol (O,) consumed = (0.5)(0.060) = 0.030 L. =30mL B. a) 20 q > 2H + @ 2vol” 1vol by vol (Q3) / vol (Hy) = 1/3 vol (Oy) produced = (05\0.125) = 0.0625 L. = 625 mL os 4. Tig + Chg > HCl yy ivol vol 2vol vvol (HCI) / vol (H) =2/1=2 vol (HCD produced = (2)(0450) = 900 ml. 5. a) From the equation we can see that 1 volume ‘of methane combines with 2 volumes of ‘oxygen. Since there are 200 mL. of each of these gases initially, the oxygen gas will be completely consumed (limiting reagent) B) consider limiting reagent only (O3) 200 mL (O,) gives 100 mL COyi,) also gives 200 mL H0(g) <1 total vol gases produced = 300 mL, 2) vol (CHy) / vol (Oy) =1/2=05 vol (CH,) consumed = (0.51020) = 0.4L (100 mt.) ‘Hence total vol gases remaining after reaction = 300 mi. (products) + 100 mL (unreacted) =400 mL B. a) CyHlayg) +5025) > SCOr I) + HHO gp Ivol” Svol” 3vol 4vol eerie egy cece) vel Svol dvol vol b) for CyHe(g) vol (products) / vol (reactants) = 7/6 = 1.17 for CHo() vol (products) / vol (reactants) = 6/7 = 0.86 ©. propane gas creates the greatest increase in volume Set 27: Equations - mass /volume 4, CaCOs g) > CaO (y+ COa ig) 500g x(L) 1 (CO,) / n (CaCO3) = 1/ 1 (CaCO3) available = m /M = 500/100.1 Omol 1 (CO,) produced = (1)(5.0) = 5.0 mol V (CO;) produced = (6.0)224) = 12.L 2. n(k) /n()=2/1=2 n (Hy) produced = V/22.4 = 0.1/22.4 46x 10° mol + 11 (K) required = (2)(4.46 x 10°3) 92103 mol 2m (K) required = (8.92 x 10°)(39.1) = 0.349 g. n (Hh /n (NaCl) = 1/1=1 1 (NaCl) available =m /M =24.0/58.5 =0.41 mol ‘n (HC) produced = (1)(0.41) = 0.41 mol ‘V (FIC) produced = (0.41)(22.4) = 9.18 L n (CO) /n (KHCO3) = 1/2=05 1 (KHCO}) available = m /M =200/100.1 =020 mol 1 (CO,) produced = (050.20) = 0.10 mol V(CO,) produced = (020)(224) 5, (Na). n(MggN3) =1/1=1 n (Mg;N3) produced = m /M = 60.0/100.9 = 0.595 mol 1n (Np) required = (110.595) V (Np) required = (0.595)24) = 13.3 L 1595 mol 145Introductory Chemistry Siudy Guide ‘The two reactions involved are 2Altg) + 6HClag) > 2AICla(aq) + 3Fayg) and My #2EChg) > MEClyag) + Hyp now, n (Hy) /n (Al) =3/2=15 1 (Al) available = m /M = 1.0/27.0 = 0.1370mol +. n (Fh) produced = (1.5)(0.0370) = 0.0555 mol ~V (Hp) produced = (0.0555)(22.4) = 1.24 L also, n (Hy) //n (Mg) = 1/1 =1 (Mg) available = m /M = 1.0/243 = 0.0411mol + n (Fb) produced = (1)(0,0411) = 0.0411 mol -V (H,) produced = (0.0411)(22.4) = 092 L Hence Al produces more Hyg) Set 28: Equations - volume/mass CUED 3G) > CUO) + COr—) xg 500mL (CuO) /n (CO,)=1/1=1 1n (CO) produced = V/224 = 0.500/22.4 022 mol 1 (CuO) produced = (1)(0.022) = 0.022 mol 1m (CuO) produced = (0.022)(79.5) = 1.77 (Mg) / n (Hp) =1/1=1 1 (E)produced = V/22.4 = 40.0/22.4 = 1.79mol 1 (Mg) required = (1)(1.79) = 1.79 mol 1m (Mg) required = (1.79)(24.3) = 43.4 5 4. 1 (NazOp) / n(O;) =2/1= 1 (02) produced = V/22. = 0.1115 mol 1 (NaOp) required = (2)(0.111) = 0.223 mol ~ m (Na,O5) required = (0.223)(780) = 17.4 g 5/224 n(HNO,) / n (CO3) = 2/1 1 (CO;) produced = V/224 = 5.0/224 225 mol 2 n (HINO) consumed = (20223) = +. m (FINO3) constimed = (0.446)(63.0) = 28.1 g 2 a) CHyyy) + 2074) > COnig) + 2H Calags) + 504g) > 3CO 24g) + 472Qqy b) forCHy 1 (COs) /n (CH) = 1/1=1 (CH) available = V/224 =1.0/224 = 0.0446 mol 1 (CO,) produced = (1)(0.0446) = 0.0446 mol 1m (CO, produced = (0.0446 \(44.0) = 1.96 g for CoH n (CO,) / 0 (CyHg) = 3/1 =3 1 (C3Hg) available = V/22.4 = 1.0/22.4 (0446 mol (90.0446) = 0.134 mol ._m (COp) produced = (0.134)(44.0) 89g ~ n (CO,) produced Hence CH produces the greatest mass of COA).Review Questions SS swers Set 29: Equations - miscellaneous revision 2NaHCO ya) > NeCOy)+COng) HQ) 50kg xL b) 1 (CO) /1n (NaHCO,) = 1/2=05 1n (NaHCO) available = m /M = 5000/84.0 = 59.52 mal ©. n (CO,) produced = (0.5)(59.5) = 29.76 mol V(CO,) produced = (29.76)(22.4) 666.7 L 2. a) V(H) / V (NH) =3/2=15 Y (NH2) produced = 40.0 L V (H) required = (1.5)(40.0) = 60.01. b) 1 (N;) / n (NH) =1/2=05 1 (Ny) produced = V/22.4 = 40.0/224 1.786 mol 1 (Np) required = (0.5)(1.786) 1m (Nj) required = (0.893)(28.0) = 250g 893mol B. a) n(CO,) /n Fe) =3/2=15 1 (Fe) produced = m /M = LO x106 / 558 = 17921 mol s. n(CO,) produced = (1.5)(17921) = 26882 mol 'V (CO,) produced= (26882)(22.4) = 6.02 x 105 L B)_n(Fe,0s) / n (Fe) = 1/2=05 1 (Fe) produced = 17921 mol (as above) +. 1 (Fe,05) requized = (0.5)(17921) 8960 mol a) 2Aljy) + 6HCI > 2AICly(.4) + Hayy) xe 200 mL b) n(Al) /n(th) = 2/3 = 0.657 1 (Hp) produced = V/224 = 0.200/22.4 = 893 x 103 mol 1667)(8.93 x 10) =5.95x 103 mol (595 x 10°)(27.0) = 0161 g a) n (GH) = m /M=4.0/26.0 = 0.154 mol n (Op) = m /M = 5.0/32.0 = 0.156 mol . n(AD) required m (AD) require b) From the equation we can see that 2 moles ‘of CoH requires 5 moles of Op for a complete reaction. Hence there is insufficient Op gas. i.e. On(g) is completely consumed (limiting reagent, ©) consider only limiting reagent 1 (CO,) /n O,)= 4/5 =08 1 (©,) consumed = 0.156 mol 1n (COy) produce for (NH,),S0, n (NH) /1n ((NH)S0)) =2/1=2 1 (NH))S0,) produced = m /M~ 1000/1321 =757 mot n (NH) required = 2)(757) = 15. mol +. V (Hg) required = (15.1)(22-4) = 339 L for NHNO}, 1n (NH) /n (NH,NO3) = 1/1=1 1 (NH,NO,) produced =m /M = 1000/80.0 = 125 mol 1 (NHy) required = (1125) = 12.5 mol +. V (NHG) required = (125)(224) = 280 L Hence (NH,)3$0, requires the greatest volume of NHa(g).