Confined

Space Entry

2020 LTP classroom edition

Change record
Date Reason
September 2020 First LTP edition

Developed by: Health, Safety, Environment Curriculum Development and Evaluation Group
© Copyright Saudi Aramco, 2016. All rights reserved.
No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of
Saudi Aramco.
Confined
Space
Entry
Unit 1
Confined Space
Entry

HSECD & EG
September 2020
Module 1
Terminal
Identify confined objective
space entry You will be able to summarize
the confined space entry
process based on the
information in General
Enabling objectives Instructions 2.100, 2.709 and
the Construction Safety
On completion of Module 1, you will be able to: Manual.

• Describe the Stop Work Authority program.

• Define and identify a confined space entry.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Introduction
Saudi Aramco conducts many work tasks
and activities that require entry into
Confined Spaces.
Confined Space Entry (CSE) has many
hazards that must be controlled.
Workers must know and follow confined
space entry procedures before work
starts.
Training on Confined Space Entry is
among the most important safety training
you will receive.
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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Instructional staff
Your safety instructor is your guide through this
training course and will help you get the
knowledge you need to understand the course
material and to prepare you for the on-line test.
The instructor will present the course material
to you, explain and illustrate the information,
and answer your questions.
If you do not understand the information, or if
you are not sure how to perform an activity,
then please ask for more information.
Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Stop Work Authority (SWA)

Before we start the Confined Space Entry (CSE) course, you must be fully aware of the Saudi Aramco Stop
Work Authority (SWA).

The Stop Work Authority is a program designed to provide employees and contract workers with the
responsibility and obligation to stop work when a possible unsafe condition or behavior may result in
an incident.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Stop Work Authority

All personnel have the authority to stop any unsafe work.

If you observe any unsafe work that has the potential to injure personnel, damage equipment, or harm
the environment, you are empowered to stop work and report your concerns to a supervisor.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

SWA references
These publications outline the expectations for all personnel to stop work in the event that an unsafe act or
situation is observed.

• Construction Safety Manual, Chapter I-4, Work Permit System and Stop Work Authority.

• SMS Manual, Element 6, Safe Operations.

• Safety Handbook Rules 1 and 4.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

SWA 5 step process

1. STOP unsafe work.

You are authorized to stop work immediately when coworkers, equipment or the environment are at
risk.

2. Notify affected personnel and supervision.

Don’t try to correct everything yourself. Notify your supervisor and any other organizations, as
required.

3. Investigate the cause for intervention and correct the hazard.

After a stop work action is in place, the proponent organization and those involved should:

•Discuss the situation and come to an agreement on the harmful behavior or condition and a
corrective plan.
•If needed, have an external subject matter expert evaluate the situation and confirm whether it
is safe to proceed.
If the SWA concern is valid:
• Suspend work until a resolution is in place.
• Verify that all safety issues have been properly resolved.
• Modify work practices or procedures when necessary. 10
Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

SWA 5 step process

4. Communicate findings and resume work.
Notify all affected personnel about corrective actions to prevent similar issues from occurring.

5. Follow-up.
Promptly review all stop cases to identify any need for additional investigation or follow-up.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

SWA Signs
Stop work signage, shall be mounted in clearly visible locations at worksites as per CSM 4.11.4 to remind
everyone of their SWA responsibilities.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Review questions

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Define and identify confined space entry

In Module 1 you will learn about the following:

• What is a confined space.

• What is confined space entry.
• Examples of confined spaces.
Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

What is a confined space

A confined space is any space or structure:

• Large enough to allow workers to enter and perform work.

• Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit.
• Not designed for human occupancy.
• Contains or has the possibility to contain a hazardous atmosphere.
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

What is confined space entry

A Confined Space Entry (CSE) is when anyone puts any part of their body through the opening of the
space.

Entry also includes all periods of time when the confined space is occupied.

For example, putting your head into a tank opening or manhole is an entry.

When work tasks require you to enter into a confined space, you must follow CSE procedures and a confined
space entry permit must be issued before work can begin.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Examples of confined spaces

• Columns, Vessels.
• Storage Tanks.
• Pipelines.
• Valve boxes.
• Manholes.
• Ventilation ducts.
• Boilers, steam generators.
• Heat exchangers.
• Sewers, sumps, pits.
• Barge compartments.
• Excavations (at least 4 ft deep).

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Confined spaces
Certain confined spaces may be designed for very limited entry. Examples include:

• Manholes.
• Sewer systems.
• Cargo holds.
• Barge compartments.
• Shafts and tunnels.

A confined space may not necessarily be enclosed on all

sides and may have open tops.

Examples include:

• Vats.
• Storage towers.
• Floating roofs of large tanks.
• Trenches, excavations, pits, culverts and sumps.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Confined spaces
A space may become a confined space due to the work or due to a change in the conditions inside.

For example, spray painting in an enclosed room can create a hazardous atmosphere.

Also, asbestos work in an enclosed room and sealed with plastic drapes can create a hazardous atmosphere.

Unventilated or poorly ventilated spaces, storage areas and voids may

be Oxygen deficient or may develop a hazardous atmosphere.

Even a new tank can become a confined space during the late stages of
assembly on location.

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Review questions

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Identify confined space entry | Module 1. 1

Summary
In Module 1 you were introduced to the Saudi Aramco Stop Work Authority and the definition and identification
of confined space entry.

You should now be able to:

Describe the Stop Work Authority program.

Define and identify confined space entry, including

• What is a confined space.
• What is confined space entry.
• Examples of confined spaces.

Your instructor will now start Module 2, confined space entry program.

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Module 2
Confined space
entry program
Enabling objectives
On completion of Module 2, you will be able to:

• State the requirements of the confined space entry

program.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Introduction
Confined Space Entry (CSE) has many
hazards that must be eliminated or
controlled.
The CSE program, the permit system and
the responsibilities of individuals are an
essential part of ensuring that entry into
hazardous spaces can be undertaken
safely.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Confined space entry program

In Module 2 you will learn about the following:

• Confined space entry program.

• Confined space entry permit.
• Roles and responsibilities.
Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

CSE program
Your organization and all contractors for grassroots projects must develop and implement a CSE program,
which must include but not be limited to the following:

• Proponent department’s local program.

• Identify confined spaces.
• Identify hazards of confined spaces.
• Developing confined space entry plans.
• Training requirements & qualifications.
• Rescue procedures.

Proponent departments and contractor CSE programs must comply with

all Saudi Aramco requirements.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

CSE permits
A Confined Space Entry Permit is required for all jobs where personnel enter a confined space.

CSE permits also apply to project sites.

CSE activities in hydrocarbon processing areas can include vessel cleaning, inspecting the inside of
tank, working in sewers, sumps pits or valve boxes and working in excavations or trenches.

Confined space entry permits are mandatory before entry into:

• Confined spaces within a Saudi Aramco facility.

• Confined spaces at a project site.
Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Issuer and Receiver roles

Work permit issuers and receivers must make sure that all work task hazards are identified and either
controlled or eliminated.

Hazard control requirements are recorded on the work permit and become a condition for starting

work. If you are the work permit issuer, you must:

• Identify which permits are required.

• Conduct a joint site inspection.
• Identify and document hazards and precautions on the permit forms.
• Complete the Hazard Analysis Checklist.
• Attach additional forms to the permit if required.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Management roles
Proponent management must develop and implement a CSE program that complies with all Saudi Aramco
requirements.

Management responsibilities include:

• Develop a CSE program.

• Develop and review CSE plans.
• Identify training and qualifications.
• Mandate training.
• Restrict confined space entry to trained personnel.
• Designate Confined Space Entry Supervisors (CSES).
• Provide equipment required for safe confined space entry.
• Conduct drills and emergency scenarios.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Confined space entry supervisor

The Confined Space Entry Supervisor (CSES) is a work permit issuer or someone who has been assigned
by an issuer and directs all aspects of the confined space entry.

Responsibilities include:

• Decides if conditions are acceptable for entry.

• Authorizes entry.
• Supervises entry operations.
• Stops entry if required.
• Generally the work permit issuer.
• Reviews entry plan.
• Communicates plan with entrants and standby men.
• Implementation of permits and plans.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Confined space entry supervisor

• Training of entrants and standby men.
• Designates trained standby men.
• Generally issues CSE permits.
• Provides manpower and coordinate activities of multiple
crews.
• Checks isolation, purging and gas test results.
• Monitors confined space activity.
• Ensures logs are completed.
• Ensures PPE is provided and used.
• Provides communications equipment.
• Provides immediate response equipment.
• Emergency rescue capabilities.
• STOPS confined space entry, when necessary.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Standby man
A standby man is the worker who is responsible for monitoring the internal and external activities associated
with work in and around a confined space.

He is generally stationed at entry points to the confined space near to where the work is taking place. This
worker acts as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the entrants in the confined space.

Standby man responsibilities include:

• Reviews the entry plan and permits.

• Understands possible hazards.
• Maintains entry log.
• Monitors activities inside and outside the confined space.
• Maintains two-way communication.
• Notifies personnel in the event of an emergency.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Standby man
• Does not leave the ‘entry point’.
• Never enters the confined space.
• Primary responsibility, no other duties.
Note: in some specific cases the standby man may also be assigned as a fire watch for the confined
space activity.

Orders entrants to evacuate when:

• An unsafe condition develops.

• An entrant displays unusual behavior effects from hazard
exposure.
• The standby man has leave the area and no relief is
provided, the entrants must evacuate the space.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Entrant
A Confined Space Entrant is anyone who is trained to enter a confined space to perform work.
This includes entering for light tasks such as visual inspection or taking measurements.

An Entrants responsibilities include:

• Reviewing all permits.

• Reviews the entry plan.
• Checks work and site preparation.
• Understands potential hazards in the confined space.
• Trained on use of PPE.

Never enters until:

• Safety requirements are in place.
• Clearly understands the work assignment.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Entrant
Maintains communication with standby man.

Alerts the Standby man and other entrants to exit when:

• Order to evacuate is given.

• Warning signs or symptoms of exposure start to develop.
• Emergency alarm is activated.

An Entrant has perhaps the most hazardous task on a CSE job.

The Entrant must enter the confined space, so must be fully prepared
for the job.

They must know and follow all safety requirements for the job and
know how to communicate with standby personnel.

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Review questions

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Confined space entry program | Module 1. 2

Summary
In Module 2 you were introduced to the confined space entry program.

You should now be able to:

State the confined space entry program, including,

• Confined space entry program.
• Confined space entry permit.
• Roles and responsibilities.

Your instructor will now start Module 3, plan and prepare a confined
space entry.

36
Module 3
Plan & prepare a
confined space entry
Enabling objectives
On completion of Module 3, you will be able to:

• Define the requirements to plan and prepare a

confined space entry.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Introduction
Confined Space work needs thorough
planning and preparation to ensure that
all hazards can be identified and suitable
control measures are in place before
entry is permitted.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Plan and prepare a Confined Space for

entry
In Module 3 you will learn about the following:

• Confined space entry plan.

• Confined space preparation.
• Confined space isolation and LOTO.
Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE plan
Proponent management CSE plans assess existing and possible hazards and control measures for
each specific confined space.

Besides a work permit, each CSE job must have a written CSE plan.

This plan must:

• Review the scope of work.

• Perform a hazard evaluation of space and
its surrounding area.
• Unique to a specific confined space.
• Prepared in advance.
• Use ‘what if’ scenarios for emergency
procedures.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE plan
There is no standard template that can be applied for all CSE jobs. The specific work site and job details will
dictate the items to be included in the specific plan.

The minimum requirements for a confined space entry plan are listed in the Construction Safety Manual
and may include the following item:

• Scope of work.
• Hazard identification and evaluation.
• Types and frequency of gas testing.
• Training requirements for all personal involved in the entry.
• Locate and identify method of each isolation point.
• Procedures for cleaning, purging or ventilating.
• Entry and exit requirements (such as, equipment, air
movers communication, PPE)
• Pedestrian and vehicle barriers.
• Emergency response procedures and contacts.
• Retrieval/rescue equipment in place.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE rescue plan

The level of detail in the CSE rescue plan varies and is dependent on several factors.

The level of detail should be decided by the proponent management and the rescue service that completes
the rescue plan.

Some common rescue plan factors include:

• Configuration of the space (vertical or horizontal entry).

• Immediate surroundings.

• Location of the space.

• Position/dimensions of the entry/exit points.

• Hazards in the space.

• PPE requirements.

• Number of authorized entrants.

• Experience of the rescue team.

• Available rescue equipment.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE plan development

To assist and support proponent management with the development of their CSE plans, LPD have created a
‘Best Practice’ document. This can be used as a checklist that can guide management to develop their own
plans and what they must contain.

This best practice document can be found on the LPD Intranet site.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Pre entry preparation

The CSE supervisor must review and communicate the plan to entrants and standby men. The plan must be
available for review by all personnel before the confined space entry.

• Review plan with the work crew.

• Perform a hazard evaluation of space and surrounding
• area. Implement control measures.
• Rescue plan must be in place before entry.
Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE preparation
For CSE jobs performed by workers from a Saudi Aramco proponent department only.

The CSE permit must be issued to a proponent department work permit receiver.

• Operations can receive permits.

• Every entry must have a CSE supervisor.
• Entrants must be physically fit for entry.
• Standby man assigned by CSE supervisor.
• Continuous communication with entrants and other
personnel (CSE Supervisor, Rescue team).
• At least one 30lb fire extinguisher must be near
each designated confined space entry point, if the
space is within process equipment, or where
flammable material may be present, including residue.
Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE preparation
Ensure the required permits are issued, then prepare the job site:

• Isolate work site using signs, barricades.

• Check entry/exit points and entry equipment.
• Communication equipment.
• Initial response and equipment.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE preparation
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY CHECKLIST
Complete this form in English and write clearly. Use ink pen, not pencil.

Vessel/Equipment/Confined Space ID: Entry Date: ........................................

.......................................................

No. Requirement Yes N/A

1 Confined space entry plan provided and available

2 Area barricaded and has warning signs posted

3 Electrical sources isolated

4 Process piping/equipment isolated

A CSE checklist must be completed by the work permit issuer and receiver
5 Hydraulic/pneumatic and other energy sources isolated

6 Lockout and hold tag procedures followed

7 Hot/cold work permit completed

during their joint site inspection and before they sign each work permit. 8

10
Confined space entry permit completed

Atmosphere tested for % oxygen (O2)

Atmosphere tested for % LEL

11 Atmosphere tested for hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

A specific checklist may be needed for some specific complex confined

12 Atmosphere tested for carbon monoxide (e.g., CO)

13 Atmosphere tested for other gases (e.g., SO2), identify:

14 Gases/chemicals purged, flushed, vented

space entries.
15 Continuous gas testing performed

16 Mechanical ventilation provided

17 Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) provided and used

18 Appropriate respirator(s) (e.g., SCBAs) provided and used

A CSE Permit Hazard Analysis Checklist can usually be

19 Full-body harness provided and used by each entrant

20 Appropriate lighting equipment provided

21 Rescue service notified of confined space entry operations

used for most other entries.

22 Rescue equipment (e.g., hoist) available

23 Fire extinguisher(s) available at designated entry points

24 Standby man continuously present during confined space entry

25 Standby man has necessary PPE

26 Communications equipment for standby man and entrants rovided

p
d
27 Entry log sheet available at designated entry points and use

..... Signature: ...................................... Date: ........................... Time:

Issuer Name: .................................... Badge No.: .........................
...............................
..... Signature: ...................................... Date: ........................... Time:
Receiver Name: .................................... Badge No.: .........................
...............................

Checklist t hat is part of the confined space entry permit issuance process, as
Note: This checklist does not replace the mandatory Hazard Analysis t o verify t hat all required aspects of the confined space entry plan have
required by GI 2.100, Work Permit System. This checklist may be used been
implemented prior t o beginning the work. If used, all answers must e either “Yes” or “ N / A ” before allowing entry into the confined space, and
b completed checklist shall remain w i t h the Confined Space Standby the an on site.
M

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

CSE preparation
Entry points must be kept clear for easy access and egress,
especially for emergency vehicles and personnel, when entrants are
in the space.

• No obstruction at entry points.

• Post warning signs and permits.
• Isolate and ventilate.
• Gas test per CSE plan.
• Issue proper PPE.
• Use CSE checklist.

When the job is not active and there are no entrants inside the
space, entry and exit points must be blocked and labeled as a
confined space and as warning to ‘keep out’.

Confined space warning signs and barriers must be posted

outside the confined space—in both Arabic and English.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Isolation and LOTO

For CSE isolation and LOTO, G.I. 6.012 (Isolation, Lockout and Use of Hold Tags), must be implemented.

G.I. 2.100 (Work Permit System) may also apply to equipment inside of or adjacent to the space.

Ensure that the following energy sources are isolated before entry:

• Electrical, Lock Out - Tag Out (LOTO).

• Mechanical: LOTO.
• Hydraulic and pneumatic systems: Depressurize.

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Isolation and LOTO

Residual products and hazardous materials must be drained, cleaned or purged by steam cleaning or power
washing.

Flammable or other hazardous fluids can be purged using an inert

gas such as Nitrogen.

Usually, equipment is shut down and isolated first, then

depressurized or de-energized.

Then the equipment must be cleaned or purged.

• Drain: Hazardous materials.

• Clean: Water wash or steaming.
• Purge: Nitrogen or other inert gas

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Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Review questions

51
Plan & prepare a confined space entry | Module 1. 3

Summary
In Module 3 you were introduced to planning and preparing a confined space entry.

You should now be able to:

Define the requirements to plan and prepare a confined space entry, including
• Confined space entry plan.
• Confined space preparation.
• Confined space isolation and LOTO.

Your instructor will now start Module 4, hazards and controls.

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Module 4
Hazards &
controls
Enabling objectives
On completion of Module 4, you will be able to:

• Identify work hazards and control measures.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Introduction
Confined Space Entry has both internal
and external hazards that must be
recognized and controlled.
Confined space workers must know how
to communicate with the standby man and
to ensure that they carry out the correct
actions during any emergency.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Work hazards and controls

In Module 4 you will learn about the following:

• Confined space entry hazards.

• Confined space entry controls.
• Communication methods.
• Emergency response.

• Confined space restoration.

Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE hazards
Industrial hazards outside of a confined space can be also present inside the space and are often
more severe (e.g. loud noises, grinding).

Whenever possible, entry into confined spaces should be avoided or greatly limited. All workers involved in a
CSE must be trained on existing and potential hazards and suitable control measures.

Common hazards include:

• Engulfment.
• Temperature extremes.
• Electrical.
• Mechanical.
• Noise.
• Slips, trips and falls.
• Poor lighting.
• Atmospheric.
• Configuration of confined spaces.
• External activities (heavy equipment, exhaust fumes).

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE hazards
All confined spaces must be gas tested for Flammable, Toxic (H2S, CO) gases, as well as adequate Oxygen
levels.

Oxygen deficient atmosphere can occur due to:

• Oxygen consumption.
• Oxygen displacement.

Gas testing applies especially when hydrocarbon process

equipment must be entered for cleaning or service.

Use ventilation to bring in and circulate fresh air in to make

spaces safe.

SCBA/SABA may often be required.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE hazards
Toxic atmospheres may result from hydrocarbon residuals such as Hydrogen
Sulfide or Benzene, commonly found in Saudi Aramco facilities.

Toxic atmospheres can also be caused by:

• Decomposing organic material from a tank or sewer releases.

• Welding or brazing with metals capable of producing toxic fumes.
• Cleaning products used to prepare the confined space for entry.

Poisonous Carbon Monoxide (CO) may build up in a confined space.

In welding operations, incomplete combustion may occur and CO can form as a byproduct.
Exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines also produce CO.
Do not place internal combustion engines inside confined spaces or where their exhaust
gases could enter the space. Always place this equipment downwind.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE hazards
Entry into a confined space where NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) is known or
suspected must be controlled by:

• Mechanically ventilating for at least 4 hours prior to entry.

• Personnel and equipment exiting the space must submit to a NORM
contamination survey.
• NORM contaminated personnel or equipment must be segregated and
decontaminated.

Mercury (Hg) is an extremely heavy, odorless, silver colored liquid that when
evaporated during steaming, becomes an invisible, odorless, toxic vapor.

Inhalation is the main route into your body.

Mercury is found in crude refining vessels.

Breathing in Mercury vapor can cause vomiting, abdominal pain,

weakness, confusion, shortness of breath, bronchitis, pneumonia, and
kidney damage.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE external hazards

Even though a confined space’s internal atmosphere may be within acceptable limits, diesel or petrol
fumes nearby can move into the space by wind or fans.

These fumes may contain Carbon Monoxide (CO).

Other Toxic or Flammable hazards can enter the space if hydrocarbon

or hazardous substance lines are opened near the entry point. This
includes product sampling activities.

Examples of external hazardous activities can include:

• Combustion engines.
• Equipment opening/line break other line opening activity.
• Hydrocarbon sampling.
• Loading/unloading operations.
• Overhead crane lifts.

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 Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
Hazards within a space often increase in number and severity. Hazards that may be generated by work
should be identified, evaluated and controlled during the preparation of the CSE plan and work
permits.

Flammable atmospheres in a confined space are very hazardous.

To prevent and control a flammable atmospheres, do not store inside the space:
• Flammables or combustible materials.
• Compressed gas cylinders.

Control sources of ignition by:

• Following hot work permit rules.

• Equipment shall meet electrical classification for the area.
• Fire protection equipment available.
• Ground air movers to prevent static build-up.

Note: if any hot work is likely to affect the internal atmosphere, then continuous
gas monitoring is required.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
All entrants must be protected from electrical shock. Electrical equipment, including lighting and radios
must comply with the electrical classification of the confined space (G.I. 6.008 and SAES-B-068).

Electrical shock controls include:

• Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) on tools and equipment.

• UL listed or FM approved equipment.
• Cord protection.

There must be adequate lighting to safely enter, work and exit a confined space.

The lighting must be on a separate circuit from other electrical equipment and tools
in the confined space. This is to prevent potential overload of a circuit and losing
lighting inside the space.

All equipment must be grounded, as static electricity can ignite a flammable atmosphere inside the
confined space. Air movers can generate static electricity and should be bonded to the vessel or tank.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
As part of CSE preparation, the confined space must be cleaned and
decontaminated to the maximum extent possible before entry.

Preparation.

• Drain.
• Nitrogen purge.
• Clean.
Isolate.

• Lock Out Tag Out.

• Blind.
• Disconnect.

Nitrogen/inert gases can create an Oxygen deficient atmosphere (less than 20.0%).

Acceptable levels of Oxygen in a confined space are between 20.0% and 23.5%.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
Air movers and fans provide positive pressure ventilation and clean air into confined spaces.

You must use ventilation to improve atmosphere conditions by supplying clean air into a confined space or by
exhausting contaminants, such as toxic or flammable gases, out of the space.

Ventilation:

This can be either be a mechanical supply or natural ventilation and can also provide direct cooling to
the work areas inside the space.

Position of equipment:
Always place blowers or air movers to minimize the
possibility of introducing air contaminants from adjacent
equipment or generators.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
Grounding:

Ground equipment such as air movers and ventilation systems.

Ventilation must be properly grounded and bonded to vessels or tanks to prevent static electricity.

Exhaust ventilation:

Welding, grit blasting and spray painting etc, can create a need for local exhaust.

Local exhaust is where fumes, vapors or particulates are

mechanically drawn out of the confined space.

The negative pressure created in the space can be

equalized by openings in the space that allow fresh air to
enter or with the use of air movers.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
Atmospheric testing must be conducted by certified gas testers using approved gas monitors.

Frequency of testing:

• Before first entry.

• After breaks.
• Conditions change.
• Periodic intervals (e.g. every 2hours).

Examples of gases that need to be monitored:

• Oxygen (O2).
• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S).
• Flammable (LEL).
• Carbon Monoxide (CO).

Note: if any hot work is likely to affect the internal atmosphere, then continuous gas monitoring is required.

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CSE controls
Initial gas test:

Always perform initial gas testing before entry with all mechanical ventilation shut down at least 15 minutes
before testing.

Initial gas testing data will help to determine ventilation, PPE, respiratory protection and atmospheric
monitoring requirements.

Acceptable entry working conditions:

The CSE permit gas test information table indicates the acceptable atmospheric work conditions and any
necessary PPE or approvals that are required based on the gas test results of the job site.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
Continuous monitoring:

Continuous gas testing shall be used if the atmosphere inside the confined space is subject to change or if
work activities involve combustion such as welding or torch cutting. Area gas monitoring devices can monitor
the atmosphere for an extended period of time and provide an early warning of escalating gas
concentrations in a work area.

Evacuation of the space:

Whenever a hazardous atmosphere is detected, the confined space shall be evacuated of all personnel until
corrective actions have been taken and the space has been verified by the CSE supervisor as safe for re-entry.

Always refer to the Gas Testing Information Table on the work permit forms for the confined
space entry limits.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE controls
Breathing apparatus shall be continuously worn if:

• O2 is less than 20.0%.

• Flammable gases are at/or above 5% and less than 10% LEL.
• CO is at or above 35 ppm and less than 1000 ppm.
• H2S is at or above 10 ppm and less than 100 ppm.
• Other toxic gases that are above their TLV/TWA and at or below their IDLH level.

Confined space entry is not permitted if:

• O2 is above 23.5 %.
• Flammable gases are at or above 10% LEL.
• CO is at or above 1000 ppm.
• H2S is at or above 100 ppm.
• Other toxic gases are above their IDLH level.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE PPE
Confined spaces are hazardous work spaces that require PPE for entrants.

In addition to minimizing exposure to a hazard, consideration must be given to ensure PPE allows workers
to freely move within the confined space, to operate equipment and exit the space quickly in the event of an
emergency.

Below are common examples of PPE required for CSE:

• Self Contained Breathing Apparatus /Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus.

• Air purifying cartridge respirator.
• Coveralls.
• Flame Retardant Clothing (FRC).
• Safety helmet.
• Eye and face protection.
• Hearing protection.
• Safety shoes or boots.
• Gloves.
• Full body harness with lanyard for rescue.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Confined space entry

Issuance of the CSE permit signals that work can begin, workers must adhere to the conditions of the permit
and follow the CSE plan.

The following action items are common to CSE jobs:

Control access:

Only authorized personnel are permitted to enter the confined space.

Record entry and exit of personnel:

Entrants are accounted for by signing the log sheet upon entering and
exiting the confined space.

Conduct atmospheric gas testing:

Atmospheric tests are conducted periodically while personnel are in the

confined space.

Perform the required work:

Entrants to a process-related confined space or where movement is difficult

shall be given breaks as needed and allowed to rest outside in an open
area.

The CSE supervisor shall arrange rest breaks to minimize fatigue.

Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

CSE communication
Standby men must be provided with a suitable means of maintaining communication with entrants, the CSE
supervisor and emergency responders.

Two way radio communication is the preferred method of communication, however in noisy work
environments where verbal communication is difficult or in work spaces where visual contact is not possible,
you may need to use a different method of communication.

Common examples of confined space communication include:

• Portable radios.

• Face to face or voice relay.

• Hand signals.

• Rope tugs.

• Whistles.

• Air horns.

• Sign boards.

• Hard wired systems.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Stop work
Anytime hazardous conditions develop or a CSE job becomes unsafe the work must be immediately
stopped and the entrants ordered out of the space.

Hazardous conditions can include:

• Unsafe atmosphere.
• Safety incident within the space.
• Evacuation or an emergency outside of the space.
• Standby man must leave and no relief is provided.

In the case of an emergency, the CSE supervisor shall terminate all work activities and cancel the work
permits.

After longer work stoppages, such as an emergency or end of the work day, atmospheric gas testing must be
conducted prior to initial entry with the ventilation turned off.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Emergency response
CSE jobs require preparations for emergency response.

The CSE plan must include a CSE rescue plan for entrants who become unable to exit a confined space
under their own power. The plan must provide details on rescue procedures specific to the confined space
being entered.

The rescue equipment and rescue workers must be verified by the CSE Supervisor prior to approving
the entry.

Be prepare for rescue:

• Rescue team and equipment availability.

• Department and site specific procedures.
• Team awareness and knowledge.
• Training and rescue drills.

Never attempt a rescue unless you are trained

and equipped.

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 Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Emergency response
In the event of a confined space rescue, the confined space atmosphere shall be considered to
be Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH).

Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) or Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA) with an emergency
escape cylinder should be used by all rescue workers entering the space.

Standby Man:

• Do not rescue, 60% of confined space fatalities are standby men attempting to rescue an
entrant.
• Notifies the emergency team and the CSE supervisor.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Emergency responsibilities
Standby man: in the event of a CSE emergency the standby man must:

• Order the entrants to evacuate the space.

• Keep count of entrants leaving the space and account for all entrants against the entry log.

• Notify confined space supervisor.

• Follow the CSE emergency rescue plan to alert emergency responders and rescue teams.

• Provide essential information to the rescue teams.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Emergency responsibilities
Confined Space Entry Supervisor: in the event of a CSE emergency the CSE supervisor must:

• Terminate all entry activities.

• Cancel any work permits.

• Once entry is suspended, barricade the entry point and post a ‘No Entry’ sign.

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Emergency rescue types

CSE rescue operations can be classified into three types:

Self rescue: the entrant recognizes an unsafe critical condition or the

symptoms of exposure to hazardous materials/gases. The entrant is able to
escape from the space on his own with no help from external workers or
rescuers.

Non-entry retrieval: non-entry rescue/retrieval involves attempting to remove an incapacitated worker

without having anyone else enter the confined space.

Entry/internal rescue: this is the last resort option. This involves more personnel entering an area that has
already incapacitated one or more workers, and places the rescuers at considerable risk.

Entry rescues must be carefully planned and implemented to avoid creating more victims in need of rescue.

Only trained and certified rescue teams may perform an entry/internal rescue.

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 Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Non-entry retrievals
To facilitate ‘non-entry’ retrievals, retrieval systems and methods must be used whenever an entrant enters an
enclosed confined space that requires a vertical entry.

The retrieval system must be installed and tested before entry.

If the system stops working then all entry activities must be stopped and entrants
must exit the space until the retrieval system is replaced or repaired and is fully
operational.

All entrants must wear a full body harness complete with an attached retrieval line.

The retrieval line must be attached to a mechanical winch attached to the tripod so that
‘non-entry’ retrieval can begin, without delay, as soon as help is required.

The standby man and all rescue responders must be trained and qualified for
their jobs, including participating in emergency response drills.

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Emergency response
Conditions can change and hazards may arise inside of a confined space that may trigger evacuation or
self rescue, below are some common examples that may require evacuation or self rescue:

•Entrant recognizes the warning symptoms of exposure to a hazardous material, such as dizziness, blurred vision,
difficulty in breathing.

• Continuous gas monitoring indicates a hazardous condition.

• Gas monitor goes into alarm.

• An unsafe condition develops inside or outside the confined space.

• Entrant displays abnormal behavior due to exposure to hazardous materials.

• A change in the work environment, such as the temperature.

• Hot conditions leading to a dangerous increase in workers body temperature.

• Equipment critical to the entrants safety malfunctions or breaks down.

Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Confined space restoration

When the work has been completed and the confined space is ready to be returned to service, use a
pre- prepared operations checklist to restore it.

In addition to the items on the checklist, ensure that:

• All entrants have exited the space.

• All tools and equipment have been removed.
• Close and seal man-ways and flanges.
• All valves back to operation mode.
• Remove isolations and LOTO.
• Handover equipment, use checklist.
• All blinds have been removed using the blind list as required by GI 6.012
(Isolation, Lockout and Use of Hold Tags).

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Hazards & controls | Module 1. 4

Review questions

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Summary
In Module 4 you were introduced to confined space hazards and controls.

You should now be able to:

Identify work hazards and control measures, including

• Confined space entry hazards.
• Confined space entry controls.
• Communication methods.
• Emergency response.

• Confined space restoration.

Your instructor will now start Module 5, CSE incident case studies.
Module 5
CSE case studies

Enabling objectives
On completion of Module 5, you will be able to:

• Identify the hazards and controls measures for

each of the case studies.
• List the primary and immediate causes.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Introduction
Confined Space Entry has many hazards
that if ignored can lead to incidents that
may result in fatal injuries.
The recognition of hazards and controls,
and the identification of the primary
causes of CSE incidents, is an important
skill that will improve CSE safety.
Learning the lessons from past incidents
will reduce future incidents and lead to
an increase in CSE safety performance.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case studies
In Module 5 you will discuss CSE incident case studies.

You will:

• Identify the hazards and what controls measures should have been used to mitigate the identified
• hazards. List the primary and immediate causes of this incident.
CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 1
Contractor crews were sand blasting and painting a water tower. A worker was spray painting the inside of the
riser of the tower.

He was standing on a fixed ladder 40 feet above the riser floor without wearing any fall protection gear.

Apparently he slipped and fell through an opening in the floor of the riser onto a standpipe.

Worker suffered a broken back and injuries to his head.

Worker involved in incident was 24 years old and had more than 3 years of experience doing this type of job.

He was assigned to the project 3 months before

the incident.

Identify the hazards and what controls measures

should have been used to mitigate the identified
hazards.

List the primary and immediate causes of this

incident.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 1
Case study 1: hazards and controls.

Example Hazards

• Low oxygen.
• Respiratory hazard associated with grit and scale.
• High LEL.
• Working at elevation.
• Ignition source (i.e. grit blasting).
Example Controls
• Continuous air monitoring for O2 and LEL.
• Continuous ventilation of space.
• Scaffolding/fall protection.
• Grounding of grit blasting equipment .
• Training.
• PPE.
• Planning.
• Administrative i.e. confined space entry permit, procedures etc.
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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 1
Example Primary/Immediate Causes:

• Falling.
• Lack of fall protection gear.

There may have been other contributory factors such as:

• Atmospheric conditions.
• Fatigue.
• Work surface.
• Exposure to hazardous materials.

The message is to identify all hazards and implement and follow all controls.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 2
A welder entered a steel pipe (24 inch diameter) to grind a bad weld at a valve about 30 feet from the entry
point.

The pipe had been purged with nitrogen.

Before he entered, other crew members decided to add Oxygen to the pipe near the bad weld.

He had been grinding intermittently for about five minutes when a fire broke out enveloping his

clothing. A second crew member pulled him 30 feet to the pipe entrance and extinguished the fire.

However, the welder died the next day from his

burns.

Identify the hazards and what controls measures

should have been used to mitigate the identified
hazards.

List the primary and immediate causes of this

incident.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 2
Example Hazards:

• Low oxygen from nitrogen purge.

• High O2 as they injected oxygen into the area of the hot work.
• Existing toxic and flammable hazards of residual material.
• Ignition source (i.e. grinding and welding).
• Engulfment from product entering the pipeline due to incomplete isolation.
• Noise from tools and activity, i.e. grinding.
Example Controls:

• Continuous air monitoring for O2 and CO.

• Continuous ventilation of space.
• Grounding of welding leads.
• Training.
• PPE such as, FRC, welding helmet and face shield.
• Planning.
• Administrative i.e. confined space entry permit, procedures etc.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 2
Example Primary/Immediate Causes:

• Elevated Oxygen levels leading to Oxygen enriched environment.

• Fire as a result of the addition of Oxygen to the pipe near the bad weld.
• Lack of correct air monitoring.

There may have been other contributory factors such as:

• Inadequate confined space entry procedures.

• Lack of fire protection equipment.
• Lack of communication/rescue arrangements and training.

The message is to identify all hazards and implement and follow all controls.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 3
A team of 6 employees were assigned to conduct a boring and jacking job inside a 21 feet deep manhole.

An employee with very little experience on this type of a job was lowered approximately 17 feet into the
manhole sitting in a looped chain.

Twenty seconds later he started gasping for air and fell from the chain seat face down into the accumulated
water at the bottom of the manhole.

An autopsy determined Oxygen deficiency as the cause of death.

Identify the hazards and what controls measures

should have been used to mitigate the identified
hazards.

List the primary and immediate causes of this

incident.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 3
Example Hazards:

• Atmospheric hazards such low Oxygen, Toxic gases such as Methane, H2S etc.
• Engulfment from accumulated water at the bottom of the manhole.
• Falls from height.
• Limited entry capabilities.
• Inexperience.
Example Controls:

• Air monitoring of entire space prior to entry.

• Continuous ventilation of space or suitable SCBA/ SABA provided.
• Correct entry/exit and rescue equipment.
• Training.
• PPE, fall protection, rescue line, harness and tripod.
• Planning.
• Administrative i.e. confined space entry permit, procedures etc.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 3
Example Primary/Immediate Causes:

• Unsafe atmospheric conditions.

• Fall from height.

There may have been other contributory factors such as:

• Air monitoring.
• Training.
• Inadequate confined space entry system and permits.
• Access arrangements and equipment.
• Inexperience worker.
• Lack of communication or rescue arrangements.

The message is to identify all hazards and implement and follow all controls.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 4
Five contractor laborers were trying to open a sewer line blockage from the manhole, when one of
them became unconscious and fell down into the manhole.

Two others went down to rescue the first victim and both of them also fell unconscious.

The fourth laborer reported the incident to Industrial Security (ISO).

Industrial Security, Fire Protection and LPD responded to the incident.

Three dead bodies were retrieved.

Identify the hazards and what controls measures

should have been used to mitigate the identified
hazards.

List the primary and immediate causes of this

incident.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 4
Example Hazards:

Atmospheric hazards such low Oxygen, Toxic gases such as Methane, H2S etc

• Engulfment from accumulated water/sewage in the manhole.

• Falls from height.
• Limited entry capabilities.
Example Controls:

• Air monitoring of entire space prior to entry.

• Continuous ventilation of space or suitable SCBA/SABA provided.
• Correct entry/exit and rescue equipment.
• Emergency arrangements (notification and response procedures).
• Training.
• PPE, fall protection.
• Planning.
• Administrative i.e. confined space entry permit, procedures etc.

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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Case study 4
Example Primary/Immediate Causes:
Exposure to Toxic sewer gases.

Unsafe atmospheric conditions.

There may have been other contributory factors such as:

• Inadequate confined space entry system and permit.

• Continuous ventilation of space or suitable SCBA/SABA provided.
• Training.
• Access arrangements and equipment.
• Inexperience workers.
• Lack of communication/rescue arrangements.
• Lack of Standby Man.
• Failing to follow procedures (entering the space to carry out rescue).

The message is to identify all hazards and implement and follow all controls.
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CSE case studies | Module 1. 5

Summary
In Module 5 you applied the knowledge that you have learnt over the previous CSE modules.

You should now be able to:

• Identify the hazards and what controls measures should have been used to mitigate the identified
• hazards. List the primary and immediate causes of this incident.

Identifying CSE hazards and precautions are part of how you will manage your site safety risks so that you
and your co-workers can work safely.

Safe completion of your work can only be done by:

• Proper preparation and supervision.

• Agreeing to the minimum safety precautions.

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Developed by: Health, Safety, Environment Curriculum Development and Evaluation Group.
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