Artificial Intelligence

Unit-1
What is AI?
 • Creating and working on AI needs high technical and
specialized skills. The core problem of AI include programming
computers for certain traits such as:

1) Ability to manipulate
2) Knowledge
3) Learning
4) Planning
5) Perception
6) Problem Solving
7) Reasoning
AI Vocabulary
• Intelligence: Intelligence is a term used to refer to an
individual’s ability to acquire and then apply skills and
knowledge.
• Intelligent: Behavior is depicted by perceiving one’s
environment, acting in complex environments, learning and
understanding from experience, reasoning to solve problems and
discover hidden knowledge, applying knowledge successfully in
new situations, thinking abstractly, using analogies,
communicating with others and more.
• Science based goals of AI: Pertain to developing concepts,
mechanisms and understanding biological intelligent behavior.
The emphasis is on understanding intelligent behavior.
• Engineering based goals of AI: Relate to developing concepts,
theory and practice of building intelligent machines. The emphasis
is on system building.

• AI Techniques: Depict how we represent, manipulate and reason

with knowledge in order to solve problems. Knowledge is a
collection of ‘facts’. To manipulate these facts by a program, a
suitable representation is required. A good representation
facilitates problem solving.

• Learning: means that programs learn from what facts or behavior

can represent. Learning denotes changes in the systems that are
adaptive in other words, it enables the system to do the same
task(s) more efficiently next time.
 Advantages of AI
1. High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to
less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience
or information.
2. High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision
making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.
3. High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with high accuracy.
4. Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human
can be risky.
5. Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
6. Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such
as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free,
facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
 Disadvantages of AI
1. High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very
costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world
requirements.
2. Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines
with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will
only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
3. No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding
performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any
kind of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be
harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
4. Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
5. No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine
some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of
human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
Problems of AI:
• Intelligence does not imply perfect understanding; every
intelligent being has limited perception, memory and
computation. Many points on the spectrum of intelligence
versus cost are viable, from insects to humans. AI seeks to
understand the computations required from intelligent behavior
and to produce computer systems that exhibit intelligence.
Aspects of intelligence studied by AI include perception,
communicational using human languages, reasoning, planning,
learning and memory.

The following questions are to be considered before we can step

forward:
1. What are the underlying assumptions about intelligence?
2. What kinds of techniques will be useful for solving AI problems?
3. At what level human intelligence can be modeled?
4. When will it be realized when an intelligent program has been
built?
What is Intelligence?
 What is an intelligent agent?
• An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent
and its environment. The agents sense the environment through
sensors and act on their environment through actuators. An
Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting.

• An intelligent agent is a program that can make decisions or

perform a service based on its environment, user input and
experiences.

• Common characteristics of intelligent agents are adaptation

based on experience, real-time problem-solving, analysis of error
or success rates, and the use of memory-based storage and
retrieval.
Agent

Performance
Agent Environment Actuators Sensors
measure
•Camera
•Room
•Dirt detection
•Cleanness •Table •Wheels
sensor
2. Vacuum •Efficiency •Wood floor •Brushes
•Cliff sensor
Cleaner •Battery life •Carpet •Vacuum
•Bump Sensor
•Security •Various Extractor
•Infrared Wall
obstacles
Sensor
Types of AI Agents
• Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree
of perceived intelligence and capability. All these agents can
improve their performance and generate better action over
the time.

1. Simple Reflex Agent

2. Model-based reflex agent
3. Goal-based agents
4. Utility-based agent
5. Learning agent

Common characteristics of intelligent agents are adaptation

based on experience, real-time problem-solving, analysis of
error or success rates, and the use of memory-based storage
and retrieval.
Simple Reflex agent
• The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents
take decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore
the rest of the percept history. These agents only succeed in
the fully observable environment.
• The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts
history during their decision and action process. The Simple
reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it
maps the current state. to action. Such as a Room Cleaner
agent, it works only if there is dirt in the room.
• They have very limited intelligence
• They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the
current state
• Mostly too big to generate and to store.
• Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
Simple Reflex agent
Model-based reflex agent
• The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable
environment, and track the situation.
• A model-based agent has two important factors:
• Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world,"
so it is called a Model-based agent.
• Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on
percept history.
• These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the
world" and based on the model they perform actions.
• Updating the agent state requires information about:
• How the world evolves
• How the agent's action affects the world.
Model-based reflex agent
Goal-based agents
• The knowledge of the current state environment is not always
sufficient to decide for an agent to what to do.
• The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable
situations.
• Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based
agent by having the "goal" information.
• They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
• These agents may have to consider a long sequence of
possible actions before deciding whether the goal is achieved
or not. Such considerations of different scenario are called
searching and planning, which makes an agent proactive.
Goal-based agents
Utility-based agents

• These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide

an extra component of utility measurement which makes
them different by providing a measure of success at a given
state.
• Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best
way to achieve the goal.
• The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple
possible alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to
perform the best action.
• The utility function maps each state to a real number to check
how efficiently each action achieves the goals.
Utility-based agents
Learning Agents
• A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its
past experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
• It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.
• A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
• Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by
learning from environment
• Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes
that how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance
standard.
• Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
• Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting
actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.
• Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and
look for new ways to improve the performance.
Learning Agents
Problem Solving Approach to AI problems
• Various problem-solving methods are implemented to create
solutions for a variety complex puzzles, includes mathematics
challenges such crypto-arithmetic and magic squares, logical
puzzles including Boolean formulae as well as N-Queens, and
quite well games like Sudoku and Chess. Therefore, these
below represent some of the most common issues that
artificial intelligence has remedied-

• Chess
• N-Queen problem
• Tower of Hanoi Problem
• Travelling Salesman Problem
• Water-Jug Problem