MATHEMATICS D.E.V.C 16.18.

11
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
3. ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY
1. Differential Equations of 1st order 2.Higher order linear D.E
D.E of 1st order, 1st degree D.E of 1st order but not of 1st degree

= f(x,y) M(x , y) dx + N(x , y) dy = 0 linear D.E form CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES POLAR CO-ORDINATES

1. VARIABLES SEPARABLE: If f(x, y) = f(x) g(y) or

D.E is f(x, y, c) = 0 D.E is f(r, , c) = 0
differentiate w. r. t ‘x’ differentiate w. r.t
then f(x) g(y) or ∫ dy = ∫ dx
F(x,y, ) = 0, by eliminating c F(r, , ) by eliminating c
0
2. HOMOGENEOUS D.E FORM:- If f(kx , ky) = k f(x , y) then replace by - replace by – r
2

2
= f(x , y) is homogeneous D.E. Let y = v x = > =v+x , F(x, y, - ) = 0 solving F(r, , – r ) = 0 solving
The orthogonal Trajectories of The orthogonal Trajectories of
v+x = (v) is reduces to variables separable method given family of curves is
given family of curves is
3. NON-HOMOGENEOUS D.E FORM: The non-homogeneous D.E (x , y , c ) = 0 (r , , c ) = 0

= ; where c1 0, c2 0
UNIT-II(Higher order linear D.E)
UNIT-I (D.E of 1st order, 1st degree) Higher order linear D.E with constant co-efficients
4. LINEAR D.E FORM IN Y :- Linear D.E is + P(x) y = Q(x) and F(D)y = Q(x) where f(D) = Dn + a1Dn-1 + …….+an; a1.a2…….an R …(1)

= ∫ , the G.S is y( )=∫ dx + C G.S of equation (1) is y = yc (C.F) + yp(P.I)

5. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:- Bernoulli’s D.E is I.COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION (C.F):-

Auxiliary equation (A.E) of eq (1) is f(m) = 0
+ P(x) y = Q(x) yn y-n + P(x) y1-n = Q(x).

Let y1-n = v (1-n)

=
=

∫
+ P(x) v = Q(x)

+ (1-n) P(x) v = (1 – n) Q(x) is linear form in v.

.K Nature of roots
1. m1, m2 ………mn
2. m, m ……m (n times)
Let m1, m2 …..mn are roots of auxiliary equation (A.E)
complementary function (C.F)
yc = c1 + c2
yc = (c1+ c2x + c3x + ….+ cnxn-1) emx
2
+…+ cn
R
Then the G.S is v ( )=∫ Q(x) ( ) dx + c 3. m1 im2, … yc = (c1cos m2x + c2sin m2x) + …
6. EXACT D.E : A differential equations M(x , y) dx + N(x , y) dy = 0 4. m1 √ , ……. yc = (c1cosh √ x + c2sinh √ x) + ..
is Exact D.E ⇔ = . The General solution is 5. m1 im2, m1 im2 yc = [(c1 + c2x) cos m2x +
P.

(y is constant)dx +∫ of N(x,y) not contain x dy = c (c3 + c4x)sin m2x]

∫
7. NON-EXACT D.E : A differential equations 6. m1,m2,m2,m3 im4 yc= c1 +(c2+c3x)

M(x , y) dx + N(x , y) dy = 0 is Non-Exact D.E ⇔ (c4cosm4x+c5sinm4x)

II.PARTICULAR INTEGRAL(P.I)
Find Integrating Factor ( )
-ax -ax
(D-a)y = Q(x) yp = =e ∫ e dx
Condition Integrating Factor ( )

1. Homogeneous D. E if Mx + Ny 0 ax
I. e II.
2. D.E is of the form
ax
y = e y =
yM(x, y) dx + xN(x, y) dy = 0 if Mx - Ny 0 p p
2 2
put D = a put D = - b
∫ ∫ ax
3. If ( - ) = f(x) or k or
y = e if f(a) ≠ 0 y =
p p

4. If ( - ) = g(y) or k ∫ or ∫ If f(a) = 0 then if ≠0

ax
if = 0 then
y= e if ≠0
Multiplying Non-Exact D.E with and verify = . G.S of D.E is p
I
y =
p
If f (a) ≠ 0 then if ≠0
ax
∫ (y is constant) dx +∫ of N(x, y) not contain x dy = c if = 0 then
y= e if ≠0
p
Applications of D.E: 1. Newton’s law of cooling: = +c If = 0 then Continue this =
2. Growth or Decay : x = c or x = c process if ≠0
if = 0 then Continue
this process

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 k III. Higher order linear P.D.E with constant co-efficients
k ax
V. x v(x) , where v = F(D,D′)z = Q(x,y) where f(D, D′) = Dn + a1Dn-1D′+ ….+an(D′ n …(1)
III. x IV. e v(x)
G.S of equation (1) is z = zc (C.F) + zp (P.I)
k ax k
y = x y = e v(x) y = x v(x) I.COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION (C.F):-
p p p
k k
put D = D + a Auxiliary equation (A.E) of eq (1) is f(m,1) = 0
= x ax = x or
k =e v(x) k Let m1, m2 …..mn are roots of auxiliary equation (A.E)
= x x
-1 2 Nature of roots complementary function (C.F)
(1 – x) = 1+x+ x + … k ibx
-1 2
(1 + x) = 1- x + x -… if v = = Im. P of {x e } or
-2 2 then we go to k ibx 1. m1, m2 ………mn zc = f1(y+m1x) + f2(y+m2x)+…+ fn(y+mnx)
(1 – x) =1+2x+3x +… R.P of {x e }
-2 2
(1 + x) =1-2x+3x - … method–II 2. m, m ……m (n times) zc = f1(y+mx) + x f2(y+mx)+…+x
n-1
fn(y+x)
k then go to
if v = x then go to method –IV. 3. 0,0, … , 0 zc = f1(y) + x f2(y)+…+x n-1
fn(y)
= method-III
If k = 1 then 4. 1,2,3,3 zc = f1(y+x)+ f2(y+2x)+ f3(y+3x)+xf4(y+3x)
&
II.PARTICULAR INTEGRAL(P.I) put y = c + mx
=
xv=
(D - mD′)z = Q(x,y) zp = = ∫ dx
x v– v
ax+by
II.
I. e
Veriation of Parameters: ax+by
Zp = e Zp =
G.S of equation (1) is y = yc + yp put D = a, =b put D2= -a2, = -ab,
2
= -b2
ax+by
Zp =
First find out yc = c1u + c2v, Now define yp = A u + B v Zp = e if f(a,b) ≠ 0
if ≠0
If f(a,b) = 0 then
if = 0 then
Where A =∫ dx B =∫ dx ax+by

UNIT-III (Partial Differential Equations)

If z = f(x,y) => zx= = p, zy = = q,

.K Zp =
I

Zp =
e

If f (a,b) ≠ 0 then
e
ax+by
if
if ≠0

≠0
Zp=

if
Zp=
if
if

≠0
≠0
= 0 then
R
If = 0 then Continue
this process if = 0 then
zxx = = r, zxy = = s, zyy = = t. Continue this process

I. Formation of the P.D.E by eliminating arbitrary

P.

III. xn ym ax+by
constants or functions: IV. e

n m
Given eq” is (x,y,z,a,b) = 0 Zp = x y Zp =
n m Put D = D+a , = +b
= x y
Applying partial derivatives & eliminating constants n m Zp=
= x y
2 2 2 2
F(x,y,z,p,q) = 0 or Pp +Qq = R -1 2
put D = -a , = -ab, = -b
(1 – x) = 1+x+ x + … =
II. Solutions of a Linear P.D.E: (1 + x)-1 = 1- x + x2 -…
-2 2 if ≠0
(1 – x) =1+2x+3 x +…
-2 2 if = 0 then
Given linear P.D.E is Pp +Qq = R -------- (1) (1 + x) =1-2x+3 x - …
=
= if ≠0
A.E of eq 1 is -------- (2)
if = 0 then
∬ du Continue this process
Method of Grouping: Direct integrable of grouping

of any two or or
“Maths is your friend if you meet him every day, he
Method of Multipliers: Choose multipliers are l,m,n becomes your best friend. If you leave for a time he
forget you and you forget him”
& a,b,c so that lP + mQ + nR = 0 & aP + bQ + cR = 0 From P.R.K

 l +m +n =0 & a +b +c = 0 are there is no shortcut to success expect hard work.

integrable then Solution is (u,v) or u = (v)

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UNIT-IV (Vector Differentiation)
Def:-Let ̅ (t) be a vector function * Vector Identities: -
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
= 1. . ( ̅ X ̅ ) = ̅ . ( X ̅) - ̅ . ( X ̅ )
If ̅ (t) = x(t) ̅ + y (t) ̅ + z(t) ̅ then 2. X ( ̅ X ̅ ) = ( ̅ . ̅ - ̅ ( . ̅) + ( ̅ . ) ̅ + ̅ ( . ̅ )
̅
= ̅+ ̅+ ̅ 3. ( ̅ . ̅ ) = ( ̅ . ̅ + ( ̅ . ) ̅ + ̅ X ( X ̅) + ̅ X ( X ̅ )
̅ ̅ ̅
Velocity: ̅ = and Acceleration: a = = 4. X ( X ̅) = . ( . ̅) - ̅ Where
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
1. ( ̅ ̅) = 2. ( ̅ . ̅) = ̅ . + .B = + + is laplecian operator
̅ ̅ ̅
3. ( ̅ X ̅ )= ̅ X + X ̅ 4. ( ̅) = + X ̅ 5. . ( X ̅) = 0 and X( )=̅
̅ ̅
UNIT-V (Vector Integration)
̅
5. [ ̅ .( ̅ ̅ )] = ̅ .( ̅ X )+ ̅( X ̅) + (̅ ̅)
̅ ̅ ̅
6. [ ̅ X( ̅ ̅ )] = ̅ X ( ̅ X )+ ̅( X ̅) + (̅ ̅) Def:- Let ̅ (t) = F1(t) ̅ + F2(t) ̅ + F3(t) ̅ be a vector
* The Vector differential operator Del ∫ dt = ̅ ∫ dt + ̅ ∫ dt + ̅ ∫dt
= ̅ + ̅ +̅ I. Line Integrals or circulation or work done in the field:
1. Gradient: grad = = ̅ + ̅ +̅ Cartesian form is ∮ ̅ ̅ =∮ dx + A2 dy + A3 dz)
̅
2. Divergence: div ̅ = . ̅ ∮ ̅ ̅= ∮ ̅ ) dt is parametric form
=( ̅ + ̅ +̅ . (F1 ̅ + F2 ̅ + F3 ̅ ) II. Surface integral: let ̅ be a vector point function over
= + + a surface S and ̅ is a unit normal vector to S then

3. Curl: Curl ̅ = X ̅ =| ̅ ̅

=(

The unit normal to the surface

) ̅+( ) +(

is |
.K
|

(i.e., ̅ =
)̅

)
∮

and ∮ ̅ ̅
is called Surface integral

i) let R1 be the projection of S on xy-plane then dS = |

=∬ ̅ ̅)
|
R
| | | | |

solenoidal vector ̅ : div ̅ = 0 (or) . ̅=0 ii) let R2 be the projection of S on yz-plane then dS = | |

Irrotational vector ̅ : X ̅ = ̅ (or) curl ̅ = ̅ and ∮ ̅ ̅ =∬ ̅ ̅)

| |
P.

r= , ( )=- , grad r = , grad ( . ) = iii) let R3 be the projection of S on zx-plane then dS =

| | | |

div = 3 , curl = , div( x ) = 0 , curl( x ) = -2 and ∮ ̅ ̅ =∬ ̅ ̅)

| |

( )=0, ( )=0, (log r )= , (log r ) = , ( )= 0 III. Volume Integrals: let ̅ = (F1 ̅ + F2 ̅ + F3 ̅ ),dv = dxdydz
If ̅, ̅ are irrotational then ̅ x ̅ is solenoidal ∮ ̅ =∭ ̅ ̅ ̅ dxdydz
Curl (grad ) = 0, div (curl ̅ ) = 0 and div(rn )= rn(n+3)

1. Green’s Theorem: Let S be a closed region xy - plane enclosed by a curve and P,Q are continuous and differential
scalar point functions of x and y in S. then ∮ dx + Q dy = ∮
2. Gauss Divergence Theorem: Let S be a closed surface enclosed in a volume V. If ̅ is continuously differentiable
Vector point function then ∮ ̅ dv (or) ∮ . ̅) dr = ∮ ̅ . ̅ ds
3. Stokes theorem: Let S be a surface bounded a closed non-intersecting cure C If ̅ is any differentiable vector
point function then ∮ ̅ ̅= ∮ ̅ ̅ or ∮ ̅ ̅ .
∮ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ = (a+b+c) where S is a sphere x2 + y2 +z2 = 1

∮ ̅ ̅ = ∮ ̅ dv = ∮ dv = 3v
If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and ̅ = ̅ ̅ ̅ then ∮ ̅ ̅ = (a+b+c)V
If S is any closed surface x + y = 4, z = 0, z = 0 and ̅ = 2 2
̅ ̅ ̅ then ∮ ̅ ̅ = 84
If ̅ = ̅ ̅ taken around the rectangle bounded by line x= a,y=0,y=b then ∮ ̅ ̅ = -4ab

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