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SNS Assignment

The document details a spectral analysis of an equipment output signal to ensure its frequency components remain at or below 25 Hz for normal operation. Using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), the analysis identifies significant frequency components and concludes that the equipment requires maintenance due to detected frequencies exceeding the threshold. The findings highlight dominant peaks in the safe zone and minor peaks beyond 25 Hz, indicating potential issues with the equipment's performance.

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tahmeds2008
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11 views3 pages

SNS Assignment

The document details a spectral analysis of an equipment output signal to ensure its frequency components remain at or below 25 Hz for normal operation. Using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), the analysis identifies significant frequency components and concludes that the equipment requires maintenance due to detected frequencies exceeding the threshold. The findings highlight dominant peaks in the safe zone and minor peaks beyond 25 Hz, indicating potential issues with the equipment's performance.

Uploaded by

tahmeds2008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spectral Analysis of Equipment Output Signal

Name: Tashir Ahmad


Roll No.: B23ME1074

1 Problem Description
The equipment under monitoring functions correctly only if its output signal contains
frequency components of 25 Hz or less. Any significant frequency content above this
value may indicate a potential issue or departure from usual work conditions.
Considering:
• A second autonomous signal x[n], sampled at fs = 100 Hz.
• All major frequency components must be 25 Hz or less for normal operation.
Objective:
• Use signal processing to examine the frequency components of x[n].
• Identify any significant elements greater than 25 Hz.
• Provide suggestions on whether the machine should be maintained.

2 Methodology
2.1 Signal Preprocessing
• The given discrete-time signal x[n] has 116 samples.
• Sampling rate: fs = 100 Hz.

2.2 Spectral Analysis (Using DFT)


2.2.1 How DFT is Mathematically Defined
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a signal x[n] of N points is defined as:
N −1
2π
X
X[k] = x[n] · e−j N kn for k = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
n=0

where:
• X[k] is the DFT coefficient at frequency bin k,
• N is the number of samples,
2π
• e−j N kn is the complex exponential basis function.

1
2.3 Code for Manual DFT and Analysis
Python Code:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Given signal x[n]


# Same signal data

x = np.array([
4, 1.8202, -1.3011, -0.8299, 1.6175, 1.7058, -0.1208, -0.1946,
1.3109, 0.8148, -1.809, -2.5833, -0.2369, 1.5469, 0.1716, -2.0691,
-2.2574, -1.1356, -0.7348, -0.821, -0.309, 0.1429, -0.4964, -1.3815,
-1.121, 0, 0.8718, 1.2568, 1.1933, 0.3364, -0.691, -0.187, 1.8204,
2.7626, 1.3448, -0.167, 0.3062, 1.1858, 0.42, -0.4442, 0.809, 2.2411,
0.5673, -2.5941, -2.5904, 0.5302, 1.7776, -0.6165, -2.5427, -1.3199,
0, -1.3199, -2.5427, -0.6165, 1.7776, 0.5302, -2.5904, -2.5941, 0.5673,
2.2411, 0.809, -0.4442, 0.42, 1.1858, 0.3062, -0.167, 1.3448, 2.7626,
1.8204, -0.187, -0.691, 0.3364, 1.1933, 1.2568, 0.8718, 0, -1.121,
-1.3815, -0.4964, 0.1429, -0.309, -0.821, -0.7348, -1.1356, -2.2574,
-2.0691, 0.1716, 1.5469, -0.2369, -2.5833, -1.809, 0.8148, 1.3109,
-0.1946, -0.1208, 1.7058, 1.6175, -0.8299, -1.3011, 1.8202, 4,
1.8202, -1.3011, -0.8299, 1.6175, 1.7058, -0.1208, -0.1946, 1.3109,
0.8148, -1.809, -2.5833, -0.2369, 1.5469, 0.1716, -2.0691
])
fs = 100 # Sampling frequency
N = len(x) # Number of samples

# Compute DFT manually


X_dft = np.zeros(N, dtype=complex)
for k in range(N):
for n in range(N):
X_dft[k] += x[n] * np.exp(-2j * np.pi * k * n / N)

# Frequency bins
freqs = np.arange(N) * fs / N

# Take only positive half


half_N = N // 2
X_magnitude = np.abs(X_dft[:half_N])
freqs_half = freqs[:half_N]

# Plot the magnitude spectrum


plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5))
plt.stem(freqs_half, X_magnitude, basefmt=" ")
plt.axvspan(0, 25, color=’green’, alpha=0.15, label="Safe Zone (0-25 Hz)")
plt.axvspan(25, fs/2, color=’red’, alpha=0.15, label="Unsafe Zone (>25 Hz)")
plt.title(’Magnitude Spectrum (Computed via DFT)’)

2
plt.xlabel(’Frequency (Hz)’)
plt.ylabel(’Magnitude’)
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

# Identify significant high-frequency components


threshold = 0.1 * np.max(X_magnitude)
indices_high_freq = np.where((freqs_half > 25) & (X_magnitude > threshold))[0]

# Final decision
if indices_high_freq.size > 0:
print("Prediction: Equipment REQUIRES maintenance (Significant components > 25 Hz
else:
print("Prediction: Equipment does NOT require maintenance.")

2.4 Magnitude Spectrum Plot

3 Observations
From the magnitude spectrum:

• Dominant Peaks (Safe Zone):

– Around 5 Hz, 15 Hz, and 25 Hz with strong magnitudes.

• Beyond 25 Hz:

– Some minor peaks are present beyond 25 Hz.


– Peaks observed near 26 Hz, 27 Hz, etc., with magnitudes significant enough
to exceed the threshold.

Thus, the final prediction is: Prediction: Equipment REQUIRES mainte-


nance. (Significant components > 25 Hz detected.)

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