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RA-1 REGRESSION ANALYSIS

List of Formulae
1. Regression Equation of X on Y 𝑋 − 𝑋 = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 ( 𝑌 − 𝑌)
Regression Coefficient of 𝑋 𝑜𝑛 𝑌 (𝑏𝑥𝑦 )
(i) If deviations are taken from actual means 𝜎𝑥 𝜮𝒙𝒚
𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑟 =
𝜎𝑦 𝜮𝒚𝟐
(ii) If deviations are taken from assumed means (𝜮𝒅𝒙 ) × (𝜮𝒅𝒚 )
𝜎𝑥 𝛴𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑁
𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑟 = 𝟐
𝜎𝑦 (𝜮𝒅𝒚 )
𝟐
𝜮𝒅𝒚 −
𝑵
(iii) In a bivariate frequency distribution
(𝜮𝒅𝒙 ) × (𝜮𝒅𝒚 )
𝜎𝑥 𝛴𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑁 𝑖𝑥
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟 = 𝟐 ×
𝜎𝑦 (𝜮𝒇𝒅𝒚 ) 𝑖𝑌
𝜮𝒇𝒅𝒚𝟐 − 𝑵
2. Regression Equation of Y on X Y − Y = byx (X − X)
Regression coefficient of Y on X (𝑏𝑦𝑥 )
(i) If deviations are taken from actual means σy 𝚺𝐱𝐲
byx = r =
σx 𝚺𝐱 𝟐

(ii) If deviations are taken from assumed means (Σdx ) × ( Σdy )

(iii) In a bivariate frequency distribution σy Σdx dy −
N
byx =r = 2
σx (Σd )
Σdx 2 Nx

(Σfdx ) × ( Σfdy )
σy Σfdx dy − N iy
byx =r = 2 ×
σx (Σfd ) ix
Σfdx 2 Nx
3. Coefficient of Correlation
(Regression coefficient of X on Y)
r=√
(r) × (Regression Coefficient of Y on X)

r = √bxy × byx
cov⋅(X;Y) cov⋅(X;Y)
4. byx = bxy =
σ2x σ2y
5. Standard Error of Estimate of 𝑋 (𝑆𝑥𝑦 )
𝜮 (𝑿 − 𝑿𝒄 )𝟐
𝑆𝑥𝑦 √ 𝒐𝒓 𝜎𝒙 √1 − 𝑟 2
𝑵
6. Standard Error of Estimate of 𝑌(𝑆𝑌𝑥 )
𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )𝟐
𝑆𝑦𝑥 = √ 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑦 √1 − 𝑟 2
𝑁
7. Total Variation in Y 𝟐
𝜮 (𝒀 − 𝒀) 𝒐𝒓 𝜮𝒚𝟐
8. Unexplained variation 𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )𝟐
9. Explained variation = total variation – unexplained variation
𝟐
= 𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀) − 𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )𝟐
10. Coefficient of Determination (𝑟 2 ) 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒓𝟐 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟐
𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀) − 𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )𝟐
= 𝟐
𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀)
11. Coefficient of 𝑼𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Non – determination (1 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

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- 𝟐
𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )
= 𝟐
𝜮( 𝒀 − 𝒀 )

12. Standard Deviation (Error) of y

𝑼𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑺𝒚𝒙 = √
𝑵

𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )𝟐
=√
𝑵
TRUE OR FALSE STATEMENTS
1. State with reason whether the following statements are true or False.
(1) The term ‘regression’ was first used by Karl Person in the year 1877.
(2) The statistical tool with the help of which were are in a position to estimate the unknown values of one
variable from the known values of another variable is called correlation.
(3) The variable to be predicted is called independent variable.
(4) The regression analysis helps us to study correlation between the variables.
(5) The regression lines cut each other at the point of the median of X and Y.
(6) Regression coefficient of X on Y measures the change in Y corresponding to a unit change in X.
(7) Regression coefficient are independent of the change of scale and origin.
(8) Regression coefficient of X on Y is denoted by the symbol 𝑏𝑦𝑥 .
(9) If one regression coefficient is negative , the other would be positive.
(10) If both the regression coefficient are negative, the correlation coefficient will be positive.
(11) The square of product of two regression coefficients gives us the value of correlation coefficient.
(12) None of the two regression coefficients can exceed 1.
(13) If 𝑟 = 0, there will be one regression line in case of two variables.
(14) If regression lines coincide in case of two variables, r will be zero.
(15) If the regression lines cut each other making an angle of 90𝑜 i.e parallel to OX and OY, r will be + 1 or –
1.
(16) The regression line of Y on X minimizes total of the squares of the horizontal deviations.
(17) The regression line of Y on X passes through the plotted points in such a manner that 𝜮(𝒀 − 𝒀𝒄 )𝟐 = 𝟎.
(18) A straight line is known as the line of best fit if 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑌𝑐 ) is the least.
(19) The father the two regression lines cut each other, the greater will be the degree of correlation.
(20) If standard error of estimate is zero, r will be zero.

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Solution
Statement Reason
1. The term regression was first used by Sir Francis Galton in 1877 while studding the
relationship between the height of fathers and sons.
2. The statistical tool with the help of which we are in a position to estimate the unknown values
of one variable from the known values of another variable is called regression.
3. The variable to be predicted is called dependent variable.
4. The regression analysis helps us to study average relationship between the variables.
5. The regression lines cut each other at the point of the average of X and Y.
6. Regression coefficient of X on Y measures the change in X corresponding to a unit change in
Y.
7. Regression coefficients are independent of change of origin and not of scale.
8. Regression coefficient of X on Y is denoted by the symbol 𝑏𝑥𝑦 .
9. If one regression coefficient is negative, the other would also be negative.
10. If both the regression coefficients are negative, the correlation coefficient would also be
negative.
11. The square root of product of two regression coefficients gives us the value of correlation
coefficient.
12. One of the two regression coefficients can exceed 1 to the extent that their product does not
exceed 1.
13. Two regression lines will cut each other making an angle of 90𝑜 i.e. parallel to OX and OY.
14. If regression lines coincide in case of two variables, r will be + 1 or – 1.
15. If the regression lines cut each other making an angle of 90𝑜 i.e. parallel to OX an OY, r will
be 0.
16. The regression line of Y on X minimizes total of the squares of the vertical deviations.
17. The regression line of Y on X passes through the plotted points in such a manner that 𝚺(Y-Yc)
= 0.
18. A straight line is known as the line of least fit if 𝚺(𝑌 − 𝑌𝑐 )2 is the least.
19. The farther the two regression liens cut each other, the lesser will be the degree of correlation.
20. If standard error of estimate is zero, r will be + 1 or – 1.
21. The dependent variable is also called:
Regress and variable or Predict and variable or Explained variable
The independent variable is also called: Regressor or Explanator or Predictor

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Regression:- The measure of the variables are studied and used to estimate
average relationship between two or more (or predict) the unknown values of
variables in terms of the original units of dependent variable from the known value
the data is called Regression. of independent variable is called
Regression Analysis.
** Example - For a product-Maruti cars:-
its sales and advertising cost on it are Dependent Variable or Explained
correlated. If sale & advertising cost on it Variable or regress.- The variable which
are denoted by variables X and Y is estimated on the basis of another
respectively; then variable X (sale ) is independent variables is called Dependent
dependent variable and variable Y( adv. variable. It is normally denoted by Y.
cost ) is independent variable, we can find
Independent Variable or Explanator or
average relationship between X and Y to
Predictor:-
find the unknown value of X if values of Y
are known. Those variables which are used to find the
value of dependent variable is called
** Regression Analysis:- The statistical
Independent Variable. It is denoted by X.
tool by which to study a functional
relationship between two or more

In case of SIMPLE Regression Model.

Particulars When Y depends upon X When X depends upon Y.

1. The regression line is y = a + bX X = a + b y.

2. About Variable Y - Dependent Variable X - Dependent Variable

X - Independent variable Y - Independent variable

3. Regression a & b are constants known a & b are constants known as

Parameters as Regression Parameters
Regression Parameters

4. About Constants a = Y-Intercept, - a / b = Y- intercept,

b = Slope = Regression b = Regression coefficient of x on y
coefficient of y on x denoted denoted by bxy
by bγx
Slope = 1 / bxy

Types of Regressions
(i) Simple Regression:- Only two variables are studied at a time.
(ii) Multiple Regression:- More than two variable are studied at a time.
(iii) Linear Regression:- Linear relationship between two variables are studied.
(iv) Non-linear Regression:- No linear relationship between two variables is made which is
called Non Linear or Curvilinear regression.
LINES of Regressions or Regression Models.
The line of regression is the line which gives the best estimate of one variable on the basis
of another given variable.
TYPES Of REGRESSION LINES

Regression line of Y on X Regression line of X on Y.

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1. It gives best estimate of Y for a given value 1. It gives best estimate of X for a given
of X value of Y.
2. Regression eqn. of Y on X is 2. Regression eqn. of X on Y is X = a + b
Y.
Y = a + bX
Where a = X -intercept = ON
Where a = Y -intercept = OM

Let AB is a regression line of Y on X where b = Let AB is a regression line of X on Y where,

slope of the said line 1/ b = slope of the said line.
3. LEAST SQUARE METHOD 3. LEAST SQUARE METHOD
Normal Eqns. are Normal Eqns. are
ΣY=aN+bΣX ΣX=aN+bΣY
2
ΣXY=dΣX+bΣX ΣXY=aΣY+bΣY2
Solving these two normal eqns. we get the Solving these two normal eqns. we get the
values of “a” and “b”. Putting these values of a values of “a” and “b” Putting these values of
and b in the given eqns. Y = a + bX ; we get the a and b in the given eqns. X = a + bY ; we
required eqn. get the required eqn.
4. Second Method 4. Second Method
Regression Eqn. of Y on X is Regression Eqn. of X on Y is
Y - Y = byx(X - X) X - X = bxy(Y - Y)
where byx = Regression-Coefficient of Y on X. where bxy = Regression-Coefficient of X on
Y.
X = Mean of X - series
X = Mean of X - series
Y = Mean of Y - series
Y = Mean of Y - series

Formula to Find Regression - Coefficient

Regression Coefficient of Y on X = byx Regression Coefficient of X on Y = bxy

σy σx
1. byx = r. σ where σx = SD of x series 1. bxy = r. where σx = SD of x series
x σy

σy = SD of y-series, r = correlation coefficient σy = SD of y-series , r = correlation coefficient

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Fu
cov⋅(X;Y) cov⋅(X;Y)
2. byx = σ2x
2. bxy = σ2y

NΣXY−ΣX⋅ΣY NΣXY−ΣXΣY
3. byx = 3. bxy = NΣY2 −(ΣY)2
NΣX2 −(ΣX)2

when x and y are smaller in size. when x and y are smaller in size.

NΣdxdy−Σdx.Σdy NΣdxdy−Σdx ⋅Σdy

4. byx = NΣdx2 −(∑dx)2
4. bxy = NΣdy2 −(Σdy)2

where dx = x - Ax where dx = x - Ax
dy = y - Ay dy = y - Ay
A = Assumed Mean of x. Ax = Assumed Mean of x.
A = Assumed Mean of y. Ay = Assumed Mean of y.
[when x and y are larger in size] [when x and y are larger in size]
Σxy Σxy
5. byx = Σx2 5. bxy = Σy2

where x = X - X; y = Y - Y where x = X - X; y = Y - Y.
[when X and Y a whole No. [when X and Y a whole No.

Type I (To Find regression co-efficient)

Example 1 The regression coefficient of y on x (b yx) of the following data:
{(x; y)} = {(5, 2); (2, 3); (3 ; 1), (4, 5), (1,4)}
(a) -0.20 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.32 (d) None
Solution:- (a) is correct.

X Y X2 XY

5 2 25 10

2 3 4 6

3 1 9 3

4 5 16 20

1 4 1 4

ΣX = 15 ΣY=15 ΣX2 = 55 ΣYY = 43

NΣXY−ΣXΣY 5×43−15×15 −10 1
byx = NΣX2 −(ΣX)2
= 5×55−(15)2
= 50
= − 5 = −0.2

Example 2 The regression coefficient of x Solution:- (b) is correct

on y (bxy) is if ∑X = 40; ΣY = 20; ∑XY = NΣXY − ΣX ⋅ ΣY
800; ∑X2 = 2500; ΣY2 = 1500; N = 10. bxy =
NΣY2 − (ΣY)2
(a) -0.493 (b) 0.493 10 × 800 − 40 × 20
=
(c) -0.749 (d) None 10 × 1500 − (20)2

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7200 NΣdxdy−ΣdxΣdy 7×1195−56×12

= 14600 = 0.493 bxy = =
NΣd2y −(Σdy )2 7×383−(12)2
Example 3 You are given the following 7693
= = 3.03
informations: 2537

Example 5 The regression coefficient of X

Price (Rs.) Amounts on Y of the following data.
demanded (’000
(X) N = 10; ΣX = 250; ∑Y = 210; Σ(X-25)2 =
units) (y)
262;
Arithmetic 20 55 Σ(Y - 21)2 = 322 , Σ(X - 25)(Y - 21) = 192
Mean is
Standard 2 5 (a) 0.596 (b) -0.414
deviation (c) 0.568 (d) None
correlation coefficient r = 0.6 Solution:- (a) is correct.
ΣX 250 ΣY 210
The regression coefficient of y on x (b yx) is Given. X = = = 25; Y = = =
N 10 N 10
(a) -3 (b) +3 21
(c) 1.5 (d) None Σ(X - 25)2 = Σx2 = 262; Σ(Y - 31)2 = Σy2 =
322
Solution:- (c) is correct.
Σ(X - 25)(Y - 21) = 192 ⇒ ∑xy = 192
Given σx = 2 ; σy = 5. ; r = 0.6
Σxy 192
σy 5 ∴ bxy = Σy2
= 322 = 0.596
∴ byx = r = 0.6 × = 1.5
σx 2
Example 6 The regression coefficient of Y
Example 4 For a bivariate data, you are on X (byx) of the following data cov. (X ; Y)
given the following informations: = 121; σ x = 15 ; σ y = 14 is
Σ(X-58) = 56; Σ(X-58)2 = 3186; Σ(Y-58) = (a) 0.54 (b) 0.55
12
(c) 0.6875 (d) None
Σ(Y - 58)2 = 383; ∑(X - 58)(y - 58) = 1195;
N=7 Solution:- (a) is correct.
The regression coefficient of x on y(b xy) is cov ⋅ (x; y) 121
byx = = 2 = 0.54
(a) -2.197 (b) 3.03 σ2x 15

(c) 0.372 (d) None

Solution:- (b) is correct.

TYPE II
Remember
Rule:

Independent Dependent Variable (The Result

Variable (i.e. given value of variable to be found)
variable)

1. If X (given) Y (to be found) Put the value of X in the Regr. Eqn.

of Y on X

2. If Y (given) X (to be found) Put the value of Y in the Regr. Eqn.

of X on Y

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X on Y.

Example 7 Find the regression equation from the following data:

If ∑X = 34, ΣY = 56, ΣXY = 351, ΣX2 = 234 , ΣY2 = 554, N = 6
Hence estimate Y when X is 10 and estimate also x when Y is 12.
∑X 34
Solution:- X = N
= 6
= 5.67;
∑Y 56
Y= N
= 6
= 9.33

Regression coefficient of Y on X
NΣXY−ΣX⋅ΣY 6×351−34×56 202
= byx = NΣX2 −(ΣX)2
= 6×234−(34)2
= 248 = 0.8145.

Regression coefficient of X on Y
N.ΣXY−ΣX.ΣY 6×351−34×56 202
= bxy = = = = 1.0745
NΣY2 −(ΣY)2 6×554−(56)2 188

Regression Eqn. of X on Y is Regression Eqn. of Y on X is

X –X = bXY(Y - Y) Y - Y = bXY(X - X)
or X - 5.67 = 0.8145(X - 9.33) or Y −
56
= 0.8145 (X −
34
)
6 6
or X = 0.8145 X - 7.60
or Y = 1.0745 X- 4.71
If y = 15 Then Put y = 15 in the eqn. X on Y.
If X = 13, Put X = 13 in Y on X eqn.
i.e. X = 1.0745 Y - 4.36,
Y = 0.8145, X + 4.71
= 1.0745 × 15 - 4.36
= 0.8145 × 13 + 4.71 = 15.30
= 11.7575 = 11.76

Example 8 The following data relate to HDFC X = 44 σx = 5.60

the mean and SD of the prices of the
shares of HDFC & ICICI in NIFTY stock ICICI Y = 58 σy = 6.30
Exchange. r = 0.48.
σx 5.60
Share Mean (in Rs.) SD (in Rs.) ∴ bxy = r ⋅ σ = 0.48 × 6.30 = 0.4267;
y

HDFC 44 5.60 σy 6.30

byx = r = 0.48 × = 0.54
σx 5.60
ICICI 58 6.30
When Y = Rs.70 Then X = ?
coefficient of correlation between the Here, we use regression Eqn. of X on Y.
share prices = 0.48.
∴ X - X = bxy (Y -Y)
Find the most likely price of share HDFC
corresponding to a price of Rs.70 of share or X - 44 = 0.4267 (70 - 58)
ICICI and also the most likely price of or X = Rs.49.12
shares of ICICI for a price of Rs. 60 of
share HDFC. When X = Rs.50 ; Then Y = ?
Solution:- Here, we use regression Eqn. of Y on X
i.e.
Let Mean SD
Y – Y = byx(X - X)

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Y - 58 = 0.54(60 - 44)’ i.e A.M. > r;

bxy +byx
>r
2
Y = Rs. 66.64

Type III
PROPERTIES OF REGRESSION
COEFFICIENTS & LINES Example 9. If bxy = 0.8 and byx = 0.46Then
r=?
1. The correlation coefficient r is the
Geometric Mean of Regression (a) 0.26 (b) 0.607
Coefficients bxy & byx. The product of (c) 0.75 (d) None
the two regression coefficients is
Solution:- (b) is correct
equal to the square of correlation
coefficient, r = √bxy ⋅ byx i.e. byx.b xy = r = +√(+0.8). (+0.46) = 0.6066 = 0.607.
r2
Example 10. If bxy = -0.25 and byx = -0.37
2. Signs of Regression Coefficient and Then the value of r is
Correlation Coefficient i.e. b yx, bxy; & r
(a) -0.304 (b) 0.304
must be same.
(c) 0 (d) None
3. The regression lines always intersect
at their means. Solution:- (a) is correct.
4. Slopes - The slopes of the regression r = √bxy ⋅ byx = −√(−0.25) ⋅ (−0.37) = -
line of Y on X and the regression line 0.304.
1
of X on Y are respectively byx and
bxy Type IV
5. The angle between the two (To Find regression coefficient if
regression lines depends on the regression Eqn. is given)
Correlation Coefficient (r). -
Example 11. If 7X - 3Y – 18 = 0 be a
(i) If Regression lines are regression equation of Y on X Then the
perpendicular to each other, then r = regression coefficient is
0. 7 7
(a) bxy = +3 (b) byx = +3
(ii) If Regression lines coincide (i.e.
become identical), then r = + 1 or -1. 7
(c) byx = -3 (d) None
6. The estimated value of X or Y can be
Solution:- (b) is correct.
obtained through Regression
equations, if r ≠ 0. ∵ 7x - 3y - 18 = 0 is aggression equation
of y on x.
7. The value of Regression Coefficients
are always independent i.e. does not So, it should be converted in the form y =
change with respect to the change of a + bx.
origin but changes with respect to ∴ 3Y = 7X - 18
scale i.e. dependent on scale.
7 18
8. Magnitude of Both Regression or Y = X –
3 3
coefficients cannot be greater than 7
one i.e. if one of the regression ∴ bYX = +3
coefficients is greater than one Type-V
(unity), the other must be less than
one so that product of both regression (To recognise regression Eqns.)
coefficients can become less than If ax + by + c = 0 be a regression eqn. of y
one (unity). on x, Then by = - c – ax
-

9. Arithmetic mean of both regression

>
c a a
coefficients is greater than the Y = − b − b X, ∴ byx = − b;
correlation coefficient.

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Coeffιcient of X For eqn. 3x + 2y = 26; LHS = 3×4 + 2×7 =

∴ byx =
Coefficient of Y 26 (True) & For eqn. 6x + y = 31.; LHS = 6
Similarly: × 4 + 7 - 3l(It is also true)
If ax +by + c = 0 be a regression eqn. of ∴ (a) satisfies the both eqns. (a) is
X on Y. correct.
∴ aX = −c − bY; Type VII
c b Coefficient of Y
or X = a − a Y. bxy = Coeffιcient of X (To Find correlation coefficient if
regression eqns. are given)
Example 12. For variables X and Y; the Example 14 If 2x - 3y = 10 and 4y - 5x - 8
regression equations are given as 7x‐ 3y = 0 are regression eqns. of two variables x
‐ 18 = 0 and 4x‐ y‐ 11 = 0 then the and y. The correlation coefficient “r” is
regression eqn. ofy on x is (a) 0.27 (b) 0.37
(c) 0-73 (d) None
(a) 7x‐ 3y‐ 18 = 0 (b) 4x‐y‐ 11 = 0
Solution:- (c) is correct.
(c) Cannot be decided (d) None
Alternates I:-
Solution :- (a) is correct.
Let 2x - 3y = 10 be regr. Eqn. of X on Y
Let 7x‐ 3y − 18 = 0 be a regr. Eqn. of y −(−3) 3
∴ bxy = =
on x 2 2
Coef𝑓icient 𝑜f X −1 1 7 7
∴ byx = Coef𝑓icient 𝑜f Y = − = 4 = − −3 = 3 4y‐ 5x − 8 = 0 is the regr. eqn. of Y on
4
X.
Then 4x‐y‐ 11 = 0 should be the regr. −(−5) 5
∴ byx = =4
eqn. of x on y. 4
3 5 15
Coefficient of Y
∴ bxy = Coefficient of X = −
−1
=4
1 ∴ r2 = bxy . b𝑦x = 2 × 4 = 8
>1
4

∴ r2 = bxy . byx = × =
7 1 7
< 1. ∴ Our assumption is wrong.
3 4 12

∴ Our assumption is correct. So, 7x‐ So, 2x‐ 3y = 10 should be the regr. eqn.
3y − 18 = 0 is the regression Eqn. of y on of Y on X and
x. 4y − 5x − 8 = 0 The regr. eqn. of X on Y.
Type VI 4
∴ bxy = 5 ; byx = 3
2

(To Find Arithmetic Mean if regression 4 2 8

Eqns. are given) Then r2 = bxy . byx = 5 × 3 = 15
Example 13. For regression lines 3x + 2y
∴ r = +√8⁄15 = 0.73.
= 26 and 6x + y = 31. The point of
intersection i.e. Means of variables (X;Y) is Alternate II
(a) (4, 7) (b) (7, 4) If a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + by + c2 =
(c) No point (d) None 0 are two regr.

Solution:- (a) is correct. Eqns.

a b a b
Alternates:- Go by choices. Then r = √a1 b2 if 𝑎1 b2 < 1 or
2 1 2 1
For (a); Put x = 4& y = 7in both equations
& check the results. a b a b
r = √a2 b1 if a2 b1 < 1.
1 2 1 2

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If coeff. of x and y are of opposite signs [IN THIS ALTERNATE , NO NEED TO

then sign of r is positive (+). If coefficient RECOGNISE REGRESSION Eqns.]
of x and y are of same sign then sign of r σ2y 8×40
is negative (-). ∴ = ∴ σ2y = 16 ∴ σy = 4
9 10×18
For 2x - 3y = 10 Type IX [Change of origin and scale]
-5x + 4y - 8 = 0 The value of regression coefficient does
+ 2×4
not change with respect to origin (+/-) but
𝑟 = √3×5 = + 0.73; Coeff. of X and Y are changes with respect to scale (×/÷).
x−a y−c
opposite sign. If u = and v =
p q
Type VIII q p
Then byx = × bvu or bxy = . buv
(To find SD or Variance if two regr. p q

Eqns. if one SD. are given) Example 1 If the relationship between two
Example 15 Given that the variance of X van⋅ables x and u is u + 3x +15 = 0 and
= 9, and the regression equations are 8 X between two other variables y and v is
- 10Y = 15 ; 40X - 18Y= 143 Then the SD. 2y + 5v = 23, and the regression
Of Y is coefficient of y on x is known as 0.80,
what would be the regression coefficient
(a) 4 (b) 9 of v on u.?
(c) 16 (d) None 8 75
(a) (b)
75 8
Solution:- (a) correct.
8
Alternates-1 (c) − 75 (d) None

bxy σ2x byx σ2y Solution:‐ (a) is correct.

= or =
byx σ2y bxy σ2X
Detail Method.
If 8x‐ 10y = 15 be the regr. Eqn. ofy on x 15
−3x+15 x−
3
−8 8 u= = 1 ; 5v = −2y + 23
∴ byx = −10 = 10 1 −
3
23 5
−2y+23 y− −
and 40x‐ 18y = 143 the regr. Eqn. of x or V = 5
= 5
2
∴ bxy = 2
1 . bvu
− −
on y. So, 2 3

5 3 0.8×2 8
−(−18) 8 or 0.8 = 2 × 1 bνu or bvu = 15
= 75
bxy = =
40 40 Alternates
Her byx .bxy < 1. (True)
If a1 x + b1 u = c1 and a2 𝑦 + b2 v = c2 be
byx σ2𝑦
8
10 σ2y two relations between variables x and u
So = or = and variables y and v respectively.
bxy σ2x 18 9
40
a b a b
8 40 σ2𝑦 8×40×9 Then buv = (a1 b2 ) bxy ; bvu = (a2 b1 ) byx
or 10 × 18 = 9
or σ2y = 10×18
= 16 2 1 1 2

Alternates:-Remember the above

∴ σy = √16 = 4 Alternates & its working steps

Special Alternates ‐ II I. If bxy is given and buv is to determine,

Then write both eqns in such a way that
If a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and variable x and y be just opposite to each
other and u and v be also just opposite to
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be two regr. eqns.
each other as written above.
Then
σ2y
II If bxy is given then do cross-product of
a a
σ2𝑥
= b1 b2 (Ignore signs ofcoefficients) coefficient of x with coefficient of v and
1 2
write it on numerator & also cross-product

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of coefficient of y with coefficient of u and (a) Linear relationship (b) Nonlinear

write it on denominator as below. relationship
a1 b2 a2 b1 (c) Linear positive (d) Linear negative
bxy = ( ) b and byx = ( )b
a2 b1 uv a1 b2 vu Q.4. Regression analysis is concerned
By Alternate: 3x + 1.u = 10 with
2y + 5v = 25 (a) predicting the value of the dependent
2×1 2 8
variable for a given value of the
bvu = byx (3×5) = 0.8 (15) = 75 [THIS independent variable.
ALTERNATE GIVES ANS. IN (b) measuring the extent of association
SECONDS] between two variables.
(c) establishing a mathematical
relationship between two variables.
STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE(S) (d) Both (a) and (c).
Meaning - The standard error of Q.5. For two variables x and y, the
estimates measures the dispersion about number of regression equations could be:
an average line i.e. regression line. It (a) 1 (b) 2
indicates that how accurate the prediction
of Y on X ,OR how accurate the prediction (c) Any number (d) No equation.
of X on Y. Standard Error of X values on Q.6. The method by which the regression
Y; equations are derived is known as :
(Sxy ) = σx √1 − r 2 (a) Normal equation (b) Concurrent
deviation
Standard Error of Y values on X ; (Syx ) =
(c) Least squares (d) Product moment
σy √1 − r 2
Q.7. What are the limits of the two
X = .09Y - 2.7 + 3 or X = .3 + ,09Y regression coefficients?
EXERCISE (a) Both positive or both negative. (b)
TYPE I Must be positive,
Write the correct answer out of the (c) No limit. (d) One positive and the
given ones: other negative.
Q.1. A process by which we estimate the Q.8. The value we would predict for the
value of dependent variable on the basis dependent variable when the independent
of one or more independent variables is variables are all equal to zero is called:
called : (a) Slope (b) Sum of residual
(a) Correlation (b) Regression (c) Intercept (d) Difficult to tell
(c) Residual (d) Slope Q.9. The predicted rate of response of the
Q.2. The method of least squares dictates dependent variable to changes in the
that we choose a regression line where independent variable is called:
the sum of the square of deviations of the (a) Slope (b) Intercept
points from the lie is:
(c) Error (d) Regression equation
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum
Q.10. The slope of the regression line of Y
(c) Zero (d) Positive on X is also called the:
Q.3. A relationship where the flow of the (a) Correlation coefficient of X on Y
data points is best represented by a curve
is called: (b) Correlation coefficient of Y on X
(c) Regression coefficient of X on Y

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(d) Regression coefficient of Y on X (d) None of these.

Q.11. Two regression lines coincide when Q.20. Regression line passes through the
: points, having ………. number of points on
both sides :
(a) r = ± 1 (b) r = 0
(a) unequal (b) equal
(c) r = 2 (d) None of these.
(c) zero (d) None of these
Q.12. The difference between the
observed value and the estimated value in Q.21. In simple regression equation, the
regression analysis is known as: numbers of variables involved are:
(a) deviation (b) residue (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) error (d) Either (b) or (c). (c) 2 (d) 3
Q.13 In the line Y = 23 - (5/3) X ; byx is to: Q.22. If the value of any regression
coefficient is zero, then two variables are:
(a) 5/3 (b) 23/2
(a) Qualitative (b) Correlation
(c) - 5/3 (d) None of these
(c) Dependent (d) Independent
Q.14. In the equation X = 15/8 - (4/5) Y;
bxv equal to: Q.23. The straight line graph of the linear
equation Y = a+ bX, slope will be upward
(a) -4/5 (b) 4/5
if:
(c) 15/8 (d) None
(a) b = 0 (b) b < 0
Q.15. The line Y = 11/6 + (3/5)X is the
(c) b > 0 (d) none
regression equation of:
Q.24. The straight line graph of the linear
(a) Y on X (b) X on Y
equation Y = a + bX, slope will be
(c) both (d) None of these downward If:
Q.16. The regression lines are (a) b > 0 (b) b < 0
perpendicular to each other if r is equal to
(c) b = 0 (d) None
:
Q.25. The slopes of the regression line of
(a) - 1 (b) 0
y on x is :
(c) + 1 (d) None
(a) bxy (b) byx
Q.17. The line Y = 13 - (3/2) X is the
(c) bxx (d) byy.
regression equation of:
Q.26. The regression coefficients are zero
(a) Y on X (b) X on Y
if r is equal to :
(c) both (d) None of these.
(a) 0 (b) 2
Q.18. Regression lines always intersect at
(d) - 1 (d) None
the means.
Q.27. bxy is called regression coefficient
(a) False (b) True
of:
(c) both (A) and (B) (d) None of these.
(a) y on x (b) x on y
Q.19. The regression line of y on x is
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
derived by
Q.28. The slope of the regression line of x
(a) The minimisation of horizontal
on y is:
distances in the scatter diagram.
(a) 1/byx, (b) bxy
(b) the minimisation of vertical distances
in the diagram. (c) byx (d) 1/bxy
(c) both (a) and (b). Q.29. If byx and bxy are negative, then r is :

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(a) any sign (b) negative (a) More than one (b) Equal to one
(c) positive (d) None of these. (c) Less than one (d) Equal to minus
one
Q.30. For the regression equation of Y on
X, 3X + 5 Y + 40 = 0. The value of byx is : Q.38. To determine the height of a person
when his weight is given is:
(a) 3/5 (b) -3/5
(a) Correlation problem (b)
(c) - 40/3 (d) None of these.
Association problem
Q.31. Since Blood Pressure of a person
(c) Regression problem (d) Qualitative
depends on age, we need consider :
problem
(a) the regression equation of age on
Q.39. The dependent variable is also
Blood Pressure
called:
(b) the regression equation of Blood
(a) Regression (b) Regress and
Pressure on age.
(c) Continuous variable (d) Independent
(c) Either (a) or (b).
Q.40. The dependent variable is also
(d) None
called:
Q.32. A small value of r indicates that
(a) Regress and variable (b) Predict and
there is a ….. linear relationship between
variable
the variables.
(c) Explained variable (d) All of these
(a) poor (b) good
Q.41. The independent variable is also
(c) maximum (d) highest.
called:
Q.33. Feature of Least Square regression
(a) Regressor (b) Regress and
lines is that the sum of the deviations at
the Y’s or the X’s from their regression (c) Predict and (d) Estimated
lines are zero.
Q.42. The correlation coefficient r is the
(a) False (b) True ….. of the two regression coefficients.
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these. (a) A.M. (b) G.M.
Q.34. The coefficient of determination is (c) H.M. (d) none of these.
defined by the formula:
Q.43. If x and y satisfy the relationship y
2
(a) r =
explained variance =- 5 + 7x, the value of r is :
total variance
unexplained variance (a) +1 (b) -1
(b) r2 = 1 – total variance (c) 0 (d) None of these.
(c) both (a) and (b) Q.44. The value of Correlation coefficient r
(d) None of these. lies between the regression coefficients.
Q.35. All r, bxy, byx have ….. sign. (a) True (b) False
(a) same (b) different (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these. Q.45. If slopes of two regression lines are
equal, then r is equal to :
Q.36. Angle between two regression lines
depends upon .......... (a) ±1 (b) 1
(a) correlation coefficient, (b) (c) 0 (d) None of these.
regression coefficient., Q.46. The two lines of regression meet at:
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
(a) (σx2, σ y2) (b) (X,Y)
Q.37. If one regression coefficient is
greater than one, then other will he: (c) (σx, σy) (d) None of these.

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Q.47. The line of regression x on y is (a) byx bxy ≥ 1 (b) byx bxy ≤ 1
given by:
(c) bxy byx < 0 (d) none of these.
(a) (x - x) = - r(σy / σx )(y - y)
Q.56 Which of the following is not true?
(b) x - x = r(σx/σy)(y - y) 𝜎𝑦
(a) √byx bxy = |ρ| (b) byx = ρ
(c) x - y = r(σx/σy)(x - x) σ𝑥
σ𝑥
(d) None of these. (c) bxy = ρ σ (d) √byx bxy = ρ
y
Q.48. The line of regression of y on x is
Q.57. If the angle between two lines of
given by:
regression is
(a) y - y = r(σy/σx)(x - x) o
90 , then it represents
(b) x - x = r(σy/σx)(y - y)
(a) perfect negative correlation. (b) perfect
(c) y - y = r(σx/σy)(x - x) positive correlation.
(d) None of these. (c) no linear correlation. (d) None of these.
Q.49. The regression coefficient of y on x Q.58. If the correlation coefficient between
is given by: two variables is 1, then the two lines of
regressions are:
(a) (σy/σx) (b) r(σx/σy)
(a) coincident (b) parallel
(c) r(σy/σx) (d) None of these.
(c) at right angles (d) None of these.
Q.50, If bxy, b yx and r be regression
coefficients of x on y and y on x and Q.59. The coefficient of determination is
correlation coefficient respectively, then: given by:
(a) bxy b yx = r2 (b) bxy b yx = r Unexplained Variance
(a)
Total Variance
(c) bxy b yx = - r (d) None of these. Explained Variance
(b)
Q.51. The coefficient of correlation “r” and Unexplained Variance
the two regression coefficients byx’ b yx are Explained Variance
(c)
related as : Total Variance
Unexplained Variance
(a) r = (sign byx) √bxy byx (b)
bxy (d) Explained Variance
byx

(c) r = bxy × byx (d) None Q.60. If k is the coefficient of alienation,

where k = √1 − r2 , then the coefficient of
Q.52. If r = 0, the regression lines are:
non‐determination is given by
(a) parallel (b) inclined at an angle >
4 2
(π/4), (a) k (b) k
(c) perpendicular, (d) None of these. (c) k3 (d) k.
Q.53. The two regression lines are Q.61 The standard error of estimate of Y
perpendicular to each other if: on X is given by:
(a) r = 1 (b) r = - 1 (a) σy √(1 − r2 ) (b) σx √(1 − r2 )
(c) r = 0 (d) None of these
(c) σx (√1 + r2 ) (d) None.
Q.54. If Cov (X, Y) is positive, then which
of the following is negative ? Q.62. The standard error of estimate of X
on Y is given by :
(a) r (b) bxy
(c) byx (d) None of these. (a) σy √(1 − r2 ) (b) σx √(1 − r2 )

Q.55. If bxy and byx are the two regression (c) σx(√1 − r2 ) (A None.
coefficients, then:

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TYPE II (c) 4.363 (d) None

Q.1 The regression coefficient byx for the Q.8. Given is the following information:
following data:
X Y
{(x, y) : (6,4), (8, 3), (5, 2), (7, 4), (4,2)} is :
(a) 0.4. (b) 0.3 Arithmetic mean 6 8
(c) 0.8 (d) None Standard deviation 5 9
Q.2. The regression coefficient b xy for the
following data Coefficient of correlation between X and
Y=3/5. The regression coefficient of Y on
{(x, y) : (3, 7), (5, 8), (1,6), (2, 8), (4, 6)} is X is :
:
(a) 1.08 (b) 4.32
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.2.
(c) 9.25 (d) None
(c) 0.5 (d) None
Q.9. Given below the information about
Q.3. The line of regression of Y on X by
the capita! employed and profit earned by
least square method for the following data a company over the last twenty five years:
X 4 5 1 3 2 Mean SD
Y 12 11 9 10 9 is Capital employed (‘0000 Rs.) 62 5
(a) 2X = 3Y (b) Y = 8.1 + 0.7X
Profit earned (‘000 Rs.) 25 6
(c) X = 0.9 + 9.1 Y (d) none of these.
Correlation Coefficient between capital
Q.4. The regression coefficient b between
and profit = 0.69. The sum of the
X and Y for the following data : regression coefficients for the above data
∑X = 30, ∑Y = 42, ∑XY= 199, ∑X 2= 184, would be :
Σ Y2 = 318,N = 10 is: (a) 1.403 (b) 2.958
(a) 0.515 (b) 0.646
(c) 3.241 (d) None
(c) 0.741 (d) None Q.10. For some bivariate data, the
Q.5. In a bivariate data ∑ X =30, ∑ Y = 40, following results were obtained for the two
∑ X2 = 196, ∑XY = 850 and N = 10. The variables x and y :
regression coefficient of Y on X is : x = 43.2, y = 37.9, byx = -1.5, bxy = - 0.2.
(a) -5.31 (b) -8.23 The most probable value of y when x = 60
is :
(c) 6.89 (d) None
(a) 41.26 (b) 36.6
Q.6. The value of bxy for the following data
N=15, ∑XY = 440, Σ X = 29, Σ Y = 15, Σ (c) 12.7 (d) None
Y2 = 465 is :
Q.11. You are given the following data: X -
(a) 0.913 (b) 0.51 36, σx = 11; Y = 85, σy = 8 and correlation
(c) 0.75 (d) None coefficient between X and Y is 0.66. Find
value of X when Y = 95.
Q.7. Given the following data :
(a) 86.5 (b) 65.9
Σ(X - X)(Y - Y) = 3900, Σ(X - X)2 = 6360,
(c) 45.07 (d) None
Σ(Y - Y)2 = 2668
Q.12. The following results were obtained
then the regression coefficient bxy is : from the analysis of data on two variables
(a) 1.46 (b) 2.363 X and Y : X = 50, Y = 35, Standard
deviation of X = 4, Standard deviation of Y

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= 3; r = the coefficient of correlation = 0.7. Q.4. In a bivariate data: σ x = 15, r = 0.60,

The likely value of Y, when X = 54 is : then the standard error of estimate of X on
Y is given by :
(a) 27.4 (b) 47.25
(a) 24 (b) 14
(c) 37.1 (d) None
(c) 12 (d) None
Q.13. For 150 students of a class, the
regression equation of marks in BMLRS TYPE IV
(X) on the marks in LAW (Y) is 4Y - 5X +
Q.1. If u=(x - a)/c, v=(y - b)/d, where a, b,
135 = 0. The mean marks in LAW is 60
c, d are constants, then b yx and buv are
and variance of marks in BMLRS is 5/9 of
related by:
the variance of the marks in Law. The
mean marks in Statistics is : (a) byx =(d/c)buv (b) byx = buv
(a) 42 (b) 85 (c) byx = (c/d) buv (d) buv = (d/c) bxy.
(c) 75 (d) None Q.2. Out of the two lines of regression
given by 2x + 4y = 11 and 2x + 3y - 15=0,
Q.14. Given is the following information:
the regression line of x on y is :
X Y (a) 2x + 3y - 15=0, (b) 2x + 4y = 11
(c) 2x + 4y = 0, (d) The given lines can’t
Arithmetic mean 16 18
be regression lines.
Standard deviation 5 12 Q.3. For a bivariate data, the two lines of
regression are 4x - y + 13=0 and 4x - 9y +
Coefficient of correlation between X and Y 17=0. For this data r =
is 0.45. The most likely value of Y when X
= 25 is : (a) 1/9 (b) 1/3

(a) 40.67 (b) 27.72 (c) 3/4 (d) None.

Q.4. Regression equation of Y on X is 4X -
(c) 41.68 (d) None 2
5 Y + 31 = 0 and σx = 9. Hence Cov.(X, Y)
TYPE III
ax,
is equal to :
Q.1. In a correlation study of two variables (a) 9.25 (b) 7.2
X and Y, the following values are
(c) 5.4 (d) None of these.
obtained: X = 45, Y = 54, σx = 4; σy = 5;
r = 0.8, The two regression Q.5. For a perfect correlation between the
coefficients (bxy, byx) are variable X and Y, the line of regression
isaX + bY + c = 0 where a, b,c > 0; then “ r
(a) (5 . 57,3. 12) (b) (0.64, 1.00) ”=
(c) (7.12,2.67) (u) None of these, (a) -1 (b) 0
Q.2. In a bivariate distribution bxy = 0.49
(c) 1 (a) None of these.
and byx = 0.25, then the coefficient of
determination is given by: Q.6. The two lines of regression are x -
2y=5 and 2x - y=8. The regression
(a) 0.1313 (b) 0.1225 equation of Y on X is :
(c) 0.1523 (d) None (a) 2x - y = 8 (b) x - 2y = 5
Q.3. In a bivariate data bxy = 0.14 and byx (c) x + 2y = 0 (d) None
= 0.38, then the coefficient of non-
determination is given by : Q.7. For a bivariate data, the two lines of
regression are 4x + 5y -137 = 0 and 2x +
(a) 0.3425 (b) 0.9468 9y - 179 = 0, the values of x and y are:
(c) 0.5729 (d) None (a) 13, 17. (b) 16, 13
(c) 15, 11 (c) None

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Q.8. Two regression lines 3x-y=5 and 2x – Q.3. If X and Y are independent variables,
y = 4 intersect at point ….. then the two lines of regression are :
(a) (1,-2) (b) (-1,2) (a) x = const, y=const (b) x = 0, y = 0
(c) (2,-1) (d) None (c) x = 0, y = const (d) x = const, y=0
Q.9. For regression 5X + 10Y- 145 = 0; Q.4. If byx and bxy are regression
14Y+ 8X – 208 = 0. The mean values coefficients of y on x and x on y
(X,Y) is : respectively, then:
(a) (5, 12) (b) (12, 5) (a) byx + b yx ≥ 2r(x,y) (b) byx × bxy = 2r (x, y)
a ey
(c) (12, 3) (d) None (c) byx + bxy < 2r(x, y) (d) None of these.
Q.10. The regression equations of two Q.5. If r = 1 or - 1, the regression lines are
variables X and Y are as follows: 3X + 2Y :
= 26 ; 6X + Y = 31. The value of (a) Coincide (b) inclined at an angle <
coefficient of correlation is: (π/4)
(a) -0.25 (b) -0.5 (c) perpendicular (d) None of these.
(c) -0.61 (d) None. Q.6. If byx = - 0.09, bxy = - 0.81, then r is :
Q.11. The two lines of regression are 3x - (a) -0.27 (b) -0.21
5y + 6 = 0 and 5x - 3y + 1 = 0. What is the
correlation coefficient between x and y ? (c) 0.69 (d) None of these.
(a) -3/5 (b) 3/5 Q.7. If the two regression coefficients are
0.8 and 0.2, then coefficient of correlation
(c) 4/25 (d) None of these. r is :
Q.12. In a partially destroyed laboratory (a) 0.4 (b) -0.3
record of an analysis of correlation data,
only the following results are legible: (c) -0.6 (d) None of these.
Variance of X = 9, Regression equations: Q.8. If bxy = - (4/3), byx = - (1/3), the value
4X - 5Y + 33 = 0, 20X - 9Y = 107 of r is:
On the basis of the above information, the (a) (4/9) (b) -(2/3)
value of σy is:
(c) (1/9) (d) None of these.
(a) 5 (b) 7
Q.9. If ρ (x, y) = 0.18 and bxy = 2, then byx
(c) 4 (d) None

-2
equal to :
TYPE V (a) -0.18 (b) 0.12 0.0182
=

Q.1. If the correlation coefficient between

two variables X and Y is 0.5 and the
(c) 0.6 -
(d) None
regression coefficient of X on Y is 0.2, Q.10. Given that if bxy = -1.36, byx = -
then the regression coefficient of Y on X 0.613, then the coefficient of
is: determination is given by:
(a) 0.7 (b) ±0.5 (a) 0.234 (b) 0.834
(c) 1.25 (d) None of these. (c) 0.534 (d) None
Q.2. If the regression coefficient of Y on X Q.11. For the following bivariate
is 4/3, then the regression coefficient of X distribution: if bxy = - 0.756, bxy.= -0.659,
on Y is: then the coefficient of non- determination
is given by :
(a) more than 1 (b) more than 0 but less
than (a) 0.502 (b) 0.602
(c) less than zero (d) None of these. (c) 0.902 (d) None

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Q.12. For a bivariate data, the coefficient (a) 0.4812 (b) 0.5214
of correlation r =0.8, then the coefficient of
(c) 0.3844 (d) None
alienation is given by :
Q.14. From the following data: σx = 3., bxy
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.6
= 0.85 and byx = 0.89, the value of σy is :
(c) 0.3 (d) None
(a) 3.57 (b) 3.07
Q.13. If the coefficient of correlation
(c) 3.97 (d) 2.07.
between X and Y is 0.62, then the
coefficient of determination is :

ANSWERS
Type I

1.(b) 2. (b) 3- (A 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9- (a) 10. (d) 11- (a) 12. (d)

13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (b)

25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33.(b) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (a)

37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (d) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (a)

49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)

61. (a) 62. (c)

Type II

1.(a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c)

13. (c) 14. (b)

Type III

1.(b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c)

Type IV

1. (a) 2. (a) 3.(b) 4.(b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c)

Type V

1.(c) 2. (b) 3- (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11.(a) 12. (b)

13. (c) 14. (b)

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PREVIOUS YEARS MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS

Q.1. For some bivariate data, the following results were obtained for the two variables x and
y : x = 53.2, y = 27.9, byx = -1.5, bxy = -0.2
The most probable value of y when x = 60 is
The most probable value of y when x = 60 is
(a) 15.6 (b) 13.4
(c) 19.7 (d) 17.7
Nov. 2006

Solution: ‐ (d) The regression equation of y of x is:

Y − Y = byx (X − X)
⇐ y − 27.9 = (−1.5)(x − 53.2)
or y = 107.7 − 1.5x
when x = 60 then
y = 107.7 − 1.5 × 60 = 17.7
Q.2. Two random variables have the regression lines 3x + 2y = 26 and 6x + y = 31. The
coefficient of correlation between x and y is:
(a) -0.25 (b) 0.5
(c) -0.5 (d) 0-25
Feb. 2007
Solution:- (c)
Let 3X + 2Y =26 be the Regr. line of Y on X
& 6X + Y = 31 be the Regr. line of X on Y
Coefficient of Y −1
bxy = - Coefficient of X = 6
2
Now r = byx.b xy = 0.25 < 1
(Hence, our assumption are true)
⇒ r = -0.5
and r = - 0.5 (.: -1 ≤ r ≤ 1)
Note : r is negative because b yx and bxy < 0
Alternates : - See Solved illustrations examples
Q.3. The following data is given, based on 450 students for marks in Statistics and
Economics at a certain examination:
Mean marks in Statistics = 40
Mean marks in Economics = 48
S.D. of marks (Statistics) = 12
Variance of marks (Economics) = 256
Sum of the products of deviations of marks from their respective mean = 42075
The average marks in Economics of candidates who obtained 50 marks in Statistics is :

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(a) 45 (b) 54.5

(c) 54 (d) 47.5
May. 2007
Solution: (b) Let x = Marks in statistics and
y = Marks in Economics
∑ (X − X) (Y − Y)
𝑟𝑥y =
N𝜎x × σy
(42075)
rxy = = 0.49
450 × 12 × 16
Where N = 450; σ𝑥 = 12, σy = 16,

∑( X − X)(Y − Y) = 42075

Now regression equation of Y on X

rσy (X − X)
Y−Y=
σ𝑥
0.49×16
⇒ Y − 48 = 12
(X ‐ 40)

⇒Y = 0.65.X + 22
when x = 50, then
y = 0.65 × 50 + 22 = 54.5
Q.4. The lines of regression are as follows:
5x -145 = - 10y ; 14y - 208 - -8x. The mean values (x,y) is:
(a) (12, 5) (b) (5, 7)
(c) (7, 12) (d) (5, 12)
Nov. 2007
Solution: (d) Alternates :- Go by choice.
for (d) Put X = 5 and Y =12 in the given Eqns.
They satisfy these eqns.
So, (d) is correct.
Q.5. Given the following data:
bxy = 0.4 & byx = 1.6. The coefficient of determination is:
(a) 0.74 (b) 0.42
(c) 0.58 (d) 0.64
Feb. 2008
Solution: (d) We know that,
Coefficient of determination
r2 = byx × b xy = 1.6 × 0.4 = 0.64
Q.6. The method applied for deriving regression equations is known as:

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(a) Concurrent deviation (b) Product moment

(c) Least squares (d) Normal equation
Feb. 2008
Solution: (c) Least Squares
Q.7. If the correlation coefficient between two variables is 1, then the two lines of regressions
are :
(a) Parallel (b) At right angles
(c) Coincident (d) None of these
June. 2008
Solution:- (c)(i) If r = 0, The Regression Lines are perpendicular to each other.
i.e. The Regression Lines are farther to each other
(ii) If r = 1, The Regression Lines are Coincident;.
i.e. The Regression Lines are nearer to each other.
Q.8. Given the regression equations as 3x + y = 13 and 2x +5y = 20. Find regression
equation of y on x.
(a) 3x + y =13 (b) 2x + Y=20
(c) 3x + 5y = 13 (d) 2x + 5y = 20
Dec. 2008
Solution:- (d) Let us assume that 2X + 5 Y - 20 = 0 represent the regression line of Y on X
and 3X + Y -13 = 0 represent the line of X on Y.
Now, 2X + 5Y - 20 = 0
−2
∴ byx = (See Solved illustrations example)
5

Alternates : Again, 3X + Y - 13 = 0
−1
∴ bxy = 3
2
Thus, r = byx × bxy
−2 −1 2
= × = <1
5 3 15

Since |r| ≤ 1 ⇒ r ≤ 1, our assumptions are correct.

Thus, 2X + 5 Y - 20 = 0, truly represents the regression line of Y on X
Q.9. The two regression equations are: 2x + 3y + 18 = 0 x + 2y - 25 = 0 find the value of y if
x=9
(a) -8 (b) 8
(c) -12 (d) 0
June 2009
Solution:-(b) To find the value of Y when X’s value is given, regression equation of Y on X
should be known.
Let 2X + 3 Y + 18 = 0 represents the regression line of Y on X and X + 2Y - 25 - 0 represents
line of X on Y.
−2
Now , 2X + 3Y + 18 = 0 byx =
3

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Again x + 2y - 25 = 0
x = 25 - 2y
∴ bxy = -2
Thus, r2 = byx × bxy
−2 4
= ( 3 ) × (-2) = 3 > 1

Our assumption is wrong. Thus, 2x + 3y + 18 = 0 really is the regression line of X on Y and x

+ 2y - 25 = 0 the regression line of Y on X.
Putting x = 9 in x + 2y - 25 = 0
9 + 2y - 25 = 0
2y = 25 -9 = 16 , So y = 8
Q.10. The correlation coefficient between x and y is - 1/2. The value of bxy = -1/8. Find byx.
(a) -2 (b) -4
(c) 0 (d) 2
June 2009
Solution:- (a) Since r2 = bxy × byx
−1 2 −1
( ) = × byx
2 8
1 −1
or; 4 = 8
× byx ; So, byx = −2
Q.11. Which of the following regression equations represent regression line of Y on X:
7x + 2y + 15 = 0,2x 4- 5y + 10 = 0
(a) 7x + 2y + 15 =0 (b) 2x + 5y+10 = 0
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
Dec. 2009
Solution:- (b) Let 7x + 2y + 15 = 0 is the regression line X on Y and 2x + 5y + 15 = 0, is the
regression line of Y on X.
2 2
bxy = − 7 ; byx = − 5
2 2 4
r2 = bxy × byx = (− 7) × (− 5) = 35 < 1

So, our assumption is correct.

So, 2x + 5y + 10 = 0 is the regression line of Y on X.
Q.12 The two regression line are 7x - 3y -18 = 0 and 4x - y – 11 = 0. Find the value of byx
and bxy
(a) 7/3,1/4 (b) -7/3,-1/4
(c) -3/7,-1/4 (d) None of them
Dec. 2009
Solution: (a) Let 7x - 3y -18 = 0 be the regression line of Y on X and 4x - y - II = 0 is of X on
Y.
Alternates :- See SOLVED ILLUSTRATIONS Examples.

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7 7 −1 1
byx = − −3 = 3, bxy = − 4
=4
7
r2 = bxy × byx = 12 = 0.583 < 1

So, our assumption is correct.

7 1
So, byx = 3 ad bxy = 4
Q.13. _____ of the regression Coefficient is greater than the correlation coefficient
(a) Combined mean (b) Harmonic mean
(c) Geometric mean (d) Arithmetic mean.
June 2010
Solution:-(d) r = ± √bxy . byx = GM of Regression Coefficients.
Since, AM > GM> HM
Therefore, AM of regression coefficients is greater than correlation coefficient,
Q.14. If the sum of the product of deviations of x and y series from their mean is zero, then
the coefficient of correlation will be
(a) 1 (b) -1
(c) 0 (d) None of these
Dec. 2010
Solution: (c) Given (X - X)(Y - Y) = 0
∑(X−X)(Y−Y)
Formula, r = N×σx ×σy
0
= N×σ =0
x ×σy

Q.15. Regression coefficient are _____

(a) dependent of change of origin and of scale.
(b) independent of both change of origin and of scale.
(c) dependent of change of origin but not of scale.
(d) independent of change of origin but not of scale
Dec. 2010
Solution:- (d) Regression coefficient are independent of change of origin but not of scale.
(As per Fundamental Principle)
Q.16. Given :
X = 16, σx = 4.8 , Y = 20 , σy = 9.6
The coefficient of correlation between x and y is 0.6 . What will be the regression coefficient
of ‘x’ on ‘y’ ?
(a) 0.03 (b) 0.3
(c) 0.2 (d) 0.05
Dec. 2010
σ
Solution:- (b) bxy = r × σx
y

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4.8
bxy = 0.6 × 9.6 = 0.3
Q. 17. If the two line of regression are x + 2y - 5 =0 and 2x + 3y - 8 =0 The regression line of
y on x is
(a) x + 2y – 5 = 0 (b) 2x + 3y – 8 = 0
(c) Any of the two line (d) None of the two line
Dec. 2010
Solution: (a) Let x + 2y - 5 =0 be Regression equation of Y on X.
coeff. of x −1
byx = = = −0.5
coeff. of y 2
Let 2x + 3y - 8 = 0 be Regression equation of X on Y.
2
bxy = − = −0.66
3
byx.b xy < 1
In both the cases r < 1
Hence x + 2y – 5 = 0 can be regression line of Y on X
Q.18. For a bivariate data two lines of regression are 40x - 18y = 214 and 8x - 10y + 66 = 0,
then find the values of x and y
(a) 17 and 13 (b) 13 and 17
(c) 13 and-17 (d) -13 and 17
June 2011
Solution:- (b) ALTERNATES :- Go by choices,
X = 13 and Y = 17; satisfy both Regression Lines.

∴ X = 13 and Y = 17
Q.19. Out of the following which one affects the regression co-efficient.
(a) Change of origin only
(b) Change of scale only
(c) Change of scale & origin both
(d) Neither change of origin nor change of scale
Dec. 2011
Solution:- (b) The regression coefficients remain unchanged due to a shift of origin but
changes due to a shift of scale.
Q.20. For a bivariate data, the line of regression of Y on X, and of X on Y are respectively
2.5 Y - X = 35 and 10 X - Y = 70, then correlation coefficient r is equal to:
(a) 0.2 (b) -0.2
(c) 0.5 (d) -0.5
Dec. 2011
Solution:- (a) The equation of regression line Y on X is 2.5 Y - X = 35
−1 1
byx =− ( )=
25 2.5
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The equation of Regression line X on Y is 10x ‐ y = 70

−1 1
bxy = ( )=
10 10
Both Regression Coefficients are positive.
2 1 1
r = +√bxy × byx = √ × =√ = 0.2
5 10 25

Q.21. If one of regression coefficient is _____ unity, the other must be _____ unity.
(a) more than, more than (b) Less than, Less than
(c) more than, less than (d) Positive, Negative
Dec. 2011
Solution: (c) If one regression co-efficient is more than unity, the other must be less than
unity.
Q.22. If Y is dependent variable and X is Independent variable and the S.D of X and Y are 5
and 8 respectively and Co-efficient of co-relation between X and Y is 0.8.
Find the Regression coefficient of Y on X.
(a) 0.78 (b) 1.28
(c) 6.8 (d) 0.32
Dec. 2011
Solution:- (b) Given , σx = 5 ; σy = 8; r = 0.8
Regression Co-eff of Y on X
σy 0.8 × 8 6.4
byx = r ⋅ = = = 1.28
σx 5 5
Q.23. If the regression lines are 8x - 10y + 66 = 0 and 40x - 18y = 214, the correlation
coefficient between ‘x’ and ‘y’ is:
(a) 1 (b) 0.6
(c) -0.6 (d) -1
June 2012
Solution: (b) 8x -10y + 66 = 0 be the Regression eqn. of Y on X
8
byr = − −10 = 0.8 and

40x ‐ 18y = 214; be Regression eqn. of X on Y.

−18
bxy = − 40
= 0.45

r = ±√byx × b𝑥y [Both Regr. Co-eff. are+ye.]

= +√08 × 045 = +0.6

[r is also + ve.]
Q.24. The coefficients of correlation between two variables X and Y is the simple _____ of
the two regression.
(a) Arithmetic Mean. (b) Geometric Mean.

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(c) Harmonic Mean. (d) None of the above.

June 2012
Solution: (b) The coefficient of correlation between two variables X and Y is the simple
geometric mean of the two regression coefficient.
Q.25. If 2 variables are uncorrelated, their regression lines are:
(a) Parallel (b) Perpendicular
(c) Coincident (d) Inclined at 45 degrees
June 2012
Solution: (b) If two variables are uncorrelated (i.e. r = 0) then regression lines are
perpendicular
Q.26. If x, y denote the arithmetic means, σx; σy denote the standard the deviations, bxy,; byx
denote the regression coefficients of the variables ‘x’ and ‘y’ respectively, then the point of
inter-section of regression lines X on Y & Y on X is
(a) (X;Y) (b) (σx,σy)
(e) (σx,σy) (d) (σx2,σy2)
June 2012
Solution: (a) Since the two lines of regression pass through the point (X,Y) the mean values
(X,Y) can be obtained as the point of intersection of the two regression lines.
Q.27. For certain x and y series which are correlated, the two line of regression are 5x - 6y +
9 = 0 15x - 8y - 130 = 0
The correlation coefficient is
(a) 4/5 (b) 3/4
(c) 2/3 (d) 1/2
Dec. 2012
Solution: (c) Let 5x - 6y + 9 = 0; be a Regression eqn. of Y on X.
5 5
byx = − =
−6 6
And 15x‐ 8y − 130 = 0 , be a Regression eqn. of X on Y
8
bxy = 15

5 8 2
r = ±√byx × bxy = +√6 × 15 = + 3

Q.28. The coefficient of correlation between X and Y series is - 0.38 The linear relation
between x & v are 3X + 5U = 3 and -8Y - 7V = 44, what is the coefficient of correlation
between U & V ?
(a) 0.38 (b) -0.38
(c) 0.40 (d) None of these
Dec. 2012
Solution: (b) Given rxy = - 0.38
Alternates :- 3X + 5U = 3 and -8Y - 7V = 44

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8Y + 7V = 44
r = -0.38
Note :- See SOLVED ILLUSTRATIONS Examples.
Q.29. If Y = 18X + 5 is the regression line of X on Y; The value of bxy is
(a) 5/18 (b) 18
(c) 5 (d) 1/18
Dec. 2012
Solution: (d) If Y= 18X + 5
18X - Y- 5 = 0
−1 1
bxy =− ( )=
18 18
Q.30. 8x‐ 3y + 7 = 0, 14x − 7y + 0 − −0 are two regression equation then the correlation
coefficient, r =
(a) 0.86 (b) -0.86
(c) 0.45 (d) −0.45
June 2013
Solution: (a) is correct

Let 8x‐ 3y + 7 = 0; be Regression Eqn. ofy on x

8 8
∴ byx = − =
−3 3

and 14x‐ 7y + 6 = 0; the Regression Eqn. of x on y

−7 7 1
∴ bxy = − 14 = 14 = 2
8 1 4
bxy . bxy = × = >1
3 2 3
:‐ Our Assumption is wrong
2 3
So; bxy = 1 = 2 & byx = 8
3 3
∴ r2 = bxy . byx = 2. 8 = 4 = 0.75
:- r = + 0.86
Q.31. If r = + 1 or -1 then the two regression lines _____
(a) Have 30% angle between them
(b) Have 45% angle between them
(c) Coincide
(d) Perpendicular to each other
Dec. 2013
Solution: (c) For r = + 1 or -1 Regression Lines Coincide.
Q.32. If mean of X and Y variables is 20 and 40 respectively and the regression coefficient Y
on X is 1.608 then the regression line of Y on X is:
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(a) Y=1.608 X + 7.84 (b) Y = 1.56 X + 4.84

(c) Y=1.608 X +4.84 (d) Y = 1.56 X + 7.84
Dec. 2013
Solution: (a) is correct
Alternates :- See Solved illustrations check which option is correct
for x = 20 ; y = 40
For (a); y = 1.608 × 20 + 7.84 = 40
which is correct
Q.33. The equations two lines of regression for x & y are 5x = 22 + y and 64x = 24 + 45y,
then the value of regression coefficient of y on x will be _____
1
(a) 5 (b)
5
64 45
(c) (d)
45 64

June 2014
Solution: (c) is correct
Let 5x = 22 + y be a regression Eqn. of X on Y
1
∴ bxy =
5

and 64x = 24 + 45y be a Regression Eqn. Of y on x

:‐ 45y = −24 + 64𝑥

64
byx = 45
1 64 64
∴ r2 = bxy . 𝑏yx = . = <1
5 45 225

:‐ Our assumption is correct

64
∴ byx = 45

Q.34. Two regression lines for a bivariate data are 2x-5Y + 6 = 0 and 5x -4Y + 3 = 0 Then
the coefficient correlation shall be___.
−2√2 2
(a) 5
(b) 5
+2√2 √2
(c) 5
(d) 5

June 2014
Solution: (c) is correct
Alternates :- (See Solved illustrations)
Let 2x - 5y + 6 = 0 be a regression
Eqn. of x on y
(−5) 5
bxy = − =
2 2
and 5x - 4y + 3 = 0 be a Regression

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Eqn. of y on x
5 5
byx = − −4 = 4
5 5 25
r2 = bxy . byx = . = >1
2 4 8

:‐ Our assumption is incorrect

4 2
:‐ Correct bxy = 5 and byx = 5
4 2
:- r2 = bxy . byx = .
5 5
2√2
:- r = + 5

Q.35. If the mean of two variables x & y are 3 and 1 respectively. Then the equation of two
regression lines are _____
(a) 5x+7y-22=0 & 6x+2y-20=0
(b) 5x+7y-22=0 & 6x+2y+20=0
(c) 5x+7y+22=0 & 6x+2y-20=0
(d) 5x+7y+22=0 & 6x+2y+20=0
June 2014
Solution: (a) is correct
Alternates :- Go by choices
For (a) x = 3; y = 1 Satisfy eqns of (a)
As LHS = 5 × 3+7-22 = 0 (RHS)
and LHS = 6 × 3 + 2 × 1-20 = 0 (RHS)
:- (a) is correct.
Q.36. Two regression equations are x + y = 6 and x + 2y = 10 then correlation coefficient
between X and Y is
(a) -1/2 (b) 1/2
1 1
(c) – (d)
√2 √2

Dec. 2014
Solution: (c) is correct
Alternates:- See Quicker QA book
1x + 1y = 6 ⇒y = -x + 6
1x + 2y = 10 ⇒2y = -x +10
1×1 1
r = - √1×2 = − (x & y have opposite signs.)
√2

Q.37, Correlation coefficient between x and y is zero the two regression lines are
(a) Perpendicular to each other
(b) Coincide to each other
(c) Parallel to each other

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(d) None of these

Dec. 2014
Solution: (a) is correct.
Q.38. The two regression lines are 16x -20y+132=0 and 80x- 30y-428=0, the value of
correlation coefficient is
(a) 0.6 (b) -0.6
(c) 0.54 (d) 0.45
June 2015
Solution: (c) is correct
Alternates see Solved illustrations book
16 × 30
r = +√20 × 80 = 0.547

Q.39. Which of the following is true:

σy 𝜎𝑥
(a) bxy = r. (b) bxy = r.
σ𝑥 σy

∑ xy ∑ xy
(c) bxy = π. σ𝑥
(d) bxy = π. σy

Dec. 2015
Solution: (b) is correct.
Q.40. The regression are as follows
Regression equation of X on Y: 6X − Y = 28
Regression equation ofY on X: 64X − 45Y = 24
What will be the mean X and Y?
(a) X = 8, Y = 6 (b) X = 6, Y = 6
(c) X = 6, Y = S (d) X = 8, Y = 8
June 2016
Solution: (c) is correct.
Alternates:- Go by Choices
X = 6 and Y = 8 satisfy both Regression Eqns.

∴ X = 6; Y = 8 is correct
Q.41. The two lines of regression become identical when
(a) r = 1 (b) r = -1
(c) r = 0 (d) (a) or (b)
June 2016
Solution: (d) is correct.
Q.42. Regression coefficients are affected by _____
(a) Change of origin (b) Change of Scale
(c) Both origin & scale (d) Neither origin nor scale

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Dec. 2016
Solution: (b) is correct.
Q.43. Regression lines are passes through the _____ points
(a) Mean (b) Standard deviation
(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None
Dec. 2016
Solution : (a) is correct.
Q.44. If the regression line of x on y is 3x + 2y = 100, then find the value of bxy ?
−2 10
(a) 3
(b) 3
3 2
(c) 2 (d) 3
Dec. 2016
Solution: (a) is correct.
Alternates : Solved illustrations
2
bxy = −
3

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