CONCEPT OF CULTURE -​ States that culture is “that complex

whole which includes knowledge,

CULTURE belief, art, law, morals, custom, and
-​ is a powerful defining characteristics of any other capabilities and habits
human groups that shapes our perceptions, acquired by man as a member of
behaviors, and relationships society.”
-​ Comes from the Latin expression “clique” or 2.​ Robert Ranulp Marrett
cultus significance, plowing, or developing -​ Tend to define culture in terms of
or refining and love “communicable intelligence”,
-​ Refers to a human-made environment “conventional understandings”,” or
which includes all the material and “communicated ideas.”
nonmaterial products of group life that are 3.​ Radeliffe Brown
transmitted from one generation to the next -​ Culture as cultivation the process of
transmitting and acquiring traditions
TYPES OF CULTURE as a result of which society is
1.​ Material Culture perpetuated
-​ Compromise of articles that are GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
identified with the material part of 1.​ Culture is learned and acquired.
our life like our dress, food, and -​ sls
family products Example: You learn the behavior of
Example: the place where you are born.
Schools, materials, churches, 2.​ Culture is shared by a group of people.
temples, factories, homes -​ For a thought or action to be
2.​ Non-material Culture considered cultural, it must be
-​ Alludes to thoughts, standards, commonly shared by some
musings and conviction population or group of individuals.
Example: Example:
Symbols, language, values, and A marriage should involve a man
norms and a woman
3.​ Culture is cumulative.
ASPECT OF CULTURE -​ Knowledge is stored and passed on
Culture is diverse because of its aspect that from generations to generations, and
develop man’s social interaction new knowledge is being added to
●​ LANGUAGE- mother tongue, lingo, dialect what is existing.
●​ ACTIONS- regime, justice, organization, Example:
work, religion, techniques, science, art The tricycle and jeepneys in the
●​ VALIDITY- values, opinions, laws, Philippines are made of materials
metaphors, meanings that come from different places in
●​ IDENTITY- self-consciousness, self-esteem the world.
●​ HISTORY- time experience milestone, 4.​ Culture changes.
myths -​ As new cultural trains are added,
●​ SPACE- spatial experience, functional some old ones are lost because they
spaces, living space are no longer useful.
●​ EXPERIENCE- rituals, customs, practices Example:
Most people today do not know the
ANTHROPOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL ways on how to survive in a wild
PERSPECTIVE environment because they are
1.​ Edward Burnett Tylor focused on skills such as driving a
car or using a computer.
 5.​ Culture is dynamic. -​ A social framework that shares a
-​ This stems from its cumulative topographical domain, a typical culture, and
quality. No culture is ever in a a lifestyle (Johnson 1996)
permanent state. It is constantly -​ A continuous concreting and organizing of
changing because new ideas and people’s exercises [Dorothy Smith (1926)]
techniques are added and old ways
are modified or discarded. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
Example: 1.​ Society is abstract.
Filipino vocabulary has grown -​ In case society is seen as a web of
because of borrowed words from social relationships, it is particular
other languages like Spanish, from actual elements which we can
Chinese, and English. see through faculties.
6.​ Culture gives us a scope of passable 2.​ Likeness and Difference in Society
standards. -​ Society needs difference also for its
-​ Every culture allows a range of ways existence and continuance
in which men can be men and 3.​ Cooperation and Conflict in Society
women can be women. It also tells -​ Collaboration and struggle are
how different activities should be general components in human
conducted. existence. Society depends on
Example: cooperation but since of interior
Culture tells us how we should dress contrasts, there is a struggle likewise
based on our gender, but it allows us among its individuals. “Society is
to dress in different ways in different cooperation crossed by conflict.”
situations in order to communicate (Maclver and Page)
varied messages and statuses. 4.​ Society is a process not a product.
7.​ Culture is diverse. -​ “Society exists just as a period
-​ Culture is a system with many arrangement.” (Maclver and Page)
manually interdependent parts When interaction stops, the item
Example: vanishes.
The choice of marriage partner 5.​ Society is a system of stratification
involves many different parts of -​ It gives an arrangement of definition
culture such as religion, economic of situations with classes that every
class, education, etc. individuals has a moderately steady
8.​ Culture is ideational. and unmistakable situation in the
-​ Culture is an ideational pattern of social construction
behavior which the members are
expected to follow. CONCEPT OF POLITICS
POLITICS
CONCEPT OF SOCIETY -​ Came from the Greek word “polis” which
SOCIETY means the city state.
-​ Is the general public in which we live and -​ A subject which managed all the exercises
decides everything from the food we eat to and undertakings of the city state
the decision we make. -​ The art of government, the activity if control
-​ Comes from the latin root socius signifying inside the society through the settling on
“buddy” or “being with others” [(Auguste and authorization of aggregate choices
Comte (1798-1857)] (Heywood 1997)
-​ Is a gathering of individuals whose
individuals associate dwell in a quantifiable GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS
region and offer a culture 1.​ Use or threat of use of legal force
 -​ It allows the legal authority to use and frustration. In sociology, we call
force this culture shock.
-​ Use of one's own culture to judge
2.​ Interdependence of parts others in their society.
-​ When the properties of one -​ One's group is the center
component in a system change, all "everything , and all others are
the other components and the scaled and rated with it"-William
system as a whole are affected Sumner

ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL REMEMBER THESE

Cultural Universals ●​ Cultural Universals give rise to
-​ are traits that are parts of every known Ethnocentrism and Cultural
culture. These include bodily adornment, Relativity/Relativism.
courtship, dancing, education, food taboos, ●​ Cultural differences are dominant than
funeral rites, etc. Cultural Universals give cultural universal
rise to Ethnocentrism and Cultural ●​ Cultural Relativism refers to the practice of
Relativity/Relativism. assessing a culture by its own standards
rather than viewing it through the lens of
Cultural Relativism one’s own culture.
-​ refers to the practice of assessing a culture ●​ The logic of cultural relativism is at the basis
by its own standards rather than viewing it of contemporary policies of multiculturalism.
through the lens of one’s own culture. ●​ Ethnocentrism involves a belief or attitude
-​ Not judging a culture but trying to that one’s own culture is better than all
understand it on its own terms others
-​ Putting self in their (other culture ) shoes / ●​ Multiculturalism refers to both the fact of the
eyes existence of a diversity of cultures within
one territory and to a way of conceptualizing
Ruth Benedict (1887–1948) and managing cultural diversity.
-​ argued that each culture has an internally
consistent pattern of thoughts and actions, SYMBOL
which alone could be the basis for judging -​ is an object, word, or action that stands for
the merits and morality of the culture’s something else, without natural relationship,
practices. that is culturally defined.
Multiculturalism -​ such as gestures, signs, objects, signals,
-​ refers to both the fact of the existence of a and words, help people understand the
diversity of cultures within one territory and world.
to a way of conceptualizing and managing -​ provides clues to understanding
cultural diversity. experiences. They relay recognizable
-​ The logic of cultural relativism is at the basis meanings that are shared by societies.
of contemporary policies of multiculturalism.
SYMBOLISM
Ethnocentrism -​ is when something represents abstract
●​ William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) ideas or concepts; it assigns names,
-​ involves a belief or attitude that denominations, and defines relations
one’s own culture is better than all between various elements (actors, actions,
others (1906). Ethnocentrism can be goals, means, objects, values, etc.)
so strong that when confronted with articulated within a narrative.
all the differences of a new culture,
one may experience disorientation
FUNCTIONS OF SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM
●​ Social symbols are used to transfer culture,
ideologies, or beliefs from group to another
group of people, and also used to preserve
traditions or beliefs of a certain group of
people.
●​ Symbols and symbolism have been used to
create movements, spread ideas, and share
advocacies that surpasses time and
distance.
TYPES OF SYMBOLS
1.​ Cultural Symbols- manifestation that
signifies ideology of a particular culture that
has meaning within that culture.
2.​ Social symbols – relating to human
societies and its modes of organization (i.e.,
social classes, social problems, social
issues)
3.​ Political symbols- used to represent a
political standpoint; seen in various media
and forms such as banners, flag, motto.
4.​ Economic symbols – used in production,
distribution, and consumption of goods

GENERAL EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL SYMBOLS

AND PRACTICES
●​ Objects, figures, sounds and colors ​
●​ Facial expressions, word interpretations, or
gestures such as handshakes and hand
signals, instead of symbols and signs ​

CULTURE PRACTICES
-​ are the manifestation of a culture or
subculture, especially concerning the
traditional and customary practices of a
particular ethnic or other cultural group.
Examples:
religious and spiritual, medical treatment,
forms of artistic expressions, culinary,
housing and child-rearing practices.