Answer Key for

PostgreSQL Essential – 16
 Table of Contents
Module 3 - PostgreSQL Installation .......................................................................... 4
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................... 4
Answer Lab Exercise 1 (RHEL/Rocky/OL Linux 9) ............................................ 4
Module 4 - User Tools - Command Line Interfaces................................................... 5
Lab Exercise – 1.................................................................................................... 5
Answer Lab Exercise – 1 ................................................................................... 5
Module 5 – Database Clusters .................................................................................. 8
Lab Exercise – 1.................................................................................................... 8
Answer - Lab Exercise-1 .................................................................................... 8
Module 6 - Configuration ......................................................................................... 10
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 10
Answer Lab Exercise -1 ................................................................................... 10
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 10
Answer Lab Exercise – 2 ................................................................................. 11
Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................................. 12
Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................................. 12
Module 7 - Data Dictionary ..................................................................................... 14
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 14
Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 14
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 14
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 14
Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................................. 15
Answer Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................. 15
Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................................. 17
Answer Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................. 17
Module 8 - Creating and Managing Databases ....................................................... 18
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 18
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 19
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 19
Module 9 - Security ................................................................................................. 21
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 21
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 Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 21
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 21
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 21
Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................................. 22
Answer Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................. 22
Module 10 – Monitoring and Admin Tools ............................................................... 23
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 23
Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 23
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 28
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 28
Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................................. 32
Answer Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................. 32
Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................................. 33
Answer Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................. 33
Module 11 - SQL Primer ......................................................................................... 35
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 35
Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 35
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 35
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 36
Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................................. 36
Answer Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................. 36
Module 12 - Backup Recovery ................................................................................ 37
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 37
Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 37
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 38
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 38
Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................................. 38
Answer Lab Exercise - 3 .................................................................................. 39
Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................................. 39
Answer Lab Exercise - 4 .................................................................................. 39
Lab Exercise - 5 .................................................................................................. 41
Answer Lab Exercise - 5 .................................................................................. 41
Module 13 - Routine Maintenance Tasks................................................................ 43
Lab Exercise – 1.................................................................................................. 43

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 Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 43
Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................................. 44
Answer Lab Exercise - 2 .................................................................................. 44
Module 14 - Moving Data ........................................................................................ 45
Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................................. 45
Answer Lab Exercise - 1 .................................................................................. 45

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 Answer Key for Foundations
PostgreSQL Administration Labs – 15

Module 3 - PostgreSQL Installation

Lab Exercise - 1
In this lab exercise you can practice installing PostgreSQL on Linux
1. Choose the platform on which you want to install PostgreSQL
2. Download the PostgreSQL installer from the postgresql.org for the chosen
platform
3. Prepare the platform for installation
4. Install PostgreSQL and connect to a database using psql

Answer Lab Exercise 1 (RHEL/Rocky/OL Linux 9)

(SKIP THIS SECTION IF YOU HAD ALREADY INSTALLED POSTGRESQL ON
LINUX)
1. Connect to your Linux machine as root or sudo user
2. Use useradd command to create a new user:

3. Install the repository RPM:

sudo dnf install -y
https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms
/EL-9-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
4. Disable the built-in PostgreSQL module:
sudo dnf -qy module disable postgresql
5. Install PostgreSQL:
sudo dnf install -y postgresql16-server
6. Create a database cluster and start the cluster using services:
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
7. Enable autostart for PostgreSQL service:
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
8. Start PostgreSQL Service:
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

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 Module 4 - User Tools - Command Line Interfaces
Lab Exercise – 1
1. Connect to a database using psql.
2. Switch databases.
3. Describe the customers table.
4. Describe the customers table including description.
5. List all databases.
6. List all schemas.
7. List all tablespaces.
8. Execute a sql statement, saving the output to a file.
9. Do the same thing, just saving data, not the column headers.
10. Create a script via another method and execute from psql.
11. Turn on the expanded table formatting mode.
12. Lists tables, views and sequences with their associated access privileges.
13. View the current working directory.

Answer Lab Exercise – 1

NOTE: ALL PRACTICE LABS OF MODULE 3 & 4 MUST BE DONE PRIOR TO

THIS LAB EXERCISE
1. Connect to database using psql.
Type the following command:
psql -h localhost -p 5432 postgres postgres then type the
postgres password.

2. Switch to the edbstore database.

Type the following command:
\c edbstore edbuser then type edbuser password.

3. Describe the customers table.

Type
\d customers

4. Describe the customers table including description.

Type the following command: \d+ customers

5. List all databases.

Type the following command: \l

6. List all schemas. Type the following command: \dn

7. List all tablespaces. Type the following command: \db

8. Execute an SQL statement, to save the output to a file.

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 Type the following command:
\o customer_data.txt
SELECT * FROM customers;
\o

9. Do the same thing, just saving data, not the column headers.
Type the following command:
\t
\o customer_data.txt
SELECT * FROM customers;
\o
\t

10. Exit out of psql then create a script via another method, and execute from
psql.
a. Exit .Type \q
b. Create the sql file.
Type:
i. vi emp.sql
ii. SELECT * FROM emp;
iii. <ESC>:wq <Enter>

c. Connect back to psql and execute the script.

Type
psql -f emp.sql -d edbstore -U edbuser then enter the
edbuser password

d. Connect to the edbstore database using psql.

Type
psql -d edbstore -U edbuser

11. Turn on the expanded table formatting mode.

Type the following command:
\x
SELECT * FROM dept;
\x

12. Lists tables, views, and sequences with their associated access
privileges.
Type the following command: \dp

13. View the current working directory. Type \! pwd

Exit psql. Type \q

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©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 Page |7
 Module 5 – Database Clusters
Lab Exercise – 1
1. A new website is to be developed for an online music store
– Create a new cluster with data directory /edbdata and ownership of
postgres user
– Start your edbdata cluster
– Reload your cluster with pg_ctl utility and using pg_reload_conf()
function
– Stop your edbdata cluster with fast mode

Note: Answer of this Lab Exercise is given assuming PATH variable is set
in .bash_profile or can be set using export PATH=/usr/pgsql-
16/bin:$PATH

Answer - Lab Exercise-1

1. Open a terminal window. Type sudo mkdir /edbdata then enter the
sudo user password.
Type command:
sudo mkdir /edbdata
2. Change the ownership to postgres user.
Type the following command:
sudo chown postgres:postgres /edbdata

3. Login as postgres.
Type su – postgres and enter the postgres user password

4. Create and initialize the cluster.

Type the following command:
initdb -D /edbdata –W then enter the database superuser password
twice. The default database superuser is “postgres”

5. Change the port.

Type
vi /edbdata/postgresql.conf, then click the <INSERT> key

6. Change the port to 5433 . Uncomment the parameter and set the port
port = 5433

7. Save and close the file.

Type <ESC>:wq <Enter>

8. Start the cluster.

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 Type pg_ctl -D /edbdata start

9. Reload the cluster.

Type the following command:
pg_ctl -D /edbdata reload
or connect using psql –p 5433 postgres postgres and
type the following command:
SELECT pg_reload_conf();

10. Stop the cluster.

Type the following command:
pg_ctl -D /edbdata –mf stop

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 Module 6 - Configuration
Lab Exercise - 1
1. You are working as DBA. It is recommended to keep a backup copy of
postgresql.conf file before making any changes. Make necessary changes in
server parameter file for following settings:
– Allow up to 200 connected users
– Reserve 10 connection slots for DBA
– Set the maximum time to complete client authentication to be 10 seconds

Answer Lab Exercise -1

Open a terminal window. Type su – postgres

1. Create a copy of config file.

Type the following command:
cp /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf
~/postgresql.conf.backup

Open the postgresql.conf file.Type

vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf

then click the <INSERT> key.

2. Make following Changes:

a. max_connections = 200 (remember to uncomment the line)
b. superuser_reserved_connections = 10 (remember to
uncomment the line)
c. authentication_timeout = 10s (remember to uncomment the
line)

3. Save the file and close. Type <ESC>:wq <Enter>

4. Restart database cluster to implement the changes.

pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/ -mf restart

Lab Exercise - 2
1. Working as a DBA is a challenging job and to track down certain activities on the
database server logging has to be implemented. Go through the server
parameters that control logging and implement the following:

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 – Save all the error message in a file inside the log folder in your cluster data
directory (e.g. /edbdata)
– Log all queries which are taking more than 5 seconds to execute, and their
time
– Log the users who are connecting to the database cluster
– Make the above changes and verify them

Answer Lab Exercise – 2

1. Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su – postgres then the password.

2. Open the postgresql.conf file. Type

vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf

3. Make following changes:

a. log_directory = 'log'
b. log_min_duration_statement = 5000
c. log_connections = on

4. Save the file and close. Type

<Esc>:wq <Enter>

5. Reload postgres cluster to implement the changes. Type

pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data reload

6. Verify the changes by connecting to a database in your database cluster.

Type psql -p 5432 postgres postgres

a. Type the following command:

SHOW log_connections;
SHOW log_min_duration_statement;
SHOW log_directory;

Exit psql type \q

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 Lab Exercise - 3
1. Perform the following changes recommended by a senior DBA and verify them.
Set:
– Shared buffer to 256MB
– Effective cache for indexes to 512MB
– Maintenance memory to 64MB
– Temporary memory to 8MB

Answer Lab Exercise - 3

Open a terminal and logon as the postgres user. Type

su - postgres then the password.

Open the postgresql conf file. Type

vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf

then type <i> to go into insert mode

1. Make following Changes:

a. shared_buffers = 256MB
b. maintenance_work_mem = 64MB
c. effective_cache_size = 512MB
d. work_mem = 8MB

Save the file and close. Type

<ESC>:wq <Enter>

2. Restart postgres cluster to implement the changes.

Type the following command:
pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data -mf restart

Lab Exercise - 4
1. Vacuuming is an important maintenance activity and needs to be properly
configured. Change the following autovacuum parameters on the production
server. Set:
– Autovacuum workers to 6
– Autovacuum threshold to 100
– Autovacuum scale factor to 0.3
– Auto analyze threshold to 100
– Autovacuum cost limit to 100

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 Answer Lab Exercise - 4

Open a terminal and logon as the posgres user.

Type
su - postgres then the password.

Open the postgresql conf file. Type <i> to go into insert mode
vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf

1. Make following Changes:

a. autovacuum_max_workers = 6
b. autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 100
c. autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.3
d. autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 100
e. autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = 100

2. Save the file and close. Type <ESC>:wq <Enter>

3. Reload postgres cluster to implement the changes. Type

pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/ reload

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 Module 7 - Data Dictionary
Lab Exercise - 1
1. You are working with different schemas in a database. You need to determine
all the schemas in your search path. Write a query to find the list of schemas
currently in your search path.

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su - postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the edbstore database. Type

psql edbstore edbuser and type the edbuser password

1. Review the current search path. Type the following command:

SELECT current_schemas(true);

2. Write a query to find the list of schemas currently in your search path. Type
SHOW search_path;

Exit psql type \q

Lab Exercise - 2
1. You need to determine the names and definitions of all the views in your
schema. Create a report that retrieves view information - the view name and
definition text.

Answer Lab Exercise - 2

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su - postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the edbstore database. Type

psql edbstore edbuser and type the edbuser password

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 1. Create a report that retrieves view information: the view name and definition
text.
Type the following command:
SELECT * FROM pg_views WHERE schemaname='edbuser';

Exit psql type \q

Lab Exercise - 3
1. Create report of all the users who are currently connected. The report must
display total session time of all connected users.

2. You found that a user has connected to the server for a very long time and have
decided to gracefully kill its connection. Write a statement to perform this task.

Answer Lab Exercise - 3

Open 2 terminal windows

Login as the postgres user in first.

Type su - postgres then the password.

Login as the postgres user.

Type su - postgres then the password.

1. In first terminal, go to psql in the edbstore database as the ebuy user

Type the following command:
psql edbstore ebuy and type the ebuy password lion

2. In second terminal, go to psql in the edbstore database.

Type the following command:
psql edbstore edbuser and type the edbuser password

3. Open a third terminal and logon as the postgres user.

Type su - postgres then the password.

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 4. In third terminal, go to psql in the postgres database. Type
psql postgres postgres and type the postgres password

5. Create report of all the users who are currently connected. The report must
display total session time of all connected users.
Type the following command:
SELECT usename,now()-backend_start AS "Total Connection
Time", pid FROM pg_stat_activity;

6. Run the user connection report again.

Type the following command:
SELECT usename,now()-backend_start AS "Total Connection
Time", pid FROM pg_stat_activity;

7. You found the the edbuser user has been connected to the server for too
long. Gracefully kill edbuser’s connection. Write a statement to perform this
task.
Type the following command:
SELECT pg_terminate_backend(edbuser pid);

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 8. Run the user connection report again.
Type the following command:
SELECT usename,now()-backend_start AS "Total Connection
Time", pid FROM pg_stat_activity;

Exit psql type \q.

Lab Exercise - 4
1. Write a query to display the name and size of all the databases in your cluster.
Size must be displayed using a meaningful unit.

Answer Lab Exercise - 4

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su - postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the postgres database. Type

psql postgres postgres and type the postgres password

1. Write a query to display name and size of all the databases in your cluster.
Size must be displayed using a meaningful unit.

Type the following command:

SELECT datname,
pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(datname)) AS size from
pg_database;

Exit psql type \q

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 Module 8 - Creating and Managing Databases
Lab Exercise - 1
1. An e-music online store website application developer wants to add an online
buy/sell facility and has asked you to separate all tables used in online
transactions. Here you have suggested to use schemas. Implement the
following suggested options:
– Create an ebuy user with password ‘lion’.
– Create an ebuy schema which can be used by user ebuy.
– Login as the ebuy user, create a table sample1 and check whether that
table belongs to the ebuy schema or not.

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

Connect postgres database using psql utility:

psql postgres postgres

1. Create a user ebuy with the password lion.

Type the following command:
CREATE USER ebuy Password 'lion';

2. Create the schema ebuy.

Type the following command:
CREATE SCHEMA ebuy authorization ebuy;

3. Switch to the ebuy user.

Type the following command:
\c postgres ebuy and the lion password.

Create a table sample1.

Type the following command:
CREATE table sample1(id numeric, name varchar);

Review the tables in the schema. Type \dt

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 Quit out of psql type \q

Lab Exercise - 2
1. Retrieve a list of databases using a SQL query.
2. Retrieve a list of databases using the psql meta command.
3. Retrieve a list of tables in the edbstore database and check which schema
and owner they have.

Answer Lab Exercise - 2

Connect to edbstore database.
Type the following command:
psql -d edbstore -U edbuser then enter the edbuser password.

1. Retrieve a list of databases. Type

SELECT datname FROM pg_database;

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 2. List the databases using a psql meta command. Type \l.

3. Retrieve a list of tables in edbstore database and check which schema and
owner they have. Type \dt

Exit out of psql. Type \q

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 Module 9 - Security
Lab Exercise - 1
1. You are working as a Postgres DBA. Your server box has 2 network cards with
IP addresses 192.168.30.10 and 10.4.2.10. 192.168.30.10 is used for
the internal LAN and 10.4.2.10 is used by the web server to connect users
from an external network. Your server should accept TCP/IP connections both
from internal and external users.
– Configure your server to accept connections from external and internal
networks.

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user.
Type
su – postgres then the password.

1. Open the postgresql.conf file.

Type the following command:
vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf

2. Make following Changes Type <i> to get in insert mode

listen_addresses='*'

3. Save the file and close Type

<ESC>:wq <Enter>

4. Restart postgres cluster to implement the changes.

Type the following command:
pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/ -mf restart

Lab Exercise - 2
1. A new developer has joined the team, and his ID number is 89.
– Create a new user by name dev89 and password password89.
– Then assign the necessary privileges to dev89 so that he can connect to
the edbstore database and view all tables.

Answer Lab Exercise - 2

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user.
Type
su – postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the postgres database. Type

psql postgres postgres and type the postgres password.

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 1. Create the user dev89.
Type the following command:
CREATE USER dev89 PASSWORD 'password89';

2. Grant connection rights to the dev89 user.

Type the following command:
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE edbstore to dev89;

Switch the edbstore database as the postgres user. Type

\c edbstore postgres

3. Grant usage rights to dev89 user on the edbuser schema.

Type the following command:
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA edbuser to dev89;

4. Grant select, insert, delete and update on all the edbuser tables.
Type the following command:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE ON ALL TABLES IN
SCHEMA edbuser to dev89;

5. Switch to the edbstore database as dev89 user.

Type the following command:
\c edbstore dev89 then enter the password for dev89.

6. Check to see dev89 can access the tables.

Type the following command:
SELECT * FROM edbuser.dept;

Exit out of psql

Type \q

Lab Exercise - 3
1. A new developer joins e-music corp. They have an IP address 192.168.30.89.
They are not able to connect from his machine to the Postgres server and gets
the following error on the server:

FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host “192.168.30.89", user

“dev89", database “edbstore", SSL off
2. Configure your server so that the new developer can connect from their
machine.

Answer Lab Exercise - 3

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su – postgres then the password.

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 1. Edit the pg_hba.conf file to fix the error.
Type the following command:
vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/pg_hba.conf

2. Add following entry to the end of the pg_hba.conf file.

Type <i> to get into insert mode
host edbstore dev89 192.168.30.89/32 md5

Save the file and close the file.

Type
<ESC>:wq <Enter>

3. Reload postgres cluster to implement the changes.

Type the following command:
pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/ reload

Module 10 – Monitoring and Admin Tools

Lab Exercise - 1
1. Open pgAdmin 4 and connect to the default PostgreSQL database cluster
– Create a user named pguser
– Create a database named pgdb owned by pguser
– After creating the pgdb database change its connection limit to 4
– Create a schema named pguser inside the pgdb database
– The schema owner should be pguser

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

Lab Exercise - 1
1. PgAdmin 4 on Linux can be installed using instruction available on Practice
Lab for this module.

2. Open PgAdmin 4 and connect to the default Postgres database cluster

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 3. Create user pguser
a. Right click on Login/Group Roles and choose Create:Login/Group
Roles.

b. Enter Role Name type pguser.

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 c. Click the Definition tab and enter a password for pguser.

d. Click the Privileges tab and set Can login to Yes then click Save.

4. Create a database called pgdb owned by pguser.

a. Right click Databases and choose Create: Database.

b. Enter the database name type pgdb.

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 c. Set the owner to be pguser and click Save.

5. Change the database connection limit to 4.

a. Right Click pgdb database and click Properties.

b. Click Definition tab change the Connection Limit to 4 then click

Save.

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 6. Create a schema in the pgdb database called pguser. Set the owner to be
pguser.
a. Right Click Schemas under pgdb database and click Create:
Schema

b. Enter the Schema Name as pguser and enter the Owner as

pguser,

c. Click the Security tab then under Grantee choose pguser.

Under Privileges check All and With Grant Option. Then click Save.

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 Lab Exercise - 2
1. You have created the pgdb database with the pguser schema. Create
following objects in the pguser schema:
– Table - Teams with columns TeamID, TeamName, TeamRatings
– Sequence - seq_teamid start value - 1 increment by 1
– Columns - Change the default value for the TeamID column to seq_teamid
– Constraint - TeamRatings must be between 1 and 10
– Index - Primary Key TeamID
– View - Display all teams in ascending order of their ratings. Name the view
as vw_top_teams

Answer Lab Exercise - 2

1. Open PgAdmin 4. Expland Databases. Go to pgdb then to Schemas and
to pguser, created in the last exercise.

2. Create the Teams Table.

a. Right click Tables and click Create: Table.
b. Enter Table name Teams and set the Owner to be pguser.

c. Click Columns tab and enter the following column names and data
types then click Save. For each new column click the add button in
the right corner.
i. TeamID, numeric
ii. TeamName, character varying

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 iii. TeamRatings, numeric

3. Create a Sequence seq_teamid with a start value of 1 and increment by 1

a. Right click in Sequences and click Create: Sequence.
b. Enter Sequence Name seq_teamid and set the Owner to be
pguser.

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 c. Click on Definition tab and enter the Increment to be 1 and the Start
to be 1 then click Save.

4. Change default value for TeamID column to be seq_teamid.

a. Expand the Teams table and click onto columns. Right click the
teamid column and choose Properties.

b. Click Constraints tab and set the Default value to be seq_teamid

type nextval('pguser.seq_teamid') then click Save.

5. Set the constraint for TeamRatings to be between 1 and 10.

a. Right click on Constraints in the teams table.

b. Go to Create: Check

c. Click on the Definitions tab and type "TeamRatings" between 1

and 10 then click Save.

NOTE: You may skip the name as it will be assigned by DB Server.

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 6. Set the Index Primary Key to be TeamID.
a. Right click Constraints and choose Create: Primary Key.
b. Go to the Definitions tab and choose the column TeamID from
column drop down list then click Save.

7. Create a view that will display all teams in ascending order of their ratings.
Name the view as vw_top_teams
a. Right click on Views in the pguser Schema and click Create: View

b. Enter the name vw_top_teams and set Owner as pguser.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 31

 c. Click the Code tab and Type
SELECT "TeamName", "TeamRatings" FROM
pguser."Teams" ORDER BY "TeamRatings" asc and then
click Save.

Lab Exercise - 3
1. View all rows in the Teams table.

2. Using the Edit data window you just opened in the previous step, insert the
following rows into the Teams table:

Answer Lab Exercise - 3

1. View all the rows in the teams table. Right click the Teams table. Choose
View Data then choose View All Rows.

2. In the Data Output window from previous step insert the above rows to the
Teams table.
a. Double click each row TeamName and enter the value, then double click
TeamRatings and enter the value.
b. Click the Save button.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 32

 c. Repeat until all 5 rows are loaded.

3. Click Save and close the window.

Lab Exercise - 4
1. Connect to the pgdb database using the query tool.
2. Using the graphical query builder retrieve all the rows present in the Teams table.
3. Using the graphical query builder retrieve all the rows present in view
vw_top_teams.

Answer Lab Exercise - 4

1. Go to Tools and choose Query Tool.

2. In the SQL Editor Type

SELECT * FROM "Teams";

3. Click the Execute Query button.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 33

 4. In the SQL Editor Type
SELECT * FROM vw_top_teams;

5. Click the Execute Query button.

6. Go to the File Menu and choose Exit. Click No to save changes message.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 34

 Module 11 - SQL Primer
Lab Exercise - 1
Test your knowledge:
1. Initiate a psql session
2. psql commands access the database : True/False
3. The following SELECT statement executes successfully: True/False
SELECT ename, job, sal AS Salary FROM emp;
4. The following SELECT statement executes successfully: True/False
SELECT * FROM emp;
5. There are coding errors in the following statement. Can you identify them?
SELECT empno, ename, sal * 12 ANNUAL SALARY FROM emp;

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

1. Initiate a psql sesion

a. Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su – postgres then the password.

b. Go to psql in the edbstore database. Type psql edbstore edbuser

and type the edbuser password.

2. True

3. True if you are connected as edbuser user

4. True if you are connected as edbuser user

5. Case sensitive Colum Headings and Column Headings with space must be
enclosed in double quotes "
SELECT empno, ename, sal * 12 "ANNUAL SALARY" FROM
edbuser.emp;

Lab Exercise - 2
1. The staff in the HR department wants to hide some of the data in the EMP table.
They want a view called EMPVU based on the employee numbers, employee
names, and department numbers from the EMP table. They want the heading for
the employee name to be EMPLOYEE.
2. Confirm that the view works. Display the contents of the EMPVU view.
3. Using your EMPVU view, write a query for the SALES department to display all
employee names and department numbers.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 35

 Answer Lab Exercise - 2
Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su – postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the edbstore database.

Type the following command:
psql edbstore edbuser and type the edbuser password

1. Execute following statements:

CREATE VIEW empvu as SELECT empno, ename AS employee,

deptno FROM emp;

\dv

SELECT * FROM empvu;

SELECT employee, deptno FROM empvu;

Lab Exercise - 3
1. You need a sequence that can be used with the primary key column of the dept
table. The sequence should start at 60 and have a maximum value of 200.
Have your sequence increment by 10. Name the sequence dept_id_seq.
2. To test your sequence, write a script to insert two rows in the dept table.

Answer Lab Exercise - 3

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user.
Type
su – postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the edbstore database.

Type psql edbstore edbuser and type the edbuser password

1. Create the sequence dept_id_seq.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 36

 Type the following command:
CREATE SEQUENCE dept_id_seq START WITH 60 INCREMENT BY
10 MAXVALUE 200;

2. Write a script to insert two rows in the dept table.

Type the following command:
INSERT INTO dept VALUES (nextval('dept_id_seq'),
'SERVICES');
INSERT INTO dept VALUES
(nextval('dept_id_seq'),'CONTROLS');

Module 12 - Backup Recovery

Lab Exercise - 1
1. The edbstore website database is all setup and as a DBA you need to plan a
proper backup strategy and implement it.
– As the root user, create a folder /pgbackup and assign ownership to the
Postgres user using the chown utility or the Windows security tab in folder
properties.
– Take a full database dump of the edbstore database with the pg_dump
utility. The dump should be in plain text format.
– Name the dump file as edbstore_full.sql and store it in the /pgbackup
directory.

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

1. Open a terminal and login as the root user. Type su - root then type the
root password. You can also connect as a sudoer user and execute
command using sudo

2. Create a folder /pgbackup and assign ownership to Postgres user using

chown utility or windows security tab in folder properties.
Type the following commands.
a. mkdir /pgbackup
b. chown -R postgres:postgres /pgbackup
c. su – postgres

3. Take a full database dump of the edbstore database with the pg_dump
utility. The dump should be in plain text format. Name the dump file as
edbstore_full.sql and store it in the /pgbackup directory.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 37

 Type the following command:
pg_dump -f /pgbackup/edbstore_full.sql -U postgres
edbstore Then enter the postgres password.

Lab Exercise - 2
1. Take a dump of the edbuser schema from the edbstore database and name
the file as edbuser_schema.sql
2. Take a data-only dump of the edbstore database, disable all triggers for faster
restore, use the INSERT command instead of COPY, and name the file as
edbstore_data.sql
3. Take a full dump of customers table and name the file as
edbstore_customers.sql

Answer Lab Exercise - 2

1. Open a terminal and login as the postgres user.
Type
su – postgres then the password.

2. Take a dump of the edbuser schema from the edbstore database and
name the dump file edbuser_schema.sql.
Type the following command:
pg_dump -n edbuser -f /pgbackup/edbuser_schema.sql -U
postgres edbstore then type the postgres password.

3. Take a data-only dump of the edbstore database, disable all triggers for a
faster restore, and use the insert command instead of copy, then name the
file as edbstore_data.sql.

Type the following command:

pg_dump –a --inserts --disable-triggers -f
/pgbackup/edbstore_data.sql -U postgres edbstore then type
the postgres password.

4. Take a full dump of customers table and name the file

edbuser_customers.sql.
Type the following command:
pg_dump -t edbuser.customers -f
/pgbackup/edbuser_customers.sql -U postgres edbstore then
type the postgres password.

Lab Exercise - 3
1. Take a full database dump of edbstore in compressed format using the
pg_dump utility, name the file as edbstore_full_fc.dmp

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 38

 2. Take a full database cluster dump using pg_dumpall. Remember pg_dumpall
supports only plain text format; name the file edbdata.sql

Answer Lab Exercise - 3

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su – postgres then the password.

1. Take a full database dump of the edbstore in compressed format using the
pg_dump utility, name the file as edbstore_full_fc.dm.
Type the following command:
pg_dump -Fc -f /pgbackup/edbstore_full_fc.dmp -U
postgres edbstore then type the postgres password.

2. Take a full database cluster dump using pg_dumpall. Remember

pg_dumpall supports only plain text format; name the file edbdata.sql.
Type the following command:
pg_dumpall -p 5432 -U postgres > /pgbackup/edbdata.sql
then type the postgres password 5-6 times as required.

Lab Exercise - 4
In this exercise you will demonstrate your ability to restore a database.
1. Drop database edbstore.
2. Create database edbstore with owner edbuser.
3. Restore the full dump from edbstore_full.sql and verify all the objects
and their ownership.
4. Drop database edbstore.
5. Create database edbstore with edbuser owner.
6. Restore the full dump from the compressed file edbstore_full_fc.dmp
and verify all the objects and their ownership.

Answer Lab Exercise - 4

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user.
Type
su – postgres then the password.

1. Drop database edbstore.

Type the following command:
dropdb edbstore then type the postgres password

2. Create database edbstore with owner edbuser.

Type the following command:
createdb -O edbuser edbstore then type the postgres password.

List the back up files

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 Type the following command: ls /pgbackup

3. Restore the full dump from edbstore_full.sql and verify all the objects and
their ownership.
Type the following command:
psql -f /pgbackup/edbstore_full.sql -d edbstore -U
edbuser then type the password for edbuser.

a. Go to the edbstore database as the edbuser user.

Type
psql -d edbstore -U edbuser then type the edbuser
password

b. List the tables of edbstore. Type \dt

Exit out of psql Type \q

4. Drop database edbstore.

Type the following command:
dropdb edbstore then type the password for postgres.

5. Create database edbstore with edbuser owner.

Type the following command:
createdb -O edbuser edbstore then type the password.

6. Restore the full dump from compressed file edbstore_full_fc.dmp and verify
all the objects and their ownership.
Type the following command:
pg_restore -d edbstore /pgbackup/edbstore_full_fc.dmp

Login to psql for the edbstore database.

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 Type the following command:
psql -d edbstore -U edbuser

List the edbstore tables type \dt

Exit out of psql Type \q

Lab Exercise - 5
1. Create a directory /opt/arch or c:\arch and give ownership to the
postgres user.
2. Configure your cluster to run in archive mode and set the archive log location to
be /opt/arch or c:\arch.
3. Take a full online base backup of your cluster in the /pgbackup directory using
the pg_basebackup utility.

Answer Lab Exercise - 5

1. Open a terminal and logon as the root user.
Type
su - root then type the root password.
a. Create a directory /opt/arch or c:\arch and give ownership to Postgres
user.
Type mkdir /opt/arch

b. Give ownership to Postgres user

Type chown postgres:postgres /opt/arch/

2. Connect as the user postgres.

Type
su - postgres

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 a. Open the config file.
vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/postgresql.conf

b. Change following parameters. Type <i> to get into insert mode

wal_level = replica
archive_mode = on
archive_command = 'cp %p /opt/arch/%f'
max_wal_senders = 2

c. Save and close the vi editor. Type <ESC>:wq <ENTER>

d. Open the config file.

Type
vi /var/lib/pgsql/16/data/pg_hba.conf

e. Uncomment following entries and change authentication method

to scram-sha-256:
local replication postgres scram-
sha-256
host replication postgres 127.0.0.1/32 scram-
sha-256
host replication postgres ::1/128 scram-
sha-256

f. Save and close the vi editor.

Type<Esc>:wq <ENTER>

g. Restart the server.

Type the following command:
pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/16/data -mf restart

3. Take the backup.

Type the following command:
pg_basebackup -h localhost -D /pgbackup/data

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 42

 Module 13 - Routine Maintenance Tasks
Lab Exercise – 1
1. While monitoring table statistics on the edbstore database, you found that some
tables are not automatically maintained by autovacuum. You decided to
perform manual maintenance on these tables. Write a SQL script to perform the
following:
– Reclaim obsolete row space from the customers table.
– Update statistics for emp and dept tables.
– Mark all the obsolete rows in the orders table for reuse.
2. Execute the newly created maintenance script on edbstore database.

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su - postgres then the postgres password.

1. Write a SQL script to perform maintenance on the customers, emp, dept and
orders tables.
Type the following command:
vi edbstore_mnts_script.sql to create the script.

Then type <i> to get into insert mode and enter the following maintenance
commands:
VACUUM FULL customers;
ANALYZE emp;
ANALYZE dept;
VACUUM orders;

Save and close. Type

<ESC>:wq <ENTER>

2. Run the script.

Type the following command:
psql -f edbstore_mnts_script.sql -d edbstore -U edbuser
then enter the edbuser password.

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 43

 Lab Exercise - 2
1. The composite index named ix_orderlines_orderid on (orderid,
orderlineid) columns of the orderlines table is performing very slow.
Write a statement to reindex this index for better performance.

Answer Lab Exercise - 2

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su - postgres then the password.

Go to psql in the edbstore database. Type

psql edbstore edbuser and type the edbuser password

1. Write the reindex statement.

Type the following command:
REINDEX INDEX ix_orderlines_orderid;

Exit out of psql type \q

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 44

 Module 14 - Moving Data
Lab Exercise - 1
1. Unload the emp table from the edbuser schema to a csv file, with column
headers.

2. Create a copyemp table with same structure as the emp table.

3. Load the csv file (from step 1) into the copyemp table.

Answer Lab Exercise - 1

Open a terminal and login as the postgres user. Type
su - postgres and type the password.

Go to psql in the edbstore database. Type

psql edbstore postgres and type the postgres password.

1. Unload emp table from edbuser schema to a csv file, with column headers.
Type the following command:
COPY edbuser.emp to '/home/postgres/emp.csv' with csv
header;

2. Create a copyemp table with same structure as emp table.

Type the following command:
CREATE TABLE copyemp (like edbuser.emp);

3. Load the csv file( from step 1) into copyemp table.

Type the following command:
COPY copyemp FROM '/home/postgres/emp.csv' with csv
header;

Review the data in the copyemp table. Type SELECT * FROM copyemp;

Exit psql type \q

©EnterpriseDB® Corporation. All rights reserved Answer Key PostgreSQL Essentials 16 P a g e | 45