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Unit 2 Lecture Videopdf

The document discusses the concepts of space and time, highlighting their significance in understanding the physical universe. It presents various philosophical viewpoints on space, including those of Newton, Leibniz, Berkeley, and Kant, as well as the evolution of the concept of time across different fields. Additionally, it contrasts Newton's views on absolute space and time with alternative perspectives that challenge the existence of empty space and emphasize time as a measure of change.

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13 views13 pages

Unit 2 Lecture Videopdf

The document discusses the concepts of space and time, highlighting their significance in understanding the physical universe. It presents various philosophical viewpoints on space, including those of Newton, Leibniz, Berkeley, and Kant, as well as the evolution of the concept of time across different fields. Additionally, it contrasts Newton's views on absolute space and time with alternative perspectives that challenge the existence of empty space and emphasize time as a measure of change.

Uploaded by

bestukwopnaan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT 2

SPACE AND TIME


The concept of Space

Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which


objects and events have relative position and direction.
Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions
as shown in figure 1.

Y
The concept of space is
considered to be of fundamental
importance to an understanding
of the physical universe.
X
Z
Controversy on the Concept of Space

Disagreement continues between philosophers over whether


space is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or
part of a conceptual framework.
View Points of Some Notable Scientists and
other Natural Philosophers
Sir Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Viewed that space was Thought instead that space was
absolute in the sense that it in fact a collection of relations
existed permanently and between objects, given by their
independently, whether there distance and direction from
was any matter in the space. one another.
George Berkeley Immanuel Kant

In the 18th century, George The metaphysician Immanuel


Berkeley attempted to refute Kant said that the concepts of
the "visibility of spatial depth" space and time are not
(ability to perceive distance to empirical ones derived from
object in the world) in his Essay experiences of the outside
Towards a New Theory of Vision.
(Distance that seperates the world, they are elements of
perceiver from the perceived an already given systematic
object itself is invisible). framework that humans
possess and use to structure
all experiences.
19th and 20th centuries Albert Einstein
mathematicians
19th and 20th centuries Albert Einstein's theory of
mathematicians examining general relativity, - have
non-Euclidean geometries confirmed that non-Euclidean
concieved space as curved, geometries provide a better
rather than flat. model for the shape of space.
Concept of Time
Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur
in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present,
to the future.

Time is a component quantity of various measurement used to


sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals
between such events, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in
material reality,

Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension, along with three


spatial dimensions
Diversities of Time
Time has long been an important subject of study in various
fields such as:
Religion
Philosophy
Science, e.t.c
Therefore, defining time in a manner applicable to all fields
without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.
Nevertheless, diverse fields all incorporate some notion of
time into their respective measuring systems.
Time in Physics
Time (taken) in Physics is defined by its measurement, i.e time
is what a measuring instrument (clock or watch) reads.
In classical, non-relativistic physics it is a Scalar quantity and, like
length and mass is usually described as a Fundamental quantities.
Time can be combined mathematically with other physical
quantities to derive other concepts such as in motion, kinetic
energy and time-dependent field.
Time is used to define other quantities such as velocity.
Newton’s Views on Space and Time

Sir Isaac Newton founded classical mechanics on the view that space is
distinct from body/matter and that time passes uniformly without regard
to whether anything happens in the world. For this reason he spoke of
absolute space and absolute time, so as to distinguish these entities from
the various ways by which others measure them (which he called relative
spaces and relative times).
Contrary Views on Space and Time
From antiquity into the eighteenth century, which denied that space and
time are real entities maintained that the world is necessarily a material
plenum.

Concerning space, they held that the idea of empty space is a conceptual
impossibility. – “Space is nothing but an abstraction we use to compare
different arrangements of the bodies constituting the plenum”.

Concerning time, they insisted, there can be no lapse of time without


change occurring somewhere. Time is merely a measure of cycles of
change within the world.
Self Assessment Exercise

1. Explain in clear term the principle of space and time.

2. Mention some notable scholars who contributed in the field of


space and time and itemize their respective contributions.
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING

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