Made by

Sanjeev Padvi
9881315725,
Nasik
What is Work?
Work is said to be done when a body or object moves with
the application of external force. We can define work as
an activity involving a movement and force in the direction
of the force.
For example, a force of 30 newton (N) pushing an object 3
meters in the same direction of the force will do 90 joules
(J) of work.

Formula of Work when the displacement is in the direction

of the force:

When we kick a football, we are exerting an external force

called F and due to this force (kick), the ball moves to a
certain distance. This disposition of ball from position A to
B is known as displacement (d). This work is said to be
done and can be calculated as W = F × d
 The amount of work done by a force is equal to
the product of the force and the displacement
of the point of application of the force in the
direction of force.
 Work = Force X displacement of the point of
application of force in the direction of force
W = F x S
 If S =0, W=0
 Work is a Scalar quantity.
Zero work
If Force is applied but the
object doesn't move, no work
is done;

Though coolie or man pushing

the stone are getting tired by
holding or pushing the load, no
work is done as there is no
displacement of load.
WORK DONE
Cos 180= -1
(a) What is the work done by the force F in moving the block A, 5m along
the slope?
(b) What is the work done by the force F in moving the block A, on the
ground till Q. the ?
Work done is calculated:
1. When the displacement is in the
direction of force
W= F x S.

2. When the displacement is not in

the direction of force
W= F x S x cos θ
How is work calculated?
Work done when the displacement is in the direction of the applied force:
1. Calculate the work done by the force of 10 N
when the displacement of 12 m occurs in the
direction of the force.
Give: F= 10 N, displacement S = 12 m

W= F x S
W= 10 x 12= 120 Nm or 120 J.

2. Calculate the work done in the following case.

Ab= 12 m
W= F x S x Cos 60
= 10 x 12 x ½
= 60 J
Work done when the displacement is not in the
direction of applied force.

W = F x S cos θ ( here S is
displacement)
 1. By finding the component of displacement along
the force that is along AB
 W= F x AB
 In ∆ABC ,
cos θ = base/hypo = AB/AC
=AB/S or
AB = S cos θ
Hence , W = F x S cos θ
W = Force X component of displacement in the
direction of the force.
If PA indicates direction of force F, then the component
of force F in the direction of displacement that is along
AC is NA
W = NA x AC
= NA X S
 In ∆ PNA ,
 NA = PA cos θ
 = F cos θ x S
 W = F cos θ x S

 Work = Component of force in the direction of

displacement x displacement
 Work done is equal to :
1. Magnitude of force F
2. Magnitude of displacement S
3. Cosine of the angle θ between the directions of
force F and displacement S.
Since Force and Displacement are vector quantities ,
and work is a scalar quantity, so work is expressed as
a dot product of force and displacement vectors.
 The dot product of two vectors is a scalar .
Case 1. If displacement is in the direction of the
force, θ =0, cos 00=1 so,
W = F x S cos θ = F x S x 1= F x S
Ex. In free fall of a body of mass m
under gravity through a height h
from A to B , the force of gravity,
F= mg and displacement is h.
Work done by gravity== FS=mgh
2. When we push the book kept
on the table.
Free Fall
The work done by the crane by applying force
F= mg in lifting the load, “m” against the
gravity “g” up to the height “h”
W= Force x Displacement= mg x h= mgh
 2. A coolie does work on the load when he
rises it up against the force of gravity. Both
the force exerted by coolie (=mg) and the
displacement (=h) , are in upward direction ,
 The work done by the coolie in raising the
load is W= mgh
Case 2. When the displacement is normal/
perpendicular to the direction of force. θ=900
Example: When a body moves in a circular path in a
horizontal plane, NO WORK IS DONE, since the
centripetal force on the body at any instant is
directed towards the centre of circular path and
displacement is along the tangent of the circular
path i. e. normal to the direction of force.(θ=900)
The displacement of the Moon is normal to the direction of force applied by
the gravity . θ=900.
Case (ii) if the displacement is normal to the direction of
force,θ=90 ; W=0
Ex.1. When a coolie walks on a horizontal ground while carrying
a load on his head, no work is done against the force of gravity,
because the displacement of load is normal to the direction of
force of gravity which is vertically downwards.
W=-FxS
 Ex.1. when a body moves on a surface, the
force of friction between the body and
surface is in a direction opposite to the
motion of the body. Therefore the work done
by the force of friction is negative.
 2. When a ball of mass m is thrown upwards
from A to B to a height h, the displacement is
opposite to the direction of force of gravity
mg, so the work done by the force of gravity
is , W = -mgh.
W = F S = mgh
 Thus work done by the force of gravity is
same whether the body comes down from a
certain height using the stairs, or slope or a
lift (or elevator)
 Similarly, if a body of mass m goes up
through a vertical height h, either directly or
through the stairs , or slope or lift, the work,
W = -mgh
Work done by the force of gravity is negative
 Work = force x displacement

1 Joule = 1 newton x 1 metre

Thus , 1 joule of work is said to be done when
a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a
distance of 1 metre in its own direction.
 Bigger units of work are kilo-joule(kJ) and
mega-joule(MJ) and Giga-joule (GJ)
1 kilojoule = 1000 joule
1 MJ= 10 J
1 GJ = 1000000000 J= 10 J
1 erg of work is said to be done when a force of 1
dyne displaces a body through a distance of 1 cm in
its own direction.

Relationship between joule and erg:

 1 joule = 1 N x 1 m
 = 105 dyne x 102 cm
 =107 dyne cm
 =107 erg

1 joule = 107 erg

 The rate of doing work is called power.
Power can be defined as the rate at which work is
done i.e. energy converted

The formula for power is

P = W/t

The power spent by a source depends on the

following two factors :
(i) the amount of work done by the source
(ii) the time taken by the source to do the said work.
1 watt = 1 J/s = 1 kg-m2/s3
 Units of power: S.I. unit of power is watt=J/s
 If 1 joule of work is done in 1 sec , the power spent
is said to be 1 watt.
Example of Power
A garage hoist lifts a truck up 2 meters above the ground in 15 seconds. Find
the power delivered to the truck. [Given: 1000 kg as the mass of the truck]
Solution: First we need to calculate the work done, which requires the force
necessary to lift the truck against gravity:
F = mg = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 N.
W = F x d = 9810N x 2m = 19620 Nm = 19620 J.
The power is P = W/t =
19620J / 15s = 1308 J/s =
1308 W.
 We know W= F x S
And Power = Work /time

P= W /t = F x S / t
But S / t = v (average speed )
Therefore P= F x V
Power = Force x Average velocity
 Biggerunits of power are kilowatt(kW),
megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW)
 1kW = 103 W
 1MW = 106 W
 1 GW = 109 W

The smaller units of power are ;

 Milliwatt and microwatt
1 Milliwatt= 10 W
1 microwatt= 10 W
Milliwatt:
1 mW= 10 W

Microwatt:
C.G.S. unit of power:
erg per second=
:
Work Power
1. Work done by a force is 1. Power of a source is
equal to the product of the rate of doing work
force and the by it.
displacement in the
direction of force.
2. Work done does not 2. Power spent depends
depend on time. on the time in which
work is done.
3. S.I. unit of work is Joule 3. S.I. unit of Power is
(J) watt (W)
Energy is the capacity of the body
to do the work. It’s a scalar quantity
 The energy possessed by a body is measured by the
amount of work that the body can perform.
 When a body does work, its energy decreases ,
while if work is done on the body , its energy
increases.
 It means whenever work is done, there is always
transfer of energy. Thus, energy and work are
related to each other.
 The energy of a body is its capacity to do work.
 Like work, energy is also a scalar quantity.
 S.I.unit of energy is joule (J) and the C.G.S.
unit is erg.
Relationship between joule and erg
1J = 107 erg
 The bigger unit of energy are :
1. Watt hour (Wh) and
2. Kilowatt hour (kWh)
Watt hour : One watt hour is the energy spent by
a source of power 1W in 1hour.
Thus:
1 watt hour = 1watt x 1 hour =1J/s x 3600s=3600J
One watt hour is the energy spent by
a source of power 1W in 1hour.
Kilowatt hour: One kilowatt hour ( 1kWh) is the
energy spent by a source of power 1 kW in 1h.
 1 kilowatt hour = 1 kilowatt x 1 hour
=1000 J/s x 3600s
= 3.6 x 106 J =3.6 MJ
 Calorie : Heat energy is usually measured in
calorie.
 1 calorie is the heat energy required in
raising the temperature of 1g of water from
14.50C to 15.50C(or through 10C)
 1 J =0.24 calorie or 1 calorie = 4.18 J 4.2 J
 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calorie = 4180 J 4200 J
 Electron volt : The energy of atomic particles is
very small, so it is measured in electron volt (e
V) .
 1 eV is the energy gained by an electron when it
is accelerated through a potential difference of
1 volt
 1 eV = charge of an electron x 1 volt
= 1.6 x 10-19 C x 1 volt
= 1.6 x 10-19 J
Energy Power
1.Energy of a body is its 1.Power of a source is
capacity to work. the rate at which
energy is supplied by
it.
2.Energy spent does not 2.Power depends on the
depend on time. time in which energy
is spent.
3.S.I. unit of energy is 3.S.I. unit of power is
joule (J) watt (W)
1. Potential energy
2. Kinetic energy
Potential Energy : the energy possessed by a
body at rest due to its position or size and
shape is called potential energy.

Potential energy is determined by the given

formula
Potential Energy=m ×g × h

 Itis denoted by the symbol U

 Ex. A body placed at a height, a wound up
watch spring, a compressed spring, a bent
bow, a stretched rubber band etc.
 1. Gravitational potential energy : the potential
energy possessed by a body due to the force of
attraction of the earth on it.
 The GPE of the body is zero when it is at infinity
because the force of attraction of earth on the
body is zero then.
 GPE of a body at a point is the amount of work
done by the force of attraction of earth in
bringing that body from infinity to that point.
 Since work is done by force of gravity itself, so
at a finite distance from the earth, the GPE of
the body is negative.
 As the distance of body from the surface of earth
increases, the force of attraction of earth
decreases and its GPE increases.
 The potential energy possessed by a body in the
deformed state due to change in its size and
shape is called EPE.
 It is the amount of work done in deforming the
body .
 Some work is done by the external force in
deforming the body. This work is stored in the
body in the form of its EPE.
 The GPE of a body at a height above the
ground is measured by the amount of work
done in lifting it up from the ground to that
height, against the force of gravity.
 Let a body of mass m be lifted from the
ground to a vertical height h.
 The least upward force required to lift the
body , must be equal to the force of gravity
(F=mg) on the body acting vertically
downwards.
 The work done W on the body in lifting it to
a height h is : W = mgh
 GPE, U = mgh
 The KE possessed by a moving body is equal to
the amount of work which the moving body can
do before coming to rest.
 It can be calculated by the amount of work done
by an opposing force to stop the body.
 F = mass x retardation = m x a
 KE = retarding force F x displacement S
( As Work done= Energy spent = F x S )
 KE = F x S
From the relation; v2 = u2 + 2aS (u=v, v=0)
0 = v2 – 2aS ;
Displacement S= v2 / 2a
Substituting the values of F and S;
KE = F x S = ma X v2 / 2a = ½ m v2
 KE = ½ mv2 and momentum, p = m v ; v=p/m
 KE = ½ m (p/m)2 = p2/2m ;
 P2 =2mKE or KE = P2 / 2m
 Case (i) If a light body A of mass m and a
heavy body B of mass M , both have same
momentum p , then the KE of the light body
A will be more than that of the heavy body
B.
 Case (ii) : If a light body A of mass m and a
heavy body B of mass M have the same KE ,
then the heavy body B will have more
momentum than the light body A.
 The work done by a force on a moving body in the
same direction is equal to the increase in its
kinetic energy.
 Proof : F = m x a and Work done = F x S

 Work = KE final - KE initial

 THUS WORK DONE ON THE BODY = INCREASE IN KE
 1. Translational KE : The motion of a body in a
straight line path is called translational motion
and the KE of the body due to motion in a
straight line is called the translational KE
 Ex. A car moving in a straight path, a freely
falling body
 2. Rotational KE : If a body rotates about an
axis , the motion is called the rotational
motion and the KE of the body due to
rotational motion is called rotational KE. Ex. A
spinning top, a rotating wheel, and a rotating
fan.
 3. Vibrational KE : The KE of the body due to
its vibrational motion is called vibrational KE.
 Ex. A steel strip clamped at one end.
Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
1.It is the energy 1.It is the energy
possessed by a body possessed by a body
due to its changed due to its state of
position or changed motion.
size and shape.
2.It is equal to the work 2.It is equal to the
done in bringing the work that a moving
body to its changed body can do before
state . coming to rest.
3.It can change only in 3.It can change into
form of KE. any other form.
4.It does not depend on 4.It depends on the
the speed of the body. speed of the body.
1. A stone at a height has GPE
which is equal to the work done
in moving the stone to that
height against the force of
gravity on it. When the stone is
made to fall on a nail standing on
a wooden piece ,the nail begins
to penetrate.
2. The reason is that when the
stone starts falling, its PE begins
to change into its KE.
3. The falling stone now has both
PE and KE . When it strikes the
nail, stone does work on the nail.
The KE of the stone changes into
KE of the nail due to which nail
moves into the wooden piece.
2. A wound up watch spring
has the elastic PE which is
equal to the work done in
bringing it to the wound up
state. As the spring
unwinds itself, the PE
stored in it changes into
the KE which does work in
moving the hands of the
watch and thus changes
into the KE of the hands.
3.when the string of a
bow is pulled, some
work is done which is
stored in the
deformed state of the
bow in the form of its
elastic PE.
On releasing the string
to shoot an arrow, the
PE of the bow
changes into the KE of
the arrow which
makes it move.
4.A compressed spring has the elastic PE due to
its compressed state. When it is released , the PE
of the compressed spring changes into the KE
which does work on the ball placed on it and
changes into the KE of the ball due to which it
flies.
Forms of
Different forms of energy
Solar energy : the energy radiated out by sun is called
solar energy. Solar energy cannot be directly used to
perform work, because it is too diffused and it is not
always available uniformly.

Solar panel : Consists of a black-painted metal surface

which absorbs the sun’s energy and heats water in its
contact.

Solar furnace : Has a large aperture mirror which focuses

the sun’s rays on a small area so that a high temperature
is achieved. Thus by keeping water at the focus of the
mirror , water can be boiled to produce steam. Steam can
be then used to drive the turbine of an electric generator
to obtain electrical energy.
Solar furnace
They are used to convert the solar energy directly into
the electrical energy. These cells are made from thin
slices of semiconducting material. However the
efficiency of a solar cell to convert solar energy into
the electrical energy is very low.
 Heat Energy: The energy released on burning coal,
oil, wood or gas is called the heat energy. The
steam obtained on heating water possesses heat
energy and it has the capacity to do work. Ex.
Steam engine
Light energy : It is the form of energy in presence
of which other objects are seen. The natural
source of light energy is sun. The moon reflects
the sunlight at night.
Chemical (fuel) energy: The energy possessed by the fossil
fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas is called the
chemical energy. When fuels are burnt, the stored
chemical energy changes into heat and light energy.
Electrical energy : When two dry bodies are rubbed
together, they get charged due to movement of free
electrons from one body to the other body, so they
possess electrical energy.
Nuclear energy: The energy released due to loss
in mass during the processes of nuclear fission
and fusion , is called the nuclear ( or atomic)
energy. This energy is used in nuclear reactors
for the constructive purpose to produce
electrical energy and is used in atom bomb for
the destructive purpose .
Nuclear energy is used in nuclear reactors
for the constructive purpose to produce
electrical energy
Hydro energy : the energy possessed by the fast moving
water is called hydro energy. This energy is used to
generate electricity in hydroelectric power stations. The
KE of the fast flowing water drives the turbines of
generators to produce electrical energy.
 Wind Energy : the energy possessed by the
fast moving air is called wind energy. This
energy is used in driving a wind mill which
are used to pump underground water and to
grind grains and also to drive the turbines of
the generator to produce electricity.
Geo thermal energy : the energy released in nuclear disintegrations in
the interior of the earth gets stored deep inside the earth and is called
geothermal energy. This energy heats up the underground water to
produce natural steam. Sometimes this natural steam may burst out from
the surface of the earth as hot springs. This natural steam may be
trapped to run the turbine of generators to produce electricity.
Mechanical energy : The energy possessed by a by
due to its state of rest or motion, is called
mechanical energy. A body at a height, a moving
body , a stretched bow etc have mechanical energy.
Sound energy : The vibrating body possesses the sound
energy. It is sensed by or ears. When the disturbance
produced by a vibrating body in the atmospheric air
layers reaches our ears and produces vibrations in the ear
membrane, sound is heard.
Magnetic energy :
The energy possessed by a magnet due to
which it can attract iron filings, is called
magnetic energy. An electromagnet has
magnetic energy.
Conversion and conservation of energy: During
this conversion, the law of conservation of
energy is observed!
In an electric motor , when an electric current is
passed through the coil freely suspended in a
magnetic field, a torque acts on the coil due to
which it rotates.
 Inelectrical appliances such as heater, geyser,
oven , electrical energy changes into heat
energy when current is passed through it.
A loudspeaker when in use, receives electrical energy
in form of electrical signals from the microphone and
changes it into the sound energy.
Light energy to chemical energy: Light energy from
the sun is absorbed by the green plants and converts
it into chemical energy by the process of
photosynthesis.
When a candle burns, chemical energy changes to light and heat energy.
Electrical energy to light energy : glowing of electric
bulb.

Light energy to electrical : in a photoelectric cell ,

the light energy gets converted into the electric
energy. In a solar cell, light energy gets converted
into electrical energy.
 Heat energy to mechanical energy: in a steam
engine, heat energy of steam changes into KE of
the piston.
 Chemical energy to heat energy : When fuel such
as wood, coal, bio-gas is burnt chemical energy
changes into heat energy.
 Chemical energy to mechanical energy: In
automobile, while in motion, the chemical energy
of petrol changes into mechanical energy (KE).
 Electrical energy to magnetic energy:
electromagnet, electric energy changes into
magnetic energy.
 Ina nuclear reactor, energy released in the
process of nuclear fission, is the nuclear
energy which is converted into electrical
energy.
When water falls from a height, the PE stored in
water at that height changes into the KE of water
during the fall. On striking the ground, a part of the
kinetic energy of the water changes into heat energy
due to which temperature of water rises. Kinetic to
heat energy in lighting a match stick.
Conservation of energy
Principle of conservation of energy : According to the principle of
conservation of energy , energy can neither be created nor it
can be destroyed. It only changes from one form to the other.
If there is only an interchange between the PE and KE, the total
mechanical energy (i.e. The sum of U and K ) remains constant
when there are no frictional forces.
At C, let the velocity be V2.
Thus,
The K.E. at C
 Let v1 be the velocity acquired by the body
at B after falling through a distance x. Then
u=0, S=x, a=g
 From v2 = u2 +2aS ; v12 =0 + 2gx = 2gx

KE = 1/2m v12 = 1/2m x(2gx) = m x g x X

 Now at B, height of the body above the
ground =h-x
Therefore, the PE, (U) =mg(h-x)
Hence, total energy =K+U= mgx + mg(h-x)
=mgh
Let the velocity acquired by the body on reaching
the ground be v. then u=0, S=h, a=g
From equation : v2 = u2 +2aS = 0+2gh = 2gh
KE = 1/2mv2 = 1/2m x(2gh) = mgh
and PE,U=0 (at the ground when h=0)
Hence, total energy =K+U= mgh +0 = mgh
The conservation of mechanical energy is
therefore strictly valid only in absence of external
forces such as friction due to air etc.
 Let A be the resting(mean) position of the bob
when it has zero potential energy.
 When the bob of the pendulum is displaced to B
from its resting position A, the bob gets raised
by a vertical height h, so its PE increases by
mgh, if m is the mass of the bob.
 Now on releasing the bob at B, it moves back
from B to A. its vertical height decreases from h
to zero, so its PE decreases from mgh to zero
and it gets converted into the KE i.e. 1/2mv2
=mgh
 At the point C, when the bob
gets raised by a vertical height
h above the point A, again it
acquires the PE =mgh and its
KE becomes zero. So, the bob
momentarily comes to rest at
the point C, But due to the
force of gravity, the bob
moves back from C to A.
 As the bob swings back from C
to A, the potential energy
decreases and the kinetic
energy increases.
 At A (mean position) , it has its
total mechanical energy in the
form of kinetic energy and the
potential energy is zero, so
the bob swings again from A to
B to repeat this process.
 Thus, during the swing, at the extreme positions B
and C , the bob has only the PE, while at the mean
position A, it has only the KE.
 At an intermediate position (between A and B or
between A and C) , the bob has both the KE and PE
, but the sum of both. (i. e. the total mechanical
energy) remains constant throughout the swing.
 This is strictly true only in vacuum where there is
no force of friction due to air.
Important formulae
1. A force of 10 N displaces a body by a
distance of 2 m at an angle 600 to its
own direction. Find the amount of work
done .
Given: F= 10 N, S= 2 m, cos 60= ½
W= F x S x cos 60
10 x 2 x ½
10 joule.
2. Calculate the height through which a body of mass
0.5kg should be lifted if the energy spent for doing
so is 1.0 J(g=10m/s2)
Given: Energy spent= work done= 1 joule
m= 0/5 kg, g=10m/s2,

Work done= mgh

1 = 0.5 x 10 x h
h= 1/5= 0.2 m
Page No. 28.
1 A body, when acted upon by a force of 10 kgf, gets displaced by 0.5 m.
Calculate the work done by the force, when the displacement is
(i) in the direction of force,
(ii) at an angle of 60o with the force, and
(iii) normal to the force. (g= 10Nkg-1)

Force acting on the (ii) W = F × S cos θ

body = 10 kgf W = 100 × 0.5 cos 600
W = 100 × 0.5 × 0.5 [cos 600 =
= 10 × 10 N
0.5]
= 100 N W = 25 J
Displacement, S = 0.5 (iii) Normal to the force
m Work = force × displacement in
Work done = force × the direction of force
displacement in the W = F × S cos θ
W = 100 × 0.5 cos 900
direction of force
W = 100 × 0.5 × 0 [cos 900 = 0]
(i) W = F × S W=0
W = 100 × 0.5
= 50 J
2. A boy of mass 40kg climbs up the stairs and reaches the roof at
a height 8m in 5 s. Calculate:
(i) The force of gravity acting on the boy, (ii)The work done by him
against gravity, (iii)The power spent by the boy. (take g= 10ms-2)
Given (ii) Work done by a boy
Mass of a boy = 40 kg against the force of gravity
Vertical height moved by a while climbing,
boy, h = 8 m Work done by a boy = Force
Time taken by a boy, t = 5 s × distance moved in the
(i) Force of gravity acting direction of force
on the boy W=F×S
F = mg W = 400 × 8
= 40 × 10 W = 3200 J
= 400 N (iii) Power spent =
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
3200
= 640 W
5
3 A man spends 6.4 kJ energy in displacing a body by
64 m in the direction in which he applies force, in 2.5
s. Calculate: (i) the force applied and (ii) the power
spent (in H.P) by the man.

Given (ii) Power spent = (6.4 ×

Work done by man = 6.4 103) / 2.5
kJ = 2560 W
Distance moved= 64 m 1 H.P = 746 W
(i) Work done by the 1 W = 1 / 746 H.P
man = Force × distance 2560 W = 2560 / 746
moved in direction of H.P
force = 3.43 H.P
Work, W = F × S
6.4 × 103 = F × 64
F = (6.4 × 103) / 64
F = 100 N
4 A weight lifter lifted a load of 200 kgf to a height of
2.5 m in 5 s. Calculate: (i) the work is done, and (ii) the
power developed by him. Take g =10N/kg-1.

Force = 200kgf= (ii) Power developed

200 x 10 N= 2000 N = (work done) /
Distance, S = 2.5 m (time taken)
Time, t = 5 s = 5000 J / 5 s
(i) Work done, W = = 1000 W
FS
W = 2000 × 2.5 m
W = 5000 J
5. A machine raises a load of 750N through a height of
16m in 5 s. Calculate:
(i) the energy spent by the machine.
(ii) the power of the machine if it is 100% efficient.

(i) Energy spent by machine or work

done = FS
Work, W = 750 × 16
W = 12000 J
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 12000
(ii) Power spent = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 5
= 2400 W
Question: 6
An electric heater of power 3 kW is used for 10 h. How
much energy does it consume?
Express your answer in (i) kWh (ii) joule.
Solutions: (ii) 1 kilowatt hour
Energy consumed = (kWh) = 3.6 × 106 J
power × time 30 kWh = 30 × 3.6 ×
(i) Energy = 3 kW × 106 J
10 h = 1.08 × 108 J
= 30 kWh
7 A water pump raises 50 liters of water through a
height of 25m in 5 s. Calculate the power of the pump
required.
(Take g= 10N kg-1 and density of water =1000kg m-3).

Volume of water=50 L Work done in raising 50

= 50 × 10-3 m3 kg water to a height of
Density of water = 25 m against the force
1000 kgm-3 of gravity is
W = mg × h
Mass of water = W = mgh
Volume of water × Power P = (work done) /
density of water (time taken)
= 50 × 10-3 × 1000 = mgh / t
= 50 kg = 50 × 10 × 25J / 5 s
Work done = 2500W
8 A pump is used to lift 500kg of water from a depth of 80m in 10s.
Calculate:
(a) The work done by the pump,
(b) The power at which the pump works, and
(c) The power rating of the pump if its efficiency is 40%. (Take g= 10m s-2).

Work done in raising a 500 (c) Efficiency = useful

kg mass to a height of 80 m power / power input
against the force of gravity Efficiency = 40 %
is: = 0.4
(a) W = mg × h = mgh 0.4 = 40 kW/ power input
W = 500 × 10 × 80 Power input = 40 kW/0.4
= 4 × 105 J = 100 kW
(b) Power at which pump
works = work done / time
taken
= mgh / t
= (500 × 10 × 80J) / 10 s
= (4 × 105) / 10
= 40 kW
9: An ox can apply a maximum force of 1000N. It is
taking part in a cart race and is able to pull the cart at
a constant speed of 30m/s-1 while making its best
effort. Calculate the power developed by the ox.

Solutions:
Given
Force = 1000 N
Velocity = 30 m/s
Power, P = force × velocity
P = 1000 × 30
= 30,000W
= 30 kW
10 The power of a motor is 40kW. At what
speed can the motor raise a load of 20,000 N?

Solutions:
Given
Power = 40 kW
Force = 20,000 N
Power = force × velocity
Velocity = power / force
= 40 kW/ 20,000
= 40,000 / 20,000
=2m/s
= 2 ms-1
11 Rajan exerts a force of 150 N in pulling a cart at a
constant speed of 10 m s-1. Calculate the power
exerted.

Power exerted by Rajan due to

force is
P = Force x velocity
P = 150 × 10
P = 1500 W
12. A boy weighing 350 N climbs up 30 steps, each 20 cm high in 1
minute. Calculate:
(i) the work done, and
(ii) the power spent.

Solution:
Total distance covered in 30 steps, S = 30 × 20 cm
= 600 cm
=6m
Work done by the boy in climbing = Force ×
distance moved in direction of force
Work, W = F × S
= 350 × 6
= 2100 J
Power developed = work done / time taken
= 2100 J / 60 s
= 35 W
13: It takes 20 s for a person A of mass 50 kg to climb up the
stairs, while another person B of same mass does the same in 15
s. Compare the
(i) work done and
(ii) power developed by the persons A and B.
Solutions: (ii) The power developed by the
(i) The work done by two persons persons A and B is calculated as
A and B is independent of time. shown below:
Hence both will do the same A takes 20 s to climb the stairs
amount of work. Hence, while B takes 15 s to do the same
Work done by A / work done by B work. Hence, B does the work at
=1/1 a faster rate than A. Therefore
= 1: 1 more power is spent by B.
Power developed = 1 / time
(amount of work done by A and B
is same)
Power developed by A / Power
developed by B = 15 / 20
=3/4
= 3: 4
14 A boy of weight 40 kgf climbs up the 15 steps, each 15 cm high
in 10 s and a girl of weight 20 kgf does the same in 5 s. Compare :
(i) the work done, and
(ii) the power developed by them. Take g = 10 N kg-1.

Solutions: (ii) Power developed is

(i) Work done is Power =
𝑴𝒈𝒉 𝒃𝒚 𝒃𝒐𝒚 /𝒕
𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝒃𝒚 𝒈𝒊𝒓𝒍/𝒕
W = F x S= mgh
𝟒𝟎/𝟏𝟎
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑦 =
𝟐𝟎/𝟓
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙
𝟒𝟎 𝟓
x
𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟒𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
= =
𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝟏
= 1:1
2:1
 15: A man raises a box of mass 50kg to a height of 2m
in 20s, while another man raises the same box to the
same height in 50s. (a) Compare: (i) the work done,
and (ii) the power developed by them.
(b) Calculated: (i) the work done, and (ii) the power
developed by each man. Take g = 10N kg-1.
Solutions:
(a) (i) Work done to raise the box of mass 50 kg is the
same for both
(ii) Power = work done / time taken
The power taken by the first man is less. Hence powered
developed is more.
(b) (i) Work done = mgh= 50 × 10 × 2 = 1000 J

𝑊
(ii) Power developed by first man = =
1000 / 20
𝑡
= 50 W
𝑊
Power developed by second man = = 1000 / 50
𝑡
The work done is independent of time. Hence both have done the same work.
Hence Work by boy/Work by father= mgh/mgh= 20 x 9.8 x 20 / 20 x 9.8 x 20 = 1:1

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌
Power developed by boy = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝟐𝟎
=
𝒕 𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 21.77 W
Power developed by father
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝟐𝟎
= = = 32.66
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝟎

𝟐𝟏.𝟕𝟕
Ratio: = 3:2
𝟑𝟐.𝟔𝟔

Work done= mgh=

20 x 9.8 x 20= 3,920 J