KOLADAISI UNIVERSITY, IBADAN

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTING

PYTHON PROGRAMMING
LAB MANUAL

NAME …………………………………………………………………………………………
MATRIC NO: …………………………………………………………………………………
DEPARTMENT ……………………………………………………………………………….
SESSION ………………………………………………………………………………………
COURSE CODE………………………………………………………………………………
COURSE TITLE……………………………………………………………………………….
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL AND
COMPUTING FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the given timetable.
2. Students should make an entry in the log book whenever they enter the labs during practical
or for their own personal work.
3. When the experiment is completed, students should shut down the computers and make the
counter entry in the logbook.
4. Any damage to the lab computers will be viewed seriously.
5. Students should not leave the lab without concerned faculty’s permission.
6. Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory
7. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.
8. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory
9. Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory
10. After completing the laboratory exercise, make sure to shut down the system properly
Week Topic Date of Date of Marks Remarks
Performance Checking (10)

Grand Total
 UNIT 1

Introduction to Python Programming

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level

programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl,
Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This class
gives enough understanding on Python programming language.

Prerequisites

You should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic

understanding of any of the programming languages is a plus.

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is

designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages
use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

• Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.

• Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.

• Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of

programming that encapsulates code within objects.

• Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level

programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text
processing to WWW browsers to games.

History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands. Python is
derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk,
and Unix shell and other scripting languages.
Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU General
Public License (GPL).

Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van
Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.

Features of Python

• Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This
allows the student to pick up the language quickly.

• Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes. • Easy-to-maintain
− Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

• A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform
compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

• Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing
and debugging of snippets of code.

• Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface
on all platforms.

• Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable
programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.

• Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

• GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many
system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X
Window system of Unix. • Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large
programs than shell scripting.

Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed
below

• It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large
applications.

• It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.

• It supports automatic garbage collection.

• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Writing the First Python Program:

1. Open notepad and type following program Print (“Hello World”)

2. Save above program with name.py

3. Open command prompt and change path to python program location

4. Type “python name.py” (without quotes) to run the program.

Example 1: Write a Python program to ask for user name, and display his/her name as

output name = input ('Enter your name: ')

print ('Hello, ', name)

Output:

Enter your name: Kunle

Hello, Kunle

Data Types
Python Data Types are used to define the type of a variable. It defines what type of data we are
going to store in a variable. The data stored in memory can be of many types. For example, a
person's age is stored as a numeric value and his or her address is stored as alphanumeric
characters.

Python has various built-in data types which we will discuss with in this class:
 Numeric - int, float, complex
Examples
#This is integer data type (numeric)
x=3
type(x)
#This is float data type(numeric)
x=3
type(x+0.1)
#This is complex data type(numeric)
x=3
type(x+3j)
 String – str
#This is string data type
x= str(input("Enter your name "))
type(x)
#This is multiline string data type
multiline="""
I've been to your house dear, "Can i visit you later"
"""
print(multiline)
print(multiline[:4])
 Sequence - list, tuple, range
#This is sequence data type[list]. It can be modified
lists =[1,2,4,6,8,7]
lists1 =['banana','plaintain','guava','apple']
#nested list
lists2 =['banana','plaintain',3,['mango','orange'],'guava','apple',True]
#add to the list
lists2.append('cashew')
#change an index value
lists1[0]='pawpaw'
print(lists)
print(lists1[0])
print(lists2[3])
print(lists2[3][1])
#This is sequence data type[turple]. It cannot be changed
tuple1 =(1,2,4,6,8,7)
tuple2 =('banana','plaintain','guava','apple')
print(tuple1)
print(tuple2)
 Binary - bytes, bytearray, memoryview
#Byte is a sequence of immutable single bytes
byte1 = 'Hello Class'
arr=bytes(byte1,'utf-8')#It converts the message to a sequence of bytes
arr
#byte object
bytes.fromhex('FFFF F21E')

#Byte is a sequence of mutable single bytes. It has the same objects as byte
arr=bytearray(byte1,'utf-8')#It converts the message to a sequence of bytes
arr
# Memoryview allow acces to object internal data
my=memoryview(arr)
#It returns the ascii value
my[1]
list(my[1:3])
#It returns the message
my[1]=65
arr
 Mapping – dict
Example
#This is dictionary data type. It uses key not an index. We can update information with dictionary
#keyvalue pair
dict_list = {'name':'Adeyemi','level':200,'department':'computer science','favourite':['pounded yam','ice
cream','meat pie']}
#dict_list.values()
#dict_list.keys()
#dict_list.items()
#print(dict_list )
 dict_list['name']='Israel'
dict_list['name']
#We can also use the update command
dict_list.update({'name':'Christian','level':200,'department':'software engineering','favourite':['pounded
yam','ice cream','meat pie']})
print(dict_list)
#we can also delete items
del dict_list['favourite']
print(dict_list)
 Boolean – bool
Example
#This is boolean data type
x=3>5
#type(x)
print(x)
 Set - set, frozenset
Example
#This is sequence data type[set]. It cannot have duplicate elements and cannot be acceseed with an index
set1 = {1,2,4,6,8,7,7 ,9,10,4,6}
set2 = {1,3,4,31,8,7,5 ,9,10,4,6}
print(set1)
print(set1|set2)
print(set1 & set2)
print(set1 - set2)
print(set1 ^ set2)
type(set1)
 None - NoneType

#None data type

my_name = None
print(my_name)
Assignment

1. Write a python program to request for the following information from student and display
the information as output. Name, Matric No, Age and Department

2. Write a python program to accept your name and matric number as input and print it out.
 UNIT 2

PYTHON VARIABLES

Variables are containers for storing data values. A Python variable is a reserved memory
location to store values. In other words, a variable in a python program gives data to the
computer for processing.

Every value in Python has a datatype. Different data types in Python are Numbers, List, Tuple,
Strings, Dictionary, etc. Variables can be declared by any name or even alphabets like a, aa,
abc, etc.

How to Declare and use a Variable Let see an

example. We will declare variable "a" and print it.

a=100

print a

Variable names
There are just a couple of rules to follow when naming your variables.
• Variable names can contain letters, numbers, and the underscore.
• Variable names cannot contain spaces.
• Variable names cannot start with a number.
• Case Sensitive—for instance, temp and Temp are different.

Example: To calculate temperature in Fahrenheit

temp = eval (input('Enter a temperature in Celsius: '))

print('In Fahrenheit, that is', 9/5*temp+32)

Looking back at our first program, we see the use of a variable called temp. One of the major
purposes of a variable is to remember a value from one part of a program so that
it can be used in another part of the program. In the case above, the variable temp stores the
value that the user enters so that we can do a calculation with it in the next line.
Creating Variables

Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the moment you first
assign a value to it.

x = 5
y =
"John"
print(x)
print(y)

Many Values to Multiple Variables

x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana",
"Cherry" print(x)
print(y
)
print(z
)

One Value to Multiple Variables

x = y = z =
"Orange" print(x)
print(y
)
print(z
)
Output Variables
The Python print() function is often used to output variables.

x = "Python is

awesome" print(x)

Global Variables

Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the examples above) are known as
global variables. Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of functions and outside.

Example: Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function

x =

"awesome"

def
myfunc():

print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()

Example

2:

Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the global variable

x =

"awesome"

def

myfunc():

x = "fantastic"

print("Python is " +

x)

myfunc()

print("Python is " + x)

Comment

Comments can be used to explain Python code. Comments can be used to make the code more
readable. Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code.

#This is a comment
print("Hello,
World!")

A comment does not have to be text that explains the code, it can also be used
to prevent Python from executing code.

Multiline Comment

Python does not really have a syntax for multiline comments.

To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each line

#This is a comment

#written in
#more than just one line

print("Hello, World!")

Assignment

1. Ask the user to enter a number. Print out the square of the number, but use the sep
optional argument to print it out in a full sentence that ends in a period. Sample output is shown
below.

Enter a number: 5
The square of 5 is 25.

2. Write a program that asks the user for a weight in kilograms and converts it to pounds.
There are 2.2 pounds in a kilogram.
3. A lot of cell phones have tip calculators. Write one. Ask the user for the price of the meal
and the percent tip they want to leave. Then print both the tip amount and the total bill
with the tip included.
 Unit 3
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
The arithmetic operations are the basic mathematical operators which are used in our daily life.
Mainly it consists of seven operators.
i. Addition operator --> '+'
ii. ii. Subtraction operator --> '-'
iii. iii. Multiplication operator --> '*'
iv. iv. Normal Division operator --> '/'
v. v. Modulo Division operator --> '%'
vi. vi. Floor Division operator --> '//' vii. Exponential operator (or) power operator --> '**'

i. Addition Operator: Generally, addition operator is used to perform the addition operation on
two operands. But in python we can use addition operator to perform the concatenation of
strings, lists and so on, but operands must of same datatype.
Example x
=2
y=3
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x +
y) output : ADDITION RESULT : 5

Subtraction Operator
Generally, subtraction operator is used to perform the subtraction operation on two operands

a = 30
b = 10
print ("Subtraction result : ",a-b)
output: Subtraction result : 20
Multiplication operator
 Generally, multiplication operator is used to perform the multiplication operation on two
operands.
 But in python we can use multiplication operator to perform the repetition of strings, lists
and so on, but operands must belong to same datatype.
num1 = 23
num2 = 35
print ("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : “, num1 *num2)

Floor Division
Suppose 10.3 is there, what is the floor value of 10.3?
Answer is 10
What is the ceil value of 10.3?
Answer is 11

Relational Operators (or) Comparison Operators

Following are the relational operators used in Python:
1. Less than (<)
2. Less than or Equal to (<=)
3. Greater than (>)
4. Greater than or equal to (>=)
5. Equal to (==)
Assignment
1. Write a python program to perform four arithmetic operations (multiplication,
subtraction, division and addition) on two inputs accepted from the console
2. Write a python program to sum five input numbers accepted from the console.
 UNIT 4
PYTHON CONTROL STRUCTURES
A program statement that causes a jump of control from one part of the program to another is
called control structure or control statement.

1. Sequential Statement
A sequential statement is composed of a sequence of statements which are executed one after
another. A code to print your name, address and phone number is an example of sequential
statement.
Example 1
#Program to print your name and address - example for sequential statement
print ("Hello! This is Seyi")
print ("km 18, Ibadan oyo express road, koladaisi university")
Output
Hello! This is Seyi
km 18, Ibadan oyo express road, koladaisi university
2. Alternative or Branching Statement

In our day-to-day life we need to take various decisions and choose an alternate path to achieve
our goal. Maybe we would have taken an alternate route to reach our destination when we find
the usual road by which we travel is blocked. This type of decision making is what we are to
learn through alternative or branching statement. Checking whether the given number is positive
or negative, even or odd can all be done using alternative or branching statement.

Python provides the following types of alternative or branching statements:

 Simple if statement
 if..else statement
 if..elif statement

(i) Simple if statement

Simple if is the simplest of all decision making statements. Condition should be in the
Syntax:
if <condition>:
statements-block1form of relational or logical expression.
Example
#Program to check the age and print whether eligible for voting
x=int (input("Enter your age :"))
if x>=18:
print ("You are eligible for voting")

ii) if..else statement

The if .. else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block.
Following is the syntax of ‘if..else’ statement.
Syntax:
if <condition>:
statements-block 1
else:
statements-block 2

if…else statement execution

if..else statement thus provides two possibilities and the condition determines which BLOCK is
to be executed.

x=int (input("Enter your age :"))

if x>=18:
print ("You are eligible for voting")
else:
print("You are below 18")
(iii) Nested if..elif...else statement:
When we need to construct a chain of if statement(s) then ‘elif’ clause can be used instead
of ‘else’.
Syntax:
if <condition-1>:
statements-block 1
elif <condition-2>:
statements-block 2
In the syntax of if..elif..else mentioned above, condition-1 is tested if it is true then statements-
block1 is executed, otherwise the control checks condition-2, if it is true statements-block2 is
executed and even if it fails statements-block n mentioned in else part is executed.

else:

statements-block n

If… elif..else statement execution

‘elif’ clause combines if..else-if..else statements to one if..elif…else. ‘elif’ can be considered to
be abbreviation of ‘else if’. In an ‘if’ statement there is no limit of ‘elif’ clause that can be used,
but an ‘else’ clause if used should be placed at the end.
Example : #Program to illustrate the use of nested if
statement Average Grade
>=80 and above A
>=70 and <80 B
>=60 and <70 C
>=50 and <60 D
Otherwise E
m1=int(input("Enter your score: "))
if m1>=80:
print ("Grade : A")
elif m1>=70 and m1<80:
print ("Grade : B")
elif m1>=60 and m1<70:
print ("Grade : C")
elif m1>=50 and m1<60:
print ("Grade : D")
elif m1>=40 and m1<50:
print ("Grade : E")
else:
print ("Grade : F")
Output 1:
Enter mark in first subject : 34
Enter mark in second subject : 78
Grade : D
Output 2 :
Enter mark in first subject : 67

Example: #Program to illustrate the use of ‘in’ and ‘not in’ in if statement
ch=input (“Enter a character :”)
# to check if the letter is vowel
if ch in (‘a’, ‘A’, ‘e’, ‘E’, ‘i’, ‘I’, ‘o’, ‘O’, ‘u’, ‘U’):
print (ch,’ is a vowel’)
#to check if the letter typed is not ‘a’ or ‘b’ or ‘c’ if ch not in (‘a’, ’b’, ’c’):
print (ch,’ the letter is not a/b/c’)
Output 1:
Enter a character :e
e is a vowel
Output 2:
Enter a character :x
x the letter is not a/b/c

3. Iteration or Looping constructs

Iteration or loop are used in situation when the user need to execute a block of code several of
times or till the condition is satisfied. A loop statement allows to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times.

Python provides two types of looping constructs:

(i) while loop
(ii) for loop

(i) while loop

The syntax of while loop in Python has the following syntax:
Syntax:
while <condition>:
statements block 1
[else:
statements block2]
In the while loop, the condition is any valid Boolean expression returning True or False.
The else part of while is optional part of while. The statements block1 is kept executed till the
condition is True. If the else part is written, it is executed when the condition is tested False.
Recall while loop belongs to entry check loop type, that is it is not executed even once if the
condition is tested False in the beginning.

Example: program to illustrate the use of while loop - to print all numbers from 10 to 15

i=10 # intializing part of the control variable

while (i<=15): # test condition

print (i,end='\t') # statements - block 1

i=i+1 # Updation of the control variable

Output:

10 11 12 13 14 15

Note: print can have end, sep as parameters. end parameter can be used when we need to give
any escape sequences like ‘\t’ for tab, ‘\n’ for new line and so on. sep as parameter can be used to
specify any special characters like, (comma) ; (semicolon) as separator between values (Recall
the concept which you have learnt in previous chapter about the formatting options in print()).

Example: program to illustrate the use of while loop - with else part
i=10 # intializing part of the control variable
while (i<=15): # test condition
print (i,end='\t') # statements - block 1
i=i+1 # Updation of the control variable
else:
print ("\nValue of i when the loop exit ",i)
Output: 1
10 11 12 13 14 15
(ii) for loop

for loop is the most comfortable loop. It is also an entry check loop. The condition is checked in
the beginning and the body of the loop(statements-block 1) is executed if it is only True
otherwise the loop is not executed.

Syntax:

for counter_variable in sequence:

statements-block 1

[else: # optional block

statements-block 2]

Example: #program to illustrate the use of for loop - to print single digit even number
for i in range (2,10,2):
print (i, end=' ')
Output:
2468
Example: #program to illustrate the use of for loop - to print single digit even number with
else part
for i in range(2,10,2):
print (i,end=' ')
else:
print ("\nEnd of the loop")
Output:
2468
End of the loop

(iii) Nested loop structure

A loop placed within another loop is called as nested loop structure. One can place a while
within another while; for within another for; for within while and while within for to construct
such nested loops.
Following is an example to illustrate the use of for loop to print the following pattern 1
12
123
1234
12345
Example: program to illustrate the use nested loop -for within while loop
inn=int(input("Enter number: "))

#inn =6

i=1

while (i<=inn):

for j in range (1,inn):

print (j,end='\t')

if (j==i):

break

print (end='\n')

i =i+1
4. Jump Statements in Python

The jump statement in Python, is used to unconditionally transfer the control from one part of the
program to another. There are three keywords to achieve jump statements in Python : break,
continue, pass. The following flowchart illustrates the use of break and continue.

(i) break statement

The break statement terminates the loop containing it. Control of the program flows to the
statement immediately after the body of the loop.

A while or for loop will iterate till the condition is tested false, but one can even transfer the
control out of the loop (terminate) with help of break statement. When the break statement is
executed, the control flow of the program comes out of the loop and starts executing the segment
of code after the loop structure.
If break statement is inside a nested loop (loop inside another loop), break will terminate the
innermost loop.

Example

Program to illustrate the use of break statement inside for loop

for word in “Jump Statement”:
if word = = “e”:
break
print (word, end= ' ')
Output:
Jump Stat
 UNIT 5
Defining Python Functions & Procedures
In general programming, procedures are small, dependent chunks of codes that can be used to
perform some given tasks. The obvious advantages of using procedures include
 Reusability and elimination of redundancy
 Modularity and enhanced procedural decomposition
 Maintenability
 Easy of integration
 Readability
There are two types of procedures;
 Functions
- python functions are procedures that contain some body of codes
to perform a particular task and return a value.
 Subroutines
These are more or less functions that perform a or some set of task (s) but do not return a value
to the calling program. They are also called void functions.
The general structure of a python procedure is shown below;
def function_name(list of parameters):
statement 1
statement 2
………………
statement N
 Take note of the full colon (:) at the end of line 1, it is used to instruct the compiler
that the next set of instructions are to be taken as a block of codes.
 Also important is the indentation as shown in lines 2 to 5. The indentation is a way of
telling the compiler that these statements are under the current block, function, or even
loop.
Python provides some out-of-the-box functions for performing some common
programming tasks called built-in functions.
As well, python allows programmers to define their own custom functions. These are called
user-defined functions.
Some common functions are :
 type conversion functions: int(), float(), str(), type(), bool()
Others include:
 len(), chr(), min(), max(), range(), hex(), bin(), abs(), ord(), pow(), raw_input(), sum(),
format(), cmp(), dir(), oct(), round(), print()…etc.
Scoping
 All python objects, variable, or procedures are exists in either of two scopes; local or
global.
 Arguments or variables declared in a function are all local to that function
except otherwise designated as global.
 The life of a local variable is limited to the confines of the function or module it is in.
 However, variables or objects declared outside all functions in a program are global to
all procedures in the program.
Python Library Functions
In Python, standard library functions are the built-in functions that can be used directly in our
program. For example,
print() - prints the string inside the quotation marks

sqrt() - returns the square root of a number

pow( - returns the power of a number

These library functions are defined inside the module. And, to use them we must include
the module inside our program.
For sqrt() math
example, is defined inside the module.
Benefits of using Functions
1. Code Reusable - We can use the same function multiple times in our program which
makes our code reusable.
2. Code Readability - Functions help us break our code into chunks to make our
program readable and easy to understand.

Assignment
1. Write a python program using a function to compute the sum of two numbers.
2. Write a python program using a function to compute the factorial of a positive
integer number

Assignment
Unit 6

Processing String Data

Often times in problem solving we would want to store or process textual data containing
characters of the alphabets, numerals and special characters. Such data are called Strings.

 Strings

These are collection of characters that are used to store and represent textual information. They
can be used to store anything data that will include letters or symbols such as your name,
address, department, course code etc.

 Strings in python just like in many other programming languages are values placed in
between a pair of single or double quotes e.g. ‘Ola’, “CSC202” etc.

 There are many operations that can be performed on strings, enumeration of string
characters, concatenation, sorting, deleting characters, replacing, pattern matching,
reversing etc.

In the memory, strings in python are actually stored as an ordered sequence of characters.
The figure below shows how the string “Science, Types” will be stored.
 So it can be seen that characters of a strings are actually stored in consecutive memory
locations in memory where the first character occupies position or index 0 and the second
index 1 and to the last occupying index (N-1) where N is the length(total number of
characters) of the string. However from the rear, the indices is counted from -1, -2 to
–N!
  Notice that even spaces are treated like a normal character.
String Literals
String literals can be written in two forms either using single or double quotes.
 Single
Quote: Name =
‘KOLADAISI’
 Double
Quote: Name =
“KOLADAISI”
Whichever you use, be assured python treats them equally and it allows you to be able to embed
one in the other.
Escape Sequence
These are special characters embedded inside string literals to give them a special meaning or
introduce special characters that cannot be found on the keyboard into the string.
 The \ can be used to escape any given character in order to overall the default behaviour
of the character.
For instance putting another ‘ within a pair of ‘ and ‘ flags an error, to void the error, we can
escape the inner ‘ using the \ as shown below;
>>> place = ‘Senate\’s Underground’
Escape Sequence
 They can also be used to introduce special characters such as the following in a body of
string.
 String Methods
In memory, everything in python is actually treated as objects that can have methods, and properties. When
treated as objects, strings provide a set of methods (functions) that can be used to perform so many basic
operations with strings. See table below for some of these;

Method Use

s.capitalize() Capitalizes first character of s

s.count(sub) Count the number of occurrence of sub in s

s.find(sub) Returns the first sub is present in s

s.format(*fmt) Format s with the list of format specifiers fmt

s.index(sub) Returns the first index where sub occurs in s

s.endswith(sub) Returns True if sub ends s and False otherwise

s.join(iterable) Uses s to concatenate the list of items in iterable

s.startswith(pre) Returns True if sub begins s and False otherwise

s.lower() Converts s to lower case string

Assignments