• COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

• The Study of Comparative Police System

• Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies and under
diverse circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs
innovation to meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting.

• The study is carried out by the “safari method” (a researcher visits another country) or
‘collaborative method” (the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).

• Globalization

• Is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information, ideas and

authority.

• Process by which regional economies, societies, and culture, as well as information, ideas and
even authority become integrated by a global network of political ideas through
communication, transportation, and trade.

• Effects of Globalization to Police Service

• With globalization, commission of transnational crimes across borders is facilitated, and the
need for bilateral and international cooperation becomes now imperative.

• It also indicates that policing should be more current and effective. Police should gain insights
into how to deal with these new breeds of crimes. Best practices maybe adopted from other
police models. The goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs innovation
to meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting.

• Globalization is one among the threats in law enforcement due to:

1. Increasing volume of human rights violations;

2. The underprivileged gain under unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and
security;

3. Conflict between nations;

4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.

• However, if Globalization provides threats for law enforcement, it likewise, provide

opportunities; such as:

1. Creation of international tribunals to deal with human rights problems;

2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement
power of states;

3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes;

4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.
 • How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human dignity on global
scene?

1. International Bill of Human Rights (Universal Declaration of HR; International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights; International Covenant on Social and Economic Rights)

2. Geneva Conventions (treaties on war crimes, genocide and torture) intentionally killing
civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily
destroying civilian property.

3. UN Convention on the Rights of Child and the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(protection of vulnerable groups: children and women)

• Challenge of Globalization in the field of Law Enforcement

• “How every state pursues a strong relationship in the area of policing these global wrongs?”

1. Terrorism

2. Drug Trafficking

3. Children and Human Trafficking

4. Environmental Crimes (Nuclear, Atomic, etc)

5. Information Technology Crimes (Cyber Crimes)

6. Transnational Crimes

• JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

• The central coordinating body for the entire police system.

• The National Police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of
operation is left to the lower echelons.

• It is headed by a Commissioner General who is appointed by the National Public Safety

Commission.

• KOBAN - Urban Police Post 6,000 Police post

• CHUZAISHO - Rural Police Post 7,000 Police post

• IMPERIAL GUARD

-provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family of
Japan, as well as the protection of imperial properties.

• KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE)

-used on crowd control during festival periods times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police
when necessary.

• SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM

-anti-terrorist unit of JNPA

• RANKS OF JAPAN NATIONAL AGENCY

• Keisatsu-cho Chokan (Commisioner General)

• Keishi-Sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan)

• Keishi-Kan (Superintendent Supervisor)

• Keishi-Cho ( Chief Superintendent)

• Keishi-Sei (Senior Superintendent)

• Keishi (Superintendent)

• Keibu (Police Inspector)

• Keibu-Ho (Assintant Police Inspector)

• Junsa-Bucho (Police Sergeant)

• Junsa (Policeman)

• The Singapore Police System

• Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in the Global Competitiveness
Report in terms of its reliability of police services. The Singapore Police Force is the main agency
tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. Police officers in the various divisions
are armed when conducting regular uniformed patrols and plainclothes duties.

• Rank Classification

• Senior Police Officers: Commissioner of Police, Deputy Commissioner of Police, Senior Assistant
Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Superintendent of
Police, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Assistant Superintendent of Police, and Inspector of
Police.

• Rank Classification

• Non-commissioned officers: Senior Station Inspector II of Police, Senior Station Inspector I of

Police, Station Inspector of Police, Senior Staff Sergeant, Staff Sergeant, Sergeant, Corporal,
Lance Corporal, Special constable; and non regulars - Police Constable -

• The Police System of Hong Kong

• The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) is the largest disciplined service under the Security
Bureau (SB) of Hong Kong, headed by Secretary for Security. It is the world's second and Asia's
first police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844,
with strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong
Police Force in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming the Hong Kong
Police Force as the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (RHKPF).
 • Rank Classification

• The police ranks of RHKPF are as follows: Commissioner of Police (CP), Deputy Commissioner of
Police (DCP), Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP), Assistant Commissioner of
Police (ACP), Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP), Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP),
Superintendent of Police (SP), Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain), Senior
Inspector of Police (SIP), Inspector of Police (IP), Probationary Inspector of Police (PI), Station
Sergeant (SSGT), Sergeant (SGT), Senior Constable (SPC), and Police Constable (PC).

Philippine policing and transnational crime

The incidences of various transnational crimes within the Philippines have created a significant impact
on its political, economic, and sociocultural stability and security.

1. Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, or receipt of persons, by threat or use of force,
by abduction, fraud, deception, coercion or the abuse of power, or by the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits for the purpose of exploitation. Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the
purpose of forced labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.

• The Philippines is a major source of people that are trafficked to other countries with able
economies (kayang ekonomiya). The Philippines is being used also as a transit and destination
country. The nationalities of those involved in human trafficking are mostly Filipinos with
contacts in transit and destination countries. The Philippines’ experience in 2. international
terrorism began in 1985 when international terrorist groups attempted to establish a foothold in
the country.

• The Philippines is also a haven for 3. money laundering. 4. Drug trafficking is a lucrative business
in the country. The Philippines has the second lowest 5. software piracy (unauthorized
use, copying or distribution of copyrighted software). rate among Southeast Asian countries. 6.
Illicit trafficking of firearms is another menace to Philippine society. While the government
campaigns to dismantle all private armies have resulted in a significant decline in gunrunning
transactions and firearms smuggling, the proliferation of loose firearms remains unabated.

High seas piracy and armed robbery against ships has exhibited a downward trend, but the Philippines
has the highest number of crew members/passengers killed during piracy attacks in 2000. There have
been incidents of 7. cyberterrorism that have involved the Philippines, most notably the ILOVEYOU virus.
Countermeasures against organized crime in the Philippines have included legislation, specialized law
enforcement units, and programs of various international and national organizations as well as the
government.

• National conditions that make the Philippines vulnerable to exploitation by transnational

organized syndicates include the unguarded coastline, the widening gap between the rich and
the poor, the unemployment problem, proximity to drug producing and exporting countries, and
the absence or ineffectiveness of laws against transnational crime.

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote 1.political cooperation (states working together toward
a common goal) and 2.economic cooperation (seeks to generate the conditions needed to facilitate the
processes of trade and financial). and 3.regional stability (means to strive for cooperative political,
economic, cultural, and military relations in areas that have passed through wars, where the political
and interethnic relations are still partly characterized by conflict, or that are afflicted with security
problems). (Indonesia and Malaysia konfrontasi)

• Brunei joined in 1984, shortly after its independence from the United Kingdom, and Vietnam
joined ASEAN as its seventh member in 1995. Laos and Burma were admitted into full
membership in July 1997 as ASEAN celebrated its 30th anniversary. Cambodia became ASEAN’s
tenth member in 1999.

Process of ASEAN cooperation

ASEAN Cooperation Project is one of the means to facilitate ASEAN’s integration and community
building process. It contributes to the overall ASEAN Community Vision 2025, a roadmap that comprises
blueprints for the three ASEAN Community Pillars—the 1. ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC),
the 2. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the 3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC)—and
includes the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Work Plan IV and the Master Plan on ASEAN
Connectivity (MPAC) 2025.

• ASEAN Community Vision 2025 - integrated (connected) , peaceful and stable community with
shared prosperity built upon the aspirations of and commitment to the Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation in Southeast Asia.

• ASEAN Community Pillars Aims and purposes of 1. ASEAN Political-Security Community

(APSC)

1. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
(Southeast Asia).

2. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in
the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United
Nations Charter.

3. Preserving regional peace and stability, adopting a comprehensive approach to security

challenges and developing friendly and mutually beneficial relations with external parties have
been the underlying principles of ASEAN’s approach to political and security issues and
developments.

2. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) - was set up in 2003 with the objectives of creating a single
market and production base, enhancing equitable economic development as well as facilitating
(mapadali) the integration into the global (pandaigdigang ekonomiya) economy. (para mapadali yung
pag konecta nila sa kanilang ekonomiya sa pagndaigdigang ekonomiya)

3. The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) - is one of the three pillars of ASEAN, in addition to the
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC). ASCC's main
objective is to strengthen and promote the social, cultural and human dimensions of ASEAN
cooperation.
4. Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Work Plan IV - aims to narrow the divide (paliitin ang pagitan)
within ASEAN and enhance ASEAN competitiveness as a region. The IAI helps ASEAN newer Member
States implement ASEAN commitments and agreements.

5. Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC) 2025 - The vision for the ASEAN Connectivity 2025 is to
achieve a seamlessly and comprehensively connected and integrated ASEAN that will promote
competitiveness, inclusiveness, and a greater sense of Community.

The MPAC 2025 focuses on five strategic areas: 1. sustainable infrastructure, 2. digital innovation, 3.
seamless logistics, 4. regulatory excellence and 5. people mobility.

• International Cooperation addressing Transnational Crimes

• Police cooperation has only become more important in the era of globalization and the
corresponding environment in which terrorism and other kinds of serious transnational crime
can flow easily across borders. Close international cooperation among police services is essential
to prevent and combat these rising worldwide dangers.

• Channels of International Police Cooperation

1. Agreements between countries, whether bilateral or multilateral . (A bilateral treaty (also called
a bipartite treaty) is a treaty strictly between two state entities. It is an agreement made by
negotiations between two parties, established in writing and signed by representatives of the
parties. Treaties can span in substance and complexity, regarding a wide variety of matters, such
as territorial boundaries, trade and commerce, political alliances, and more.)

2. Adherence to agreements made by United Nations (U.N.) member countries based on resolutions,
conventions, protocols, and other legal documents passed by respective bodies of the U.N.

3. Membership in sub-regional, regional, or global international police organizations; or from

international voluntary police associations.

• Forms of International Police Cooperation

1. Exchange of information

2. Joint operations

3. Training of police personnel in other countries

4. Participation in international conferences, seminars, and meetings

5. International publications

6. Cooperation in obtaining modern police equipment

7. International research projects

8. Mutual holiday visits

• Principal Targets of International Police Cooperation

 • The principal targets of international police cooperation are serious transnational crimes. The
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime defines “serious crime” as an
offense that is transnational in nature and involves an organized criminal group.

• An offense is “transnational” in nature when:

1. It is committed in more than one state.

2. It is committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction, or
control takes place in another state.

3. It is committed in one state but involves an organized criminal group that engages in criminal
activities in more than one state.

4. It is committed in one state but has substantial effects on another state.

• Transnational Crimes

1. Terrorism

2. Drug trafficking

3. Organized crime

4. Smuggling of migrants and trafficking in human beings, including children

5. Cyber crime

6. Money laundering

7. Trafficking of stolen vehicles

8. Intellectual property crime

9. Smuggling of stolen artwork

10. Financial and credit card fraud

11. Smuggling and illicit trafficking in weapons and radioactive and nuclear substances

• The INTERPOL

• The role of the International Police in the control of the impact of globalization in policing and
human rights violations is tremendous being uniquely positioned to contribute substantially to
the success of all law enforcement efforts aimed at combating global crimes, human rights
violations and terrorism.

• Working principle

INTERPOL is not a police force.

It is a machinery for international police cooperation and communication.

INTERPOL is not a police force. It has no powers to arrest anyone, investigate or prosecute crimes, but it
occasionally deploys ‘Incident Response Teams’ to assist national police forces during joint cross-border
operations or large-scale public events. International police organization is the coordinated action of
the member countries’ police force, all of which supply and request information and services.

• General Assembly

• INTERPOL’s supreme governing body. It meets annually and comprises of delegates appointed
by each member country. The assembly takes all important decision related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and programs.

• The executive committee

This 13 member committee is elected by general assembly.

1 president - 4 years term

3 vice president – 3 years term

9 delegates

Meets three (3) times a year usually March, July, and immediately before general assembly.

NOTE: The general assembly and executive committee is for the organization governance.

• Trivial information on INTERPOL’s EXECOM

JOHANNES SCHOBER - 1st president of INTERPOL EXECOM. (1923 – 1932)

JOLLY R. BUGARIN – 1st FILIPINO president of INTERPOL EXECOM (1980 – 1984)

MIREILLE BALLESTRAZI – 1st female president of INTERPOL EXECOM (2012 – 2016)

MENG HONGWEI – president of INTERPOL EXECOM (Nov. 2016 present)

• The general secretariat

• Based in Lyon, France

• It coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international

criminal records and organized regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information
on police work.

• The general secretariat has seven (7) regional offices across the world

- Argentina

- Cameroon

- Cote d’ Ivore

- El Salvador

- Kenya

- Thailand
 - Zimbabwe

• Currently headed by JURGEN STOCKS

Four official language ( S-A-F-E)

- Spanish

- Arabic

- French

- English

• The national central bureau

The main CONTACT POINT for the GENERAL SECRETARIAT. Regional offices and other member
countries.

Each Interpol member countries maintains a national central bureau staffed by national law
enforcement officers.

• The advisers

APPOINTED by the executive committee and CONFIRMED by the general assembly.

These are EXPERTS in a purely ADVISORY CAPACITY

The Commission for the Control of Files

is an independent body which shall ensure that the processing of personal information by the
Organization is in compliance (pagsunod) with the regulations the Organization establishes in this
matter.

• The INTERPOL

• Interpol, whose full name is the International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL, is an
organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International
Criminal Police Commission in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in
1956.

• The International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) has 196 member countries (Nov. 28,
2023) and is the world’s preeminent police institution in support of organizations, authorities,
and services whose mission is preventing, detecting, and suppressing crime.

• The Interpol General Secretariat is located in Lyon, France.

• INTERPOL’s Core Functions

• Secure Global Police Communication Services (I-24/7) – it provides police around the world
with a common platform through which they can share crucial information about criminals and
criminality.
• Operational Data Services and Databases – it ensures that police worldwide have access to the
information and services they need to prevent and investigate crimes. Databases includes data
on criminals such a names, fingerprints, DNA profiles, stolen property such as passports, vehicles
etc.

• Operational Police Support Services – it supports law enforcement officials in the field with
emergency support and operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas of fugitive,
public safety and terrorism, drugs and organized crime, trafficking in human beings and financial
high- tech crimes.

• Police training and development- INTERPOL Global Learning Centre is a Learning Management
System composed of a directory of experts, e-learning packages and a depository of research
papers and best practices. Together with regular training programs, the organization ultimately
aims at enhancing member countries' capacity in combatting transnational crime and terrorism.

• INTERPOL’s Notice System

• Red Notice – based on the national arrest warrants, are used to seek the arrest and extradition
of suspects.

• Blue Notice – used to seek information on the identity of persons or on their illegal activities
related to criminal matters.

• Green Notice – are used to provide warning and criminal intelligence about persons who have
committed criminal offenses and who are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.

• Yellow Notice – used to locate missing persons

• INTERPOL’s Notice System

• Black Notice – used to determine the identity of deceased person.

• Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent

threat and danger to persons or property.

• Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and
concealment methods used by criminals.

• INTERPOL – United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals and
entities that are subject to UN sanctions.

• European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol)

• Europol has a mission to support its Member States in preventing and combating all forms of
serious international and organized crime, cybercrime and terrorism.

• Europol’s vision is to ensure an effective EU response to the threats of serious international and
organized crime, cybercrime and terrorism in the EU, by acting as the principal information hub,
delivering agile operational support and providing European policing solutions in conjunction
with its network of partners.
 • Strategy and Priorities

Europol’s Strategy guides the organization in implementing its main goals and vision, and in delivering a
unique set of operational services to the EU.

• Strategic priority 1. Be the EU criminal information hub

• Europol has established itself as the EU criminal information hub and will continue to enhance
the value of its network by providing Member States with access to a growing number of
partners and sources of information. Europol will further evolve from collecting to connecting
information; in the coming years, the focus will be on reinforcing this position by advancing
Europol’s information management architecture and rapidly embracing new methods and
technologies as they become available. Europol will also work with the relevant EU agencies, the
European Commission and the Member States to implement its roadmaps related to travel
intelligence and to EU systems interoperability.

• Strategic priority 2. Deliver agile operational support

• To increase operational impact by dismantling terrorist networks and increasingly poly-criminal

organized crime groups, Europol will develop an agile operational support model, building on its
existing experience of the Joint Cybercrime Action Taskforce (J-CAT), Joint Operational Team
(JOT) Mare, Counter Terrorism Joint Liaison Team (CT-JLT), High-Value Targets (HVTs),
Operational Taskforces (OTFs) and guest officer deployments.

• Strategic priority 3. Be a platform for European policing solutions

• Europol will act as the broker (produce and distribute) of law enforcement knowledge, providing
a hub (network). through which Member States can connect and benefit from each other’s and
Europol’s expertise and training capabilities. Europol’s evolution from a systems-based
organization to a specialized law enforcement service provider by progressively advancing from
processing to producing knowledge will be pursued.

• The United Nations (UN): Its Purposes

1. Prevention of war

2. Maintenance of international peace.

3. Development of friendly relations among the members of the international Community.

4. Attainment of international cooperation and harmony in the actions of nations.

• PNP Standard Qualification for UN Mission

1. An UNSAS eligible; UNSAS Eligible - refers to the PNP personnel who passed the UNSAT (United
Nations Selection Assistance Team) in the Philippines, entitling such member eligibility for
deployment within a period of eighteen (18) months commencing from the last day of the test,
as certified by members of the UNSAT who administered the same.

2. A Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) must have a rank of at least Police Senior Inspector while a
Police Non-Commissioned Officer (PNCO) applicant must have a rank of at least Police Officer III;
3. Have attained at least five (5) years of active police service (excluding cadetship for PMA, PNPA,
PMMA, and equivalent Officer’s Training/Field Training Program (FTP) for Lateral Entry Officers and
Recruitment Training for Police Non-Commissioned Officers);

• PNP Standard Qualification for UN Mission

4. Appointment in permanent status in his/her present rank;

5. Have at least one (1) year experience in vehicle driving reckoned from the date of issuance of
his/her valid driver’s license;

6. Recommended by his/her Unit Commander (Command Group, D-Staff Directors, RDs of PROs,
NSUs Directors and District Directors);

7. Have a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) of at least Very Satisfactory (VS) for two (2)
consecutive semestral rating period immediately preceding his/her application;

• PNP Standard Qualification for UN Mission

8. With no pending administrative or criminal case in any body/tribunal or court nor a witness to
any such case nor a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases;

9. Have not been repatriated from previous UN Mission for disciplinary reason/s;

10. With knowledge on basic computer operations (e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, e-mail and
Internet); Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by DHRDD as well as Medical,
Dental and Neuro Psychiatric Examination; and Without firearm accountability as certified by
the Directorate for Logistics (DL).

• Priority for Deployment

• 1st priority- PNP personnel without previous UN Mission deployment

• 2nd priority- PNP personnel with previous UN mission deployment (Personnel who obtained the
highest exam rating, or those superior in rank, length of service, educational attainment, or with
fewer missions, in such order shall have priority for deployment).

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1069

Section 1. Short-Title. — This Decree shall be known as the "Philippine Extradition Law.".

Sec. 2. Definition of Terms. — When used in this law, the following terms shall, unless the context
otherwise indicates, have meanings respectively assigned to them:.

(a) "Extradition" — The removal of an accused from the Philippines with the object of placing him at the
disposal of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or government to hold him in connection
with any criminal investigation directed against him or the execution of a penalty imposed on him under
the penal or criminal law of the requesting state or government.

(b) "Extradition Treaty or Convention" — An extradition agreement between the Republic of the
Philippines and one or more foreign states or governments..
(c) "Accused" — The person who is, or is suspected of being, within the territorial jurisdiction of the
Philippines, and whose extradition has been requested by a foreign state or government..

(d) "Requesting State or Government" — The foreign state or government from which the request for
extradition has emanated. .

(e) "Foreign Diplomat" — Any authorized diplomatic representative of the requesting state or
government and recognized as such by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs..

(f) "Secretary of Foreign Affairs" — The head of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the
Philippines, or in his absence, any official acting on his behalf or temporarily occupying and discharging
the duties of that position.

Sec. 3. Aims of Extradition. — Extradition may be granted only pursuant to a treaty or convention, and
with a view to:

(a) A criminal investigation instituted (started) by authorities of the requesting state or government
charging the accused with an offense punishable under the laws both of the requesting state or
government and the Republic of the Philippines by imprisonment or other form relevant extradition
treaty or convention; or

(b) The execution of a prison sentence imposed by a court of the requesting state or government, with
such duration as that stipulated in the relevant extradition treaty or convention, to be served in the
jurisdiction of and as a punishment for an offense committed by the accused within the territorial
jurisdiction of the requesting state or government.

Sec. 4. Request; By whom made; Requirements. —

(1) Any foreign state or government with which the Republic of the Philippines has entered into
extradition treaty or convention, only when the relevant treaty or convention, remains in force, may
request for the extradition of any accused who is or suspected of being in the territorial jurisdiction of
the Philippines. (Australia, Canada, China, Hong – Kong Special Administrative Region, India,
Indonesia, Korea, and USA .

(2) The request shall be made by the Foreign Diplomat of the requesting state or government,
addressed to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and shall be accompanied by:

(a) The original or an authentic copy of either — (1) the decision or sentence imposed upon the
accused by the court of the requesting state or government; or

(2) the criminal charge and the warrant of arrest issued by the authority of the requesting state or
government having jurisdiction of the matter or some other instruments having the equivalent legal
force.

(b) A recital of the acts for which extradition is requested, with the fullest particulars as to the name
and identity of the accused, his whereabouts in the Philippines, if known, the acts or omissions
complained of, and the time and place of the commission of these acts;

(c) The text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents of said law, and the designation or
description of the offense by the law, sufficient for evaluation of the request; and
(d) Such other documents or information in support of the request.

• Importance of Policing in Social Life (buhay panlipunan)

• Social life refers to the activities, interactions, and relationships that individuals engage in
within their communities and with other people.

• Policing plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order in society. It ensures the safety and
security of individuals, protects their rights, and promotes social harmony. Here are some key
reasons why policing is important in social life:

1. Crime Prevention: Police officers actively work to prevent crime by patrolling communities,
responding to emergencies, and conducting investigations. Their presence acts as a deterrent
and helps create a sense of security among the public.

2. Public Safety: Policing is essential for maintaining public safety. Police officers respond to
emergencies, enforce traffic laws, and handle situations that pose a threat to individuals or
communities. They play a vital role in protecting citizens from harm.

3. Law Enforcement: The police are responsible for enforcing laws and regulations. They investigate
crimes, gather evidence, and apprehend offenders. By upholding the law, police officers ensure that
individuals are held accountable for their actions, promoting a just and fair society.

4. Conflict Resolution: Police officers often act as mediators in conflicts, helping to resolve disputes and
maintain peace. They have the authority to intervene in situations where there is a potential for violence
or harm, preventing escalation and promoting peaceful resolutions.

5. Community Engagement: Policing involves building strong relationships with the community. Police
officers engage with residents, businesses, and community organizations to understand their concerns
and address issues effectively. This collaboration fosters trust, cooperation, and a sense of partnership
between the police and the public.

• The Goals of Policing

The goals of policing are multifaceted (having many aspects or sides) and vary across different
jurisdictions. However, some common objectives include:

1. Crime Reduction: Policing aims to reduce crime rates and create a safe environment for
individuals and communities.

2. Public Order (kaayusan ng publiko): Policing seeks to maintain public order by preventing disorderly
conduct, addressing public nuisances, and ensuring compliance with laws and regulations.

3. Justice and Fairness (pagiging patas): Policing strives to uphold justice and fairness by investigating
crimes, apprehending offenders, and ensuring due process for all individuals involved.

4. Community Safety: Policing aims to enhance community safety by working collaboratively with
residents, businesses, and community organizations to identify and address safety concerns.

5. Public Trust: Policing seeks to build public trust and confidence by promoting transparency,
accountability, and ethical conduct among police officers.
 • Roles of the Police in the Affairs of the State/Government

The police play several roles in the affairs of the state or government. These roles include:

1. Law Enforcement: The primary role of the police is to enforce laws and regulations established
by the government. They investigate crimes, apprehend offenders, and gather evidence for
prosecution.

2. Maintenance of Public Order: The police are responsible for maintaining public order and preventing
disruptions to social harmony. They respond to public disturbances, manage protests, and ensure
compliance with laws and regulations.

3. Protection of State/Government Officials: The police provide security and protection to

state/government officials, including politicians, diplomats, and other high-ranking individuals. They may
be assigned to personal security details or tasked with securing government buildings and events.

4. Intelligence and Counterterrorism: In some cases, the police are involved in intelligence gathering
and counterterrorism efforts. They work closely with intelligence agencies to identify and prevent
potential threats to national security.

5. Emergency Response: The police are often the first responders in emergencies, such as natural
disasters or terrorist attacks. They coordinate rescue efforts, provide assistance to victims, and ensure
public safety during crises.