(a) Directions

Anatomical Directorial Terms Definition

Anterior In front of, front
Posterior After, behind, following, toward the rear
Distal Away from, farther from the origin
Proximal Near, closer to the orugin
Dorsal Near the upper surface, toward the back
Ventral Toward the bottom, toward the belly
Superior Above, over
Inferior Below, under
Lateral Toward the side, away from the mid-line
Medial Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side
Bilateral Involving both sides of the body
Unilateral Involving one side of the body
Ipsilateral On the same side of the body
Contralateral On opposite sides of the body
Parietal Relating to a body cavity wall
Visceral Relating to organs within body cavities

(b) Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Example
Mono- , Uni- One Unilateral
Bi- Two Bilateral
Tri- Three Triplicate
Ab- Away from Abduction
Ad- Toward Adduction
Ecto- , Exo- Outside Ectoparasite
Endo- Inside Endoderm
Epi- Upon Epinenephrine
Ambi- Both Ambidextrous
Dys- Bad, Painful, Difficult Dyslexia
Eu- Good, Normal Eukaryote
Homo- Same Homogenous
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 Iso- Equal, Same Isotope
Mal- Bad, Poor Malnutrition

(c) Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-algia Pain Myalgia
-emia Blood Hypoglycemia
-itis Inflammation Bronchitis
-lysis Destruction, Break down Dialysis
-oid Like Haploid
-opathy Disease of Neuropathy
-pnea Breathing Sleep apnea
-centesis Puncture a cavity to remove fluid Amniocentesis
-ectomy Surgical removal or excision Hysterectomy
-ostomy A new permanent opening Tracheostomy
-otomy Cutting into, Incision Gastrotomy
-orrhaphy Surgical repair or suture Gastrorrhaphy
-opexy Surgical fixation Nephropexy
-oplasty Surgical repair Rhinoplasty
-otripsy Crushing or destroying Lithotripsy

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Physiological Functions of Body Systems
SYSTEM NAME ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION(S)
INTEGUMENTARY Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, Protection, regulation of body
sebaceous glands temperature, synthesis of
Vitamin D, etc.
SKELETAL Bones, tendons, ligaments, Support, protection, movement,
cartilages Ca++ store, hematopoiesis
MUSCULAR Skeletal Muscles Movement, heat production
NERVOUS Brain, spinal cord, nerves Coordination of body parts:
information processing
ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands that secrete Maintenance of homeostasis
hormones
CARDIOVASCULA Heart, Blood Vessels Electrolyte maintenance,
R transport of nutrients, wastes, O2
and CO2
LYMPHATIC Bone marrow, lymph nodes, To fight infection
thymus, spleen
RESPIRATORY Oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity, Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2),
sinuses, pharynx, larynx, maintenance of blood pH and
trachea, bronchial tubes within electrolytes: voice production
lungs, alveoli
URINARY Kidneys, ureters, urinary Removal of metabolic wastes
bladder, urethra from blood, maintenance of
blood (i.e., pH, pressure, etc.),
maintenance of electrolytes
DIGESTIVE Oral cavity, pharynx, Breakdown of food into
oesophagus, stomach, small and substances that can be absorbed
large intestine, salivary glands, (for energy)
liver, pancreas, gall bladder
REPRODUCTIVE Male: testes, epididymis, vas Production, maintenance and
deferens, prostate, seminal transport of gametes: production
vesicle, bulbourethral glands, of sex hormones
urethra, penis, scrotum Female: house developing
Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, embryo/fetus
uterus, cervix, vagina, labia,
clitoris

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