© O REFRIGETATION SYSTEMS VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE OBJECTIVES After completing this module, the student must be able to: 1. Understand the how vapor compression cycle and its derivatives work, . Describe the main components and processes in vapor compression cycle. . Explain principles and performance metrics of vapor compression cycle. . Evaluate factors. affecting vapor compression cycle performance. VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE i t VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE 1-2 _Isentropic compression pvkK=c 2-3. Isobaric heat rejection Conder 1 * oa w P=c 3-4 Isenthalpic expansion H=Cc 4-1. Isobaric heat addition P=cyN Cp VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE, PROPERTIES Isentropic (Compressor) Efficiency (neompressor) Heat absorbed (Om): Heat. absorbed by, the Fre an eae ae soins, actual work’ done of evaporator from the Surroundings, expressed as > Qin = Hy — Hy compressor = Seneropic “eon Wactal Heat rejected (Qou:) : Heat, rejected by the condenser from the Surrounding, expressed as: Coefficient, of Performance (COP): The ratio of heat absorbed or rejected from the surrounding to Qou — Hs — Hz the work input, expressed as: Work input (Win): work to compress the fluid — | Om Mom onto nighDressure, exprested as COP ret = Fae Win = Hi — Hz Qour COPD = Wise © VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE: PERFORMANCE FACTORS (1) 1. SUCTION PRESSURE EFFECT b Pressure The refrigerating effect _ is / —™\ decreased and work required is pf 44 \ as increased. The net effect is to \F reduce the refrigerating capacity of the system (with the same amount of refrigerant flow) and the C.0.P. h (Enthalpy) © VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE: “s) PERFORMANCE FACTORS (2) 2. DELIVERY PRESSURE EFFECT The effect of increasing the delivery/discharge pressure is just similar to the effect of decreasing the suction pressure. The only difference is that the effect of decreasing the suction pressure is more predominant hens) than the effect of increasing the discharge pressure. p (Pressure)© VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE: PERFORMANCE FACTORS (1-2) IMPORTANT NOTES 1) As the discharge temperature required’in the summer is more as compared with winter, the same machine will give less refrigerating effect (load capacity decreased) at a higher cost. 2. The increase in discharge’ pressure is necessary for high condensing temperatures and decrease in suction pressure is necessary to maintain low temperature in the evaporator. © VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE: PERFORMANCE FACTORS (3) 3. SUPERHEATING EFFECT The effect of superheating is to # (Pressure) increase the refrigerating effect but this increase in refrigerating effect is at the cost of increase in amount of work spent to attain the upper pressure limit. Since the increase in work is more as compared to increase in refrigerating effect, therefore overall effect of LS, i centratpyy superheating is to give a low value 2 g g ° eo] © VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE: “s) PERFORMANCE FACTORS (4) 4. SUBCOOLING EFFECT 'p (Pressure) t The effect of subcooling is to increase the refrigerating effect. Thus, sub-cooling results in increase of C.0.P. provided that no further energy has to be spent to obtain the extra cold coolant required. Cg i Enthalpy)© VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE: “s)) PERFORMANCE FACTORS (5) 5. SUCTION TEMPERATURE AND CONDENSER TEMPERATURE The performance of the vapor compression refrigerating cycle varies considerably with both vaporizing and condensing temperatures. Of the two, the vaporizing temperature has far the greater effect. It is seen that the capacity and performance of the refrigerating system improve as the vaporizing temperature increases and the condensing temperature decreases. Thus, refrigerating system should always be designed to operate at the highest possible vaporizing temperature and lowest possible condensing temperature, of course, keeping in view the requirements of the application. A Cp SAMPLE PROBLEM (1) a R134a enters the compressor of a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle at 120kPa as a saturated vapor and leaves at 900kPa and 75°C. The refrigerant leaves the condenser asia saturated liquid. The rate of cooling provided by the system is 18,000Btu/hr. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of R134a and (b) the COP of the cycle. (c) Determine the COP of the cycle if the expansion valve is replaced by an isentropic turbine. Do you recommend such a replacement for refrigeration systems? (d) Determine the COP if the evaporator pressure is 160kPa and other values remain the same. (e) Determine the COP ifthe condenser pressure is 800kPa and-other values remain the same. a Cp SAMPLE PROBLEM (2) a R134a enters the evaporator coils of a household refrigerator placed at the back of the freezer section at 120kPa with a quality of 20% and leaves at 120kPa and —20 °C. If the compressor consumes 620W of power and the COP of the refrigerator is 1.3 ,calculate (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and (b) the rate of heat rejected to the kitchen air.ZN Cp PRACTICE PROBLEMS wr 1 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid operates between pressure limits of 240kPa and 1600KPa. Calculate (a) the heat absorption in the evaporator, (b) the heat rejection in the condenser, (c) the work input, and (4) the COP. An automotive air conditioner operates on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the'working fluid. The refrigerant enters the compressor at)180kPa superheated by 2.7°C at a rate of 0.007kg/s and leaves the compressor at 1200kPa and 60°C. R134a is subcooled by 6.3°C at the exit of the condenser. Calculate (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b) the rate of cooling, and (c) the COP. An air conditioner with R-134a as the refrigerant is used to keep a room at 24°C by rejecting the waste heat to the outside air at 36°C. The room gains heat through the walls and the windows at a rate of- 125k]/min, while the heat generated by the computer, TV, and lights amounts to 800W. The refrigerant enters the compressor at SOOKPa as a saturated vapor at a rate of 100L/min and leaves at 1200kPa and 50°C. Calculate (a) the actual COP, (b) the maximum COP, and (c) the minimum volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet for the same compressor inlet and exit conditions.