Introduction to

operating system
 Expected objectives

Know the role of the different modules of the operating

system;
Know the layered structure of computer systems;
Know the organization of software in layers;
Know the language layers and virtual machines;
Understand the function of the operating system;
Distinguish the categorization of operating systems;
Know the DOS commands.
 I-Presentations of some concepts

A computer system (CS) is a set of hardware and software means

intended to solve the problems of a set of users. Hardware without
software is just a useless clump of metal. can be subdivided into two
main classes:

application software;
software
System software.

Application software is used to solve specific problems, it can be

written by the user or found on the market,.it is often the case for
Microsoft word for example.
 I-Presentations of some concepts

System software can be grouped into two subclasses:

Utilities
They help to develop applications, they are compilers, assemblers, text
editors, loaders, debuggers.

The operating system

It aims to simplify the task of users by presenting them with a virtual

machine that is easier to use than the real machine and also ensures
the efficient and economical use of the various resources of the
machine.
 I-Presentations of some concepts

An operating system is a set of software that performs a major

function:
a-Present to the user an easy-to-use virtual machine, it is therefore an
interface between the virtual machine and the physical machine and
makes it possible to hide the complexity of using the machine.

b-economically and efficiently manage all the different resources of the

machine such as:
Main memory;
Secondary memories;
The processor;
The process.
 I-Presentations of some concepts
Examples of operating system
MS – DOS,

Unix (BD, System V, Solaris, Linux, Aix, X ENIX),

Windows (3.x /95/98/Millenium),

Windows NT (4.0/2000/2003/XP/Vista/windows 7/windows 8),

Mac OS.
II
II--Layered structuring of a computer
system
1-Abstraction layer
We describe computer systems like a stack of layers which are
superimposed, bringing to each additional level new functions that are
increasingly elaborate and based on the more elementary functions
provided by the underlying layers.
 II
II--Layered structuring of a computer
system
1-Abstraction layer

Hardware consists of electronic circuits and logic circuits. It is at this

level that the lowest layer of abstraction is found.
The operating system is the most important element of a
computer system.
The applications are word processing, database management,
spreadsheets, etc.
Utilities are basic user services. Example graphical interface,
command interpreter, various managers running in the background.
Users use the computer system, they are the recipients of the
computer system, they interact with the higher level layer.
 II
II--Layered structuring of a computer
system
1-Layered structure of software
 II
II--Layered structuring of a computer
system
1-Layered structure of software

Each layer is built on the previous layer. It is a kind of virtual machine

that allows abstraction of the details that make up the underlying
layers
Each layer provides services to the layer above it and is a client of
the underlying layer.
It communicates with these two adjacent layers only through well-
defined interfaces.
Each layer is solely responsible for its internal functioning.
Any changes to this operation must not influence the other layers.
II
II--Layered structuring of a computer
system
3-Layers of languages and virtual machines
 II
II--Layered structuring of a computer
system
3-Layers of languages and virtual machines
Computer languages are to be considered at many levels.
A program is a sequence of instructions;
L0 the machine language whose instructions are executed by the
electronic circuits of the machine M0;
L0 is perfectly adapted to electronic circuits but for us humans, its
code is tedious;
tedious
We therefore need an L1 language more understandable by users;
We have the impression that an M1 machine directly executes the
instructions of L1.The L1 language is not very different from L0;
We therefore need an L2 language closer to the user and less
dependent on the machine;
Each language builds on its predecessor and becomes a bit more
convenient than the previous one.
III-Internal organization of an
III-
operating system
An operating system is a very complex software, as such during its
design, it is broken down into modules to facilitate the work, each
module has a very specific function, well-defined inputs and outputs,
we distinguish among the modules :

1-Process management

A process is a running program; the operating system is responsible

for:
The creation and destruction of user processes;
Suspending and waking up processes;
Synchronization between processes;
Interprocess communication;
The development of deadlocks.
III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
2-Memory management

Central memory is shared by the processor and other organs such

as controllers;
The main memory is the only unit that the processor directly
accesses. The processor and the controller write and read data in
memory during the different execution cycles of an instruction;
For the processor to be able to process data, the latter must first
be transferred from the peripheral unit where it was located to the
memory;
At any given time, multiple user processes may load into main
memory.
III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
2-Memory management
The operating system is responsible for the following aspects:

Loading processes into memory;

Memory allocation and freeing;
The management of the traces of the memory zones occupied
by the various processes;
Managing the space freed up in memory;
The transfer of data from other memories to the central
memory;
Implement a memory management policy.

The operating system performs these functions using system calls

III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
3-File management
A computer can keep its data on different types of media such as:
Magnetic tape;
magnetic discs;
CD-ROMs;
DVDs;
Flash disks;
etc...
Each storage medium has its own characteristics, and its unique
organization,
each medium is managed by an electrical device called a
controller and has its own characteristics such as speed, transfer
rate, access speed, capacity.
III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
3-File management
The operating system provides a uniform logical view of data storage,
it thus provides a logical unit of storage called a file and allows:

Creation and destruction of files and directories;

Providing scopes to manipulate files and directories;
The correspondence between logical files and physical storage
units.
The part of the operating system that does this job is called the
file system.
III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
4-Input/output management
Its purpose is to hide from users the specificities of each peripheral
unit, it consists of:
The use of input/output (I/O) buffers,
The use of printing pools,
The use of peripherals which constitute the interface with the
controllers,
In general, only the device driver knows the characteristics of the
device it controls.
5-management of secondary memories
The operating system is responsible for:
The management of free spaces,
The allocation of free spaces,
The scheduling of disk access requests.
III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
6-Network management
The operating system channels network access as a kind of file access,
with the details of network access processing confined to the driver
and network interface.
7-System Protection
The operating system provides a means of distinguishing (or not)
authorized or unauthorized uses of a resource.
resource Protection consists of
providing a mechanism for controlling access to resources by user
processes.
8-the command interpreter
It is the interface between the user and the operating system, some
operating systems such as MSDOS, UNIX, do not integrate the
interpreter into the kernel.
The kernel is the part of the system that cannot be replaced by user
code (code written by the user)
III-Internal organization of an operating
III-
system
8-the command interpreter
In MSDOS, the interpreter is command.com,
Under Linux it is the shell.

The interpreter runs first when a user logs in, it is the one that
displays the system command prompt, its purpose is to get the next
command and create the associated process.
IV--Classification of operating systems
IV

1-Mono-task system
It only manages one task at a time (one program). When the program
is launched, it uses the machine's resources alone and only returns
control to the operating system at the end of execution, or in the
event of an error. Example: the MS-DOS system.
Exemple : le système MS-DOS.
2-system multitasking
It simultaneously manages several programs on the same machine.
It allows CPU time to be shared for multiple programs, so these will
appear to be running simultaneously.
The principle is to allocate time to different programs (tasks or
processes) running simultaneously.
These tasks will be in turn active, on hold, suspended or destroyed,
depending on the priority associated with them. The allocated time
can be fixed or variable depending on the type of sharing managed by
the OS.
Example : OS2 d'IBM, Windows 95, 98, xp, vista, 7.
IV--Classification of operating systems
IV
3-Multi-user system

The main characteristics are:

Environment management specific to each user (identification, own

resources);
Security of access to programs and data;

Access rights management.

Example: Windows 2000, 2003, XP, Unix (HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, Linux,
FreeBSD...)
IV--Classification of operating systems
IV

4-Single user system

Only one user at a time;

run one application at a time;

simplified management.

Example : MS DOS
IV--Classification of operating systems
IV
5-Distributed system

it manages several computers simultaneously and distributes the use

of resources on this network;

an assembly of hardware and software elements that cooperate to

achieve a common goal using a network as a means of data exchange;

This network can be a local network or a wide area network, most

often the Internet.

Example: example of air traffic control systems, banking systems

V-Classification of computer systems
1-Cloud
recent declension of distributed systems;
operation of remote servers across a network, most often the
Internet;
servers rented on demand from external providers based on usage;
three main types of services can be provided.
V-Classification of computer systems
1-Cloud
IAAS - Infrastructure As A Service
The provider or the host rents a virtualized computer park created
and managed by a virtualization software layer on the servers of its
resource center;

The architects of the client system define the virtual infrastructure

on which all the desired software components are remotely hosted.

PAAS -Platform As A Service

The provider rents a complete application execution platform,
including a set of networked virtual machines with their operating
systems and infrastructure tools for application distribution, storage,
backup, archiving, monitoring , security, etc.
V-Classification of computer systems
1-Cloud
PAAS -Platform As A Service
Client system developers build it on this platform,
offers great “elasticity”, i.e. an ability to adapt immediately to needs
(growth or reduction in load, for example),
the user saves the purchase of a specific hardware and software
infrastructure for all or part of his computer system.
SAAS -Software As A Service
The supplier rents applications accessible via a simple web browser,
All the hardware and software layers underlying the applications are
hidden from the user of the service.
Example: Google Apps for Work includes business email, video
conferencing, cloud storage, and other enterprise apps.
V-Classification of computer systems
2-Real time systems
time constraints become paramount;
a strict real-time system must respect time
constraints even in the worst case,
a result that is logically correct but provided out of time
becomes an incorrect result,
Example: a large part of industrial supervision systems
Example
(nuclear power plants, chemical plants, etc.), medical
supervision systems, pilot or driver assistance systems).
a flexible real-time system (soft) may exceptionally
not respect the time constraints. This is the case, for
example, of videoconferencing or network games,
V-Classification of computer systems
3-Embedded systems
computer system being an integral part of a larger
system that it commands and controls,
possible time constraints,
these computer systems are most often subject to
strong constraints in terms of weight, volume, energy
consumption, autonomy (battery power supply), memory
consumption, etc.
Example: found in automobiles, airplanes and certain
medical, household appliances or leisure equipment
(cameras, toys, etc.).
V-Classification of computer systems
4-Robots
Robots constitute a particular family of systems,
combining mechanics, electronics and computing
(“mechatronics”), which aim to replace human beings for
tasks that are repetitive, painful, dangerous or even
impossible for them to perform;
ability to acquire data via sensors;
ability to interpret acquired data to produce knowledge;
capacité de décision qui, partant des données ou des
connaissances, détermine et planifie des actions ;
decision-making capacity which, starting from data or
knowledge, determines and plans actions;
ability to perform actions automatically in the physical
world (movements, manipulation of objects, etc.).
V-Classification of computer systems
4-Robots
ability to communicate and interact with human
operators or users, with other robots, or with resources
across a network, such as the Internet;
transversal learning capacity, which allows the robot to
modify its operation based on its acquired experience.
5 Internet of Things
5-Internet
refers to both the process of connecting physical
objects to the Internet and the network that connects
these objects;
By “things”, we mean everyday appliances (domestic,
etc.) as well as medical equipment, agricultural machinery,
supply chains, industrial robots or road traffic lights.
V-Classification des systèmes
informatiques
5-Internet of Things

Example: example, of the intelligent car (smart car)

capable of communicating with other nearby vehicles, the
road, traffic signs, traffic databases, cartography, etc.
VI--DOS Commands
VI

1-Definition
DOS (Disk Operation System)
DOS is software which was written to control hardware;
The command prompt is where DOS commands are run.
VI--DOS Commands
VI
2- Why use the command prompt ?

It is typically used for system troubleshooting ;

An example: if the hard disk on which Windows is installed becomes
partially unreadable, it is best to check the integrity of the disk and try
to repair it without launching Windows. You can then request that the
command interpreter be activated as soon as the PC is started;

The Command Prompt allows, for example, to type certain

commands inaccessible through the Windows graphical interface.
Computer scientists and experienced users also use it to write small
programs (scripts) to automate recurring tasks;

Use the prompt to manipulate network diagnostic and system audit

commands.
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Types of DOS Commands
Internal Commands
Internal commands are loaded into the system memory during
system booting;
An internal command is the MS-DOS command stored in system
memory and loaded from command.com or cmd.exe.
Internal commands include MD, DATE, COPY, CD, TIME, COPR
CON,TYPE, etc.
External Commands
External commands are stored in the system memory after system
booting.
These external commands may easily be viewed, changed, deleted, or
copied as they are present in the form of a file.
External commands include FORMAT, SYS, EDIT, PROMPT, COPY,
PRINT,TREE, SORT, etc.
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (Internal Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (Internal Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (Internal Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (Internal Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (External Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (External Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (External Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
3- Some DOS commands (External Commands)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
Fichier batch
A batch file is a script file in DOS;
It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the
command-line interpreter, stored in a plain text file.
this file has .bat extension
Batch files are therefore very easy to create since a simple text
editor is enough (like notepad, ..).
Batch files can also use all DOS commands, which makes a large
number of functions available to the programmer.
NB: Possibility to use the PowerBatch editor
VI--DOS Commands
VI
Batch file

The Batch language is not compiled,

it is interpreted by COMMAND.COM which makes the execution of

batch programs slower compared to applications written directly in
machine language,

Elementary operations such as the processing of character strings,

mathematical operations, etc... do not exist under DOS.
VI--DOS Commands
VI
Batch file
The basics of programming

Echo
Displaying text on the screen can be useful, in some cases, to display
text on the screen, for example to inform the user of what the Batch
"does".
Example: Echo Hello

@ECHO OFF

Shows the message on a clean line disabling the display prompt.

Usually, this line goes at the beginning of the file. (You can use the
command without the "@" symbol, but it's recommended to include it
to show a cleaner return.)
VI--DOS Commands
VI
Batch file
The basics of programming
Comment the code
As in any programming language, it is essential to comment your code:
This increases the clarity of the code and makes it understandable by
any collaborator,
This allows you to locate yourself in your code if it is not very
complex,
This facilitates your proofreading if, for example, you have not
worked on a code for a long time.
To introduce a comment, use the REM instruction, then enter a line
of text,
Par exemple
REM Catalogage de C:\TEXTES DIR C:\TEXTES
VI--DOS Commands
VI
Batch file
The basics of programming
Clear Screen
To clear the screen (at least the DOS console text if you're working
on Windows). There is a command well known to Basic regulars: CLS,
for Clear The Screen – erase the screen.
To make a break
All you have to do is enter the pause instruction in your Batch. When
the interpreter encounters the "pause" instruction, it appears on the
screen:
FIN