Problems 527

in kelvins, as provided by the Lunar and Planetary Insti- so much higher than the theoretical temperature? (i) What
tute, which are shown in the accompanying table. (e) Look can you conclude about the atmosphere of Mars from
first at our own planet, Earth. Is there a significance, in your graph?
terms of life on this planet, to the fact that the theoretical
temperature is below the freezing point of water, while the Surface Temperature (K)
measured temperature is above it? (f) The actual temper- Object (from the Lunar and Planetary Institute)
ature of Earth is raised by the atmospheric absorption of Mercury 440
infrared radiation emitted from the surface. This effect is
Venus 741
sometimes called the greenhouse effect. Consider the objects
with the thinnest atmospheres: Mercury, Ceres, and Pluto. Earth 288
What do you notice about the comparison of theoretical Mars 244
and measured temperatures for these planets? (g) Con-
sider the gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Ceres 173
These planets have no solid surface; the temperature data Jupiter 165
is provided for a point in the atmosphere where the pres- Saturn 134
sure is the same as that at sea level on Earth. What do you
notice about the comparison of theoretical and measured Uranus 77
temperatures for these planets? (h) The clearest discrep- Neptune 70
ancy between theoretical and measured temperatures in
Pluto 40
your graph is for Venus. Why is the measured temperature

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. and peel them. You decide that you wish the mixture of the
For additional assessment items for this section, go to water and the eggs to reach an equilibrium temperature of
40.08C. Explaining this to a family member, she challenges
SECTION 19.1 Heat and Internal Energy 23.08C you need
you to determine exactlyy how much water at 23.08C
to achieve your desired equilibrium temperature. Take the
1. A 55.0-kg woman eats a 540 Calorie (540 kcal) jelly dough-
average specific heat of an egg over the expected tempera-
nut for breakfast. (a) How many joules of energy are the
ture range to be 3.27 3 103 J/kg ? 8C.
equivalent of one jelly doughnut? (b) How many steps must
the woman climb on a very tall stairway to change the grav- 6. If water with a mass mh at temperature Th is poured into an
itational potential energy of the woman–Earth system by a aluminum cup of mass m Al containing mass mc of water at
value equivalent to the food energy in one jelly doughnut? Tc , where Th . Tc , what is the equilibrium temperature of
Assume the height of a single stair is 15.0 cm. (c) If the the system?
human body is only 25.0% efficient in converting chemi-
7. An aluminum calorimeter with a mass of 100 g contains
cal potential energy to mechanical energy, how many steps
250 g of water. The calorimeter and water are in thermal
must the woman climb to work off her breakfast?
V equilibrium at 10.08C. Two metallic blocks are placed into
the water. One is a 50.0-g piece of copper at 80.08C. The
SECTION 19.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
other has a mass of 70.0 g and is originally at a temperature
2. The highest waterfall in the world is the Salto Angel in Ven- of 1008C. The entire system stabilizes at a final temperature
ezuela. Its longest single falls has a height of 807 m. If water of 20.08C. (a) Determine the specific heat of the unknown
at the top of the falls is at 15.08C, what is the maximum tem- sample. (b) Using the data in Table 19.1, can you make a
perature of the water at the bottom of the falls? Assume all positive identification of the unknown material? Can you
the kinetic energy of the water as it reaches the bottom goes identify a possible material? (c) Explain your answers for
into raising its temperature. part (b).
3. A combination of 0.250 kg of water at 20.08C, 0.400 kg 8. An electric drill with a steel drill bit of mass m 5 27.0 g and
of aluminum at 26.08C, and 0.100 kg of copper at 1008C is diameter 0.635 cm is used to drill into a cubical steel block
mixed in an insulated container and allowed to come to of mass M 5 240 g. Assume steel has the same properties as
thermal equilibrium. Ignore any energy transfer to or from iron. The cutting process can be modeled as happening at
the container. What is the final temperature of the mixture? one point on the circumference of the bit. This point moves
in a helix at constant tangential speed 40.0 m/s and exerts a
4. The temperature of a silver bar rises by 10.08C when it
T
force of constant magnitude 3.20 N on the block. As shown in
absorbs 1.23 kJ of energy by heat. The mass of the bar is
Figure P19.8 (page 528), a groove in the bit carries the chips
525 g. Determine the specific heat of silver from these data.
up to the top of the block, where they form a pile around the
5. You are working in your kitchen preparing lunch for your hole. The drill is turned on and drills into the block for a
CR family. You have decided to make egg salad sandwiches and time interval of 15.0 s. Let’s assume this time interval is long
are boiling six eggs, each of mass 55.5 g, in 0.750 L of water enough for conduction within the steel to bring it all to a
at 1008C. You wish to take all the eggs out of the boiling uniform temperature. Furthermore, assume the steel objects
water and immediately place them in 23.08C water to cool lose a negligible amount of energy by conduction, convec-
them down to a comfortable temperature to hold them tion, and radiation into their environment. (a) Suppose the

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
528 Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics

drill bit cuts three-quarters of the way through the block from 25.0 m/s before the brakes start to melt? (b) Identify
during 15.0 s. Find the temperature change of the whole some effects ignored in part (a) that are important in a
quantity of steel. (b) What If? Now suppose the drill bit is more realistic assessment of the warming of the brakes.
dull and cuts only one-eighth of the way through the block
in 15.0 s. Identify the temperature change of the whole quan- SECTION 19.4 Work in Thermodynamic Processes
tity of steel in this case. (c) What pieces of data, if any, are
unnecessary for the solution? Explain. 15. One mole of an ideal gas is warmed slowly so that it goes
from the PV state (Pi , Vi ) to (3Pi , 3Vi ) in such a way that
the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the vol-
ume. (a) How much work is done on the gas in the process?
(b) How is the temperature of the gas related to its volume
m during this process?
M
16. (a) Determine the work done on a gas that expands from i
V to f as indicated in Figure P19.16. (b) What If? How much
work is done on the gas if it is compressed from f to i along
the same path?

P (Pa)
i
6 ⫻ 106

Figure P19.8 4 ⫻ 106

f
2 ⫻ 106
9. A 3.00-g copper coin at 25.08C drops 50.0 m to the ground.
(a) Assuming 60.0% of the change in gravitational potential V (m3)
0 1 2 3 4
energy of the coin–Earth system goes into increasing the
internal energy of the coin, determine the coin’s final tem- Figure P19.16
perature. (b) What If? Does the result depend on the mass
of the coin? Explain.
SECTION 19.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
SECTION 19.3 Latent Heat 17. A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which
its internal energy decreases by 500 J. Over the same time
10. How much energy is required to change a 40.0-g ice cube
interval, 220 J of work is done on the system. Find the energy
V from ice at 210.08C to steam at 1108C?
transferred from it by heat.
11. A 75.0-kg cross-country skier
18. Why is the following situation impossible? An ideal gas under-
T glides over snow as in Fig-
goes a process with the following parameters: Q 5 10.0 J,
ure P19.11. The coefficient
W 5 12.0 J, and DT 5 22.008C.
of friction between skis and
snow is 0.200. Assume all 19. A 2.00-mol sample of helium gas initially at 300 K, and
the snow beneath his skis T 0.400 atm is compressed isothermally to 1.20 atm. Noting
is at 08C and that all the that the helium behaves as an ideal gas, find (a) the final
internal energy generated volume of the gas, (b) the work done on the gas, and (c) the
iStockphoto.com/technotr

by friction is added to snow, energy transferred by heat.

which sticks to his skis until
20. (a) How much work is done on the steam when 1.00 mol
it melts. How far would he
of water at 1008C boils and becomes 1.00 mol of steam at
have to ski to melt 1.00 kg
1008C at 1.00 atm pressure? Assume the steam to behave as
of snow?
an ideal gas. (b) Determine the change in internal energy
12. A 3.00-g lead bullet at of the system of the water and steam as the water vaporizes.
30.08C is fired at a speed of Figure P19.11 21. A 1.00-kg block of aluminum is warmed at atmospheric pres-
T 240 m/s into a large block of
sure so that its temperature increases from 22.08C to 40.08C.
ice at 08C, in which it becomes embedded. What quantity of
Find (a) the work done on the aluminum, (b) the energy
ice melts?
added to it by heat, and (c) the change in its internal energy.
13. In an insulated vessel, 250 g of ice at 08C is added to 600 g
22. In Figure P19.22, the change in inter- P
of water at 18.08C. (a) What is the final temperature of the
nal energy of a gas that is taken from A B
system? (b) How much ice remains when the system reaches
A to C along the blue path is 1800 J.
equilibrium?
The work done on the gas along the
14. An automobile has a mass of 1 500 kg, and its aluminum red path ABC is 2500 J. (a) How much
brakes have an overall mass of 6.00 kg. (a) Assume all the energy must be added to the system
mechanical energy that transforms into internal energy by heat as it goes from A through B to
D C
when the car stops is deposited in the brakes and no energy C? (b) If the pressure at point A is five V
is transferred out of the brakes by heat. The brakes are orig- times that of point C, what is the work
inally at 20.08C. How many times can the car be stopped done on the system in going from C to D? Figure P19.22

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Problems 529

(c) What is the energy exchanged with the surroundings material that melts at 37.08C interspersed among tubes,
by heat as the gas goes from C to A along the green path? dishes, or bottles containing the test samples and growth
(d) If the change in internal energy in going from point D medium (bacteria food). Outside the box, the waxy material
to point A is 1500 J, how much energy must be added to the is first melted by a stove or solar energy collector. Then the
system by heat as it goes from point C to point D? waxy material is put into the box to keep the test samples
warm as the material solidifies. The heat of fusion of the
SECTION 19.6 Energy Transfer Mechanisms phase-change material is 205 kJ/kg. Model the insulation as
in Thermal Processes a panel with surface area 0.490 m2, thickness 4.50 cm, and
conductivity 0.012 0 W/m ? 8C. Assume the exterior temper-
23. A student is trying to decide what to wear. His bedroom is ature is 23.08C for 12.0 h and 16.08C for 12.0 h. (a) What
at 20.08C. His skin temperature is 35.08C. The area of his mass of the waxy material is required to conduct the
exposed skin is 1.50 m2. People all over the world have skin bacteriological test? (b) Explain why your calculation can
that is dark in the infrared, with emissivity about 0.900. be done without knowing the mass of the test samples or of
Find the net energy transfer from his body by radiation in the insulation.
10.0 min.
24. A concrete slab is 12.0 cm thick and has an area of 5.00 m2. ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
Electric heating coils are installed under the slab to melt 29. Gas in a container is at a pressure of 1.50 atm and a vol-
the ice on the surface in the winter months. What mini- T ume of 4.00 m3. What is the work done on the gas (a) if it
mum power must be supplied to the coils to maintain a expands at constant pressure to twice its initial volume, and
temperature difference of 20.08C between the bottom of (b) if it is compressed at constant pressure to one-quarter its
the slab and its surface? Assume all the energy transferred initial volume?
is through the slab.
30. You are reading your textbook on Greek mythology. You
25. Two lightbulbs have cylindrical filaments much greater in CR find a story about Daedalus and Icarus. Daedalus built two
length than in diameter. The evacuated bulbs are identi- sets of wings out of feathers and wax, one set for him and
cal except that one operates at a filament temperature of one for his son Icarus. The father and son planned to use
2 1008C and the other operates at 2 0008C. (a) Find the ratio the wings to escape from their imprisonment on the island
of the power emitted by the hotter lightbulb to that emitted of Crete. The father warned Icarus not to fly too high
by the cooler lightbulb. (b) With the bulbs operating at the because the proximity to the Sun might melt the wax in his
same respective temperatures, the cooler lightbulb is to be wings. Of course, Icarus was overtaken by the thrill of fly-
altered by making its filament thicker so that it emits ing and flew too close to the Sun. His wings melted and he
the same power as the hotter one. By what factor should the fell into the sea. While reading this information, you think
radius of this filament be increased? about your physics class, where your instructor has just dis-
26. The human body must maintain its core temperature inside cussed the equilibrium temperature of an object with no
a rather narrow range around 378C. Metabolic processes, atmosphere at a given distance from the Sun. You look in
notably muscular exertion, convert potential energy into your notes and find the following equation for this equilib-
internal energy deep in the interior. From the interior, rium temperature:

Î
energy must flow out to the skin or lungs to be expelled
R
to the environment. During moderate exercise, an 80-kg T 5 (255 K)
man can metabolize food energy at the rate 300 kcal/h, do r
60 kcal/h of mechanical work, and put out the remaining where R is the distance from the Sun to the Earth, r is the
240 kcal/h of energy by heat. Most of the energy is carried distance from the Sun to the object, and T is in kelvins. This
from the body interior out to the skin by forced convection, raises a conundrum in your mind: If Icarus flew so close to
whereby blood is warmed in the interior and then cooled at the Sun that the wax in his wings melted, would there still
the skin, which is a few degrees cooler than the body core. be air at that location to allow him to fly to that location?
Without blood flow, living tissue is a good thermal insulator, Take the melting point of wax to be 658C.
with thermal conductivity about 0.210 W/m · 8C. Show that
blood flow is essential to cool the man’s body by calculating 31. You have a particular interest in automobile engines, so you
the rate of energy conduction in kcal/h through the tissue CR have secured a co-op position at an automobile company
layer under his skin. Assume that its area is 1.40 m2, its thick- while you attend school. Your supervisor is helping you to
ness is 2.50 cm, and it is maintained at 37.08C on one side learn about the operation of an internal combustion engine.
and at 34.08C on the other side. She gives you the following assignment, related to a simula-
tion of a new engine she is designing. A gas, beginning at
27. (a) Calculate the R-value of a thermal window made of two
PA 5 1.00 atm, VA 5 0.500 L, and TA 5 27.08C, is compressed
single panes of glass each 0.125 in. thick and separated by
from point A on the PV diagram in Figure P19.31 (page 530)
a 0.250-in. air space. (b) By what factor is the transfer of
to point B. This represents the compression stroke in a four-
energy by heat through the window reduced by using the
cycle gasoline engine. At that point, 132 J of energy is deliv-
thermal window instead of the single-pane window? Include
ered to the gas at constant volume, taking the gas to point
the contributions of inside and outside stagnant air layers.
C. This represents the transformation of potential energy
28. For bacteriological testing of water supplies and in medi- in the gasoline to internal energy when the spark plug fires.
cal clinics, samples must routinely be incubated for 24 h at Your supervisor tells you that the internal energy of a gas is
378C. Peace Corps volunteer and MIT engineer Amy Smith proportional to temperature (as we shall find in Chapter 20),
invented a low-cost, low-maintenance incubator. The incu- the internal energy of the gas at point A is 200 J, and she
bator consists of a foam-insulated box containing a waxy wants to know what the temperature of the gas is at point C.

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.