1(a)

Introduction to MATLAB:

MATLAB stands for “MATRIX LABORATORY”.

MATLAB is designed for numerical computation and visualization.
MATLAB is a high-level language like C, C++, JAVA,FORTRAN.
MATLAB is developed by Cleve Moler, based on FORTRAN (Formula Translation).
It also Known as the "language of engineers" and is easy to learn.
The fundamental data type is an array.
MATLAB is “powerful calculator”.
The basic building block of MATLAB is “matrix”.

Types of Windows in MATLAB:

Desktop Window: Desktop Window is the central interface for working with MATLAB. It
integrates several components to facilitate coding, data analysis, and visualization.

DIAGRAM
Command Window:
The main window where users enter commands and run scripts interactively.
Command History:
Displays previously executed commands, allowing for easy re-execution or editing.
Workspace Window:
Shows current variables in the workspace, along with their sizes, data types, and
values.
Editor Window:
A text editor for writing, editing, and saving MATLAB scripts or functions (.m files).
Figure Window:
Used for displaying plots and graphical outputs.
Current Folder Window:
Shows the files and folders in the current directory, helping manage the project
workspace.

Each window plays a specific role in MATLAB, aiding in code development, execution, and
visualization.

1(b)

ADVANTAGES OF MATLAB:

MATLAB offers several advantages over traditional programming languages for

technical problem solving:

1. Easy Syntax
2. Extensive Libraries
 3. Efficient Data Handling
4. Powerful Visualization
5. Platform Independence
6. Specialized Toolboxes
7. Simulink Support
8. Integration

Easy Syntax: User-friendly and simple to learn.

Extensive Libraries: Built-in functions for complex calculations.

Efficient Data Handling: Ideal for managing large datasets and matrices.

Powerful Visualization: Creates 2D and 3D plots effortlessly.

Platform Independence: Works across various operating systems.

Specialized Toolboxes: Provides tools for specific technical fields.

Simulink Support: Enables dynamic system modeling and simulation.

Integration: Easily integrates with other programming languages.

2a)

In MATLAB, a file is a container that stores data, code, or information in various

formats. Here are the main types of files:

In MATLAB, there are several basic file types:

M-files (.m): These are script or function files that contain MATLAB code. Scripts execute a
series of commands, while functions can take inputs and return outputs.

MAT-files (.mat): These files store workspace variables in binary format. They are used to save
and load data easily.

FIG-files (.fig): These files store graphical user interface (GUI) figures created in MATLAB, such
as plots and other visual elements.

P-files (.p): These are protected or encoded versions of M-files, used to share code without
exposing the original source.

Mex-files (.mex): These files are compiled C, C++, or Fortran functions that are callable from
within MATLAB for performance improvements.
Each file type serves specific purposes for managing code, data, or visualizations within
MATLAB.

2b)

MATLAB provides a rich set of built-in functions that facilitate various tasks in numerical
computation, data analysis, visualization, and more.

1. Mathematical Functions

sin(x): Computes the sine of x (in radians).

cos(x): Computes the cosine of x.
tan(x): Computes the tangent of x.

2. Linear Algebra Functions

inv(A): Computes the inverse of matrix A.

rank(A): Computes the rank of matrix A.
norm(A): Computes the norm of matrix A

3. Statistical Functions

mean(X): Computes the mean of the array X.

median(X): Computes the median of the array X.
mode(X): Computes the mode of the array X.

4. Data Manipulation Functions

size(A): Returns the dimensions of matrix A.

length(A): Returns the length of the largest dimension of array A.

5. Visualization Functions

plot (X, Y): 2D line plot of Y versus X.

scatter (X, Y): Scatter plot of Y versus X.
surf (X, Y, Z): 3D surface plot.

6. File I/O Functions

load(filename): Loads variables from a MAT-file.

save(filename): Saves variables to a MAT-file.

7. Logical Functions

find(A): Indices of non-zero elements in A.

8. Special Functions

rand (m, n): m-by-n matrix of random numbers (uniformly distributed).

This selection highlights essential functions frequently used in MATLAB for calculations, data
analysis, and visualization.

3(a) Process of Creating, Saving, and Executing a Script File in MATLAB:

A script file contains a sequence of MATLAB commands without any input/output arguments.

script files are used for simple tasks and work within the base workspace

1. Creating a Script:
Open MATLAB and in the command window, click on the New Script option from the
toolbar.
This opens a blank editor where you can write your MATLAB code.
Example:

% Example Script to add two numbers

a = 5;
b = 10;
c = a + b;
disp(c);

1. Saving the Script:

After writing the code, save the file by clicking on the Save button or using the
shortcut Ctrl + S.
Save the file with a .m extension (e.g., myScript.m). Ensure the file is saved in the
current working directory, or you can change the working directory to match where
the script is saved.
2. Executing the Script:
To run the script, type the name of the script (without .m) in the MATLAB command
window and press Enter.
Example: myScript
The result of the script will be displayed in the command window.

3(b) Process of Creating, Saving, and Executing a Function File in MATLAB:

function files are designed for modular, reusable code that operates in its own
workspace.

Creating a Function:

In the MATLAB editor, click on New Function or use the New Script button and
manually define a function using the function keyword with input and output
arguments.
 Example:

function result = addNumbers(a, b)

result = a + b;
end

Saving the Function:

Save the file with the same name as the function (e.g., addNumbers.m).

Executing the Function:

Call the function from the command window

Example:

result = addNumbers(5, 10);

disp(result);
MATLAB will process the inputs and display the output.

4a
Basic Data Types in MATLAB:
In MATLAB data can be stored in different types, numeric, text, complex number, etc. To store
these data MATLAB has different classes which have various characteristics.

Logical: Stores Boolean values (true or false).

Example: isValid = true;
String: Stores text in double quotes.
Example: str = "Hello";
Char: Character array stored in single quotes.
Example: charArray = 'Hello';
Numeric: Stores numbers, default is double.
Example: num = 42;
Table: Tabular data with columns that can hold different types.
 Example: T = table([1; 2], ["Apple"; "Orange"]);
Cell: Stores arrays with different types or sizes.
Example: C = {1, 'text', [1, 2, 3]};
Struct: Groups data with named fields.
Example: S.name = 'John'; S.age = 25;

4(b) Types of Operators in MATLAB:

operators enhance MATLAB's capabilities for mathematical computations and logical
manipulations on matrices and arrays. The types of operators in MATLAB include:

Arithmetic Operators:

Perform mathematical operations on numbers or arrays.

Examples:
+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
^ (exponentiation).

Relational Operators:

Compare two values and return a logical true (1) or false (0).
Examples:
== (equal)
~= (not equal)
< (less than)
> (greater than)
<= (less than or equal to)
>= (greater than or equal to).

Logical Operators:

Perform logical operations on Boolean values or arrays.

Examples:
&& (logical AND)
|| (logical OR)
~ (logical NOT).

Bitwise Operations:

Operate on the binary representations of integers at the bit level.

Examples:
bitand (bitwise AND)
bitor (bitwise OR)
bitxor (bitwise XOR)
 bitshift (bitwise shift).

Set Operations:

Perform operations on sets, such as union, intersection, and set difference.

Examples:
union(A, B) (combines unique elements from A and B)
intersect(A, B) (finds common elements)
setdiff(A, B) (elements in A not in B).

Arithmetic Operators:

Perform mathematical operations on numbers or arrays.

Examples:
+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
^ (exponentiation).

Relational Operators:

Compare two values and return a logical true (1) or false (0).
Examples:
== (equal)
~= (not equal)
< (less than)
> (greater than)
<= (less than or equal to)
>= (greater than or equal to).

Logical Operators:

Perform logical operations on Boolean values or arrays.

Examples:
&& (logical AND)
|| (logical OR)
~ (logical NOT).

Bitwise Operations:

Operate on the binary representations of integers at the bit level.

Examples:
bitand (bitwise AND)
bitor (bitwise OR)
bitxor (bitwise XOR)
bitshift (bitwise shift).

Set Operations:
 Perform operations on sets, such as union, intersection, and set difference.
Examples:
union(A, B) (combines unique elements from A and B)
intersect(A, B) (finds common elements)
setdiff(A, B) (elements in A not in B).

6(a) Definition of Arrays, Vectors, and Matrices

1. Arrays:
An array is a collection of elements (of the same type) organized in multiple
dimensions. In MATLAB, arrays can be one-dimensional (vectors) or two-dimensional
(matrices) and can even extend to higher dimensions.
Example: A 1D array: A = [1, 2, 3, 4].
2. Vectors:
A vector is a special case of an array that has only one dimension. It can be either a
row vector (1 × n) or a column vector (n × 1).
Example: Row vector: v = [1, 2, 3] and column vector: v = [1; 2; 3].
3. Matrices:
A matrix is a two-dimensional array consisting of rows and columns. All elements in a
matrix must be of the same data type.
Example: A 2x3 matrix: M = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6].

b)(i) if-end Structure

Definition: Executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.

Syntax:

if condition

% Code to execute if condition is true

end

example:

x = 10;

if x > 5

disp('x is greater than 5');

end

ii) if-else-end Structure

Definition: Executes one block of code if a condition is true and another if it is false.

Syntax:

if condition
 % Code if condition is true

else

% Code if condition is false

end

Example:

x = 3;

if x > 5

disp('x is greater than 5');

else

disp('x is not greater than 5');

end

(iii) if-elseif-else-end Structure

Definition: Checks multiple conditions in sequence, executing the block for the first true
condition.

Syntax:

matlab

Copy code

if condition1

% Code if condition1 is true

elseif condition2

% Code if condition2 is true

else

% Code if both conditions are false

end

Example:

matlab
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x = 0;

if x > 0

disp('x is positive');

elseif x < 0

disp('x is negative');

else

disp('x is zero');

end