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Noise

This document discusses image restoration techniques for removing noise from digital medical images. It describes modeling the image degradation process as a degradation function combined with additive noise. Common noise sources in medical images include sensor noise, transmission noise, and display noise. The statistical properties and probability density functions of Gaussian, impulse, and periodic noises are examined. Spatial domain filtering techniques like mean and median filters are used to remove additive Gaussian and impulse noises, while frequency domain filtering with band-reject or notch filters target periodic noise. The goal of image restoration is to recover an estimate of the original noise-free image given the degraded observed image and knowledge of the degradation and noise models.

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34 views4 pages

Noise

This document discusses image restoration techniques for removing noise from digital medical images. It describes modeling the image degradation process as a degradation function combined with additive noise. Common noise sources in medical images include sensor noise, transmission noise, and display noise. The statistical properties and probability density functions of Gaussian, impulse, and periodic noises are examined. Spatial domain filtering techniques like mean and median filters are used to remove additive Gaussian and impulse noises, while frequency domain filtering with band-reject or notch filters target periodic noise. The goal of image restoration is to recover an estimate of the original noise-free image given the degraded observed image and knowledge of the degradation and noise models.

Uploaded by

mcjack181
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PAM3012 Digital Image Processing for Radiographers

Image Restoration
Image Enhancement Image Restoration
Improve appearance of image Subjective Recover image after degradation Objective

Noise & Image Restoration

Concentrate on Removal of
Noise

Image Restoration
Some restoration techniques are better
formulated in spatial domain and others in frequency domain

Model Degradation/Restoration Process


To restore an image we must model degradation
process so that reverse process can be applied

Model: Degradation Function + Additive Noise

Spatial

Frequency

Additive noise

Periodic Noise Blurring

^ Objective of restoration is to obtain estimate of f(x,y) f(x,y) Given g(x,y) and some knowledge about H & (x,y) ) ) g(x,y x,y

Model Degradation/Restoration Process


Model: Degradation function + additive noise

Noise Models
Principle sources of noise in digital images arise
during acquisition and/or transmission
Sensor noise Transmission Display

Representation in frequency domain

Noise can be characterised by its Spatial & it


Frequency Properties

G (u ,v ) = H (u ,v ) F (u ,v ) + N (u ,v )

Noise Probability Density Functions


Statistical behaviour of grey-level values in greythe noise component of image, (x,y) x,y)
Histogram of noise component

Gaussian Noise
PDF of Gaussian noise

Common PDF found in image processing processing


Gaussian and Impulse

2 p (z ) = e 2

( z )2

2 2

z = grey-level grey = mean value of z = standard deviation

Impulse Noise
PDF of Impulse noise
Pa p (z ) = Pb

Effect of Noise on Image


Noise Free Image Gaussian Noise Impulse Noise

for z = a for z = b otherwise

Also referred to as salt-and-pepper noise salt- and Impulse noise is generally large

often digitised as black & white values in image

Periodic Noise
Electrical or
mechanical interference during acquisition

Estimation of Noise Parameters


Periodic Noise
Inspection of Fourier Image

Determining PDF

The only type of

spatially dependent noise

Sensor specifications Inspection of histogram of flat image flat Determine shape of Gaussian by measuring &

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only

Restoration Processes:

Noise only therefore no degradation term:


G (u ,v ) = H (u ,v ) F (u ,v ) + N (u ,v )
Becomes G (u ,v ) = F (u ,v ) + N (u ,v ) Now easier to represent g (x , y ) = f (x , y ) + (x , y ) in spatial domain

Spatial Domain Filtering

Additive Noise (Gaussian & Impulse Noise)

Frequency Domain Filtering


Periodic Noise

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only Additive Noise


Spatial Filtering Method of choice when only additive noise is present
I.e. Gaussian or Impulse

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only Additive Noise


1 R = Spatial Filtering mn Mean (or Box) Filter

z
i =0

nm

Mean Filter Median Filter


Image corrupted with Gaussian Noise

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only Additive Noise


Median Filter
Spatial Filtering

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only Periodic Noise


Band reject Filter
Frequency Domain Filtering

Image corrupted with SaltSaltand-Pepper Noise and-

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only Periodic Noise


Band-reject Filter BandFrequency Domain Filtering

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only Periodic Noise


Notch Filter
Frequency Domain Filtering

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