UB2 BESINESS STUDENTS

TOPIC: INSURANCE.
CONTENT
 Definition
 Services
 Types of policies-vehicle, fire, burglary, marine and life
insurance.

NOTE:
Insurance is a legal contract that protects people from the financial
costs that result from loss of life, loss of health, lawsuits, or property
damage. Insurance provides a means for individuals and societies to
cope with some of the risks faced in everyday life. People purchase
contracts of insurance, called policies, from a variety of insurance
organizations.

Insurance makes up part of the broader financial services industry.

Almost everyone living in modern, industrialized countries buys
insurance. For instance, laws in most states require people who own
a car to buy insurance before driving it on public roads. Lenders
require anyone who finances the purchase of a home or car with
borrowed money to insure that property. Business partners take out
life insurance on each other to make sure the business will succeed
even if one of the partners dies.

IMPORTANCE OF INSURANCE
Insurance benefits society by allowing individuals to share the risks
faced by many people. But it also serves many other important
economic and societal functions. Because insurance is available and
affordable, banks can make loans with the assurance that the loan’s
collateral (property that can be taken as payment if a loan goes
unpaid) is covered against damage. This increased availability of
credit helps people buy homes and cars. Insurance also provides the
capital that communities need to quickly rebuild and recover
economically from natural disasters, such as tornadoes or
hurricanes.

Insurance itself has become a significant economic force in most

industrialized countries. Employers buy insurance to cover their
employees against work-related injuries and health problems.
Businesses also insure their property, including technology used in
production, against damage and theft. Because it makes business
operations safer, insurance encourages businesses to make
economic transactions, which benefits the economies of countries.
In addition, millions of people work for insurance companies and
related businesses.

EVALUATION
1. Define insurance
2.
3. What are the importance of insurance?

TYPES OF INSURANCE POLICIES

VEHICLE INSURANCE:Automobile insurance protects against
damage to a policyholder’s car and most liabilities that could arise
from operating that car. Most U.S. states allow drivers to satisfy
their financial responsibility for the costs of auto accidents by
obtaining insurance in three categories of liability coverage: (1) for
injury to any one person, (2) for injury to two or more people, and
(3) for damage to another person’s property. An increasing number
of states are requiring drivers to obtain auto insurance by law.

Fire Insurance, insurance obtained by owners of homes and

commercial properties to provide reimbursement in case of losses
resulting from fire. Such insurance is supplied in exchange for the
payment of a premium.
Some business firms, however, are self-insurers; that is, they set
aside funds to be used exclusively for indemnifying losses resulting
from fire.

In fire insurance the premium rates are of two kinds: class rates and
schedule rates. Dwellings are largely class rated; that is, they are
grouped into fairly homogeneous categories according to the type of
occupancy, type of construction, and type of community fire
protection. A uniform rate is applied to all risks in the same
category. Commercial and industrial properties, which vary greatly
in respect to degree of hazard, are usually schedule rated. In
schedule rating the individual physical characteristics of each risk
are appraised according to a schedule of charges and credits. The
elements considered in the rating include occupancy, construction,
internal protection, community fire protection, and exposure from
neighboring buildings.

BUGLARY INSURANCE: Residence burglary and outside theft

insurance, offering the broadest coverage ever obtainable in this
line, has proved very attractive in the past year. Its popularity is
expected to continue despite an expected premium rate increase
soon after the first of the year. The broad form money and securities
policy also gained considerable favor and is serving a useful
purpose.

Marine Insurance, insurance that generally applies to the risk

associated with the transportation of goods.Over time, marine
insurance has become a mixture of broad property coverages,
divided between land risks (inland marine) and sea risks (ocean
marine).
Inland marine insurance covers domestic risks associated with some
element of transportation. It has been broadened to include perils
incidental to transportation of property and now deals mostly with
personal and commercial property of a mobile nature. Its most
familiar form is the personal articles “floater,” which offers an
opportunity to insure many valuables, such as jewellery, furs,
silverware, and fine arts, in a single policy.
Ocean marine insurance is broken into three basic types: hull
(involving loss or damage to the ship); cargo (involving loss or
damage to cargoes); and protection and indemnity (involving
liability of ship-owners to others).

Hull insurance affords protection to owners of all types of ships for

loss or damage to their waterborne property. Typical perils insured
against are stranding, sinking, fire, and collision. The hull policy
offers an unusual coverage under its collision clause, which provides
liability insurance for loss or damage to the other vessel involved in
a collision, as well as to its cargo.
Cargo insurance is available for shippers of goods moving by sea or
air in international trade. The terms of insurance can be specific (for
example, loss or damage resulting from sinking or fire) or “all risk”
and can be underwritten for a single transaction (special policy) or
on an open-ended contract (open cargo policy) for the international
trader. The open cargo policy is the most common form used and
usually covers the cargo “warehouse to warehouse,” thus including
exposure to those risks that are associated with land transportation
as well.
When a ship is imperilled at sea because of fire, storm, or other
danger, all efforts must be made to keep the ship afloat. Such
efforts often cause damage to portions of the ship or cargo. To
prevent inequity, each owner assumes a share of the property
damaged or lost as a result of actions taken to save the ship. This
method of apportioning losses is known as general averaging.

Evaluation
1. List 3 types of insurance and explain 2
2. What is ocean marine?

Life assurance:Life assurance, assumption by an insuring

organization of the risk of death of a policyholder. Unlike loss in
insurance on property, loss in life assurance is certain to occur and
is total. The element of uncertainty is when death will occur.
Mortality is subject to the laws of probability, however, and life-
assurance premiums can be calculated from mortality tables, which
indicate the average number of people in each age and gender
group that will die each year. A person trained to make such
calculations, known as an actuary, determines the amount of
premiums to be collected yearly from each group in order for the
principal (the premiums) and its earned interest to equal the
benefits to be paid to the policyholders' beneficiaries. The principal
payment required annually constitutes the net premium. A loading
charge to cover company expenses and contingencies is added to
the net premium, yielding the total, or gross premium, which the
insured pays.
Types of life insurance: Life assurance may be classified in a
variety of ways. A classification depending primarily on the manner
in which the premium is collected comprises regular ordinary, debit,
and group life insurance.
Regular ordinary insurance can be further classified into
1. Whole life
2. Limited-payment life
3. Endowment and term.
Debit life insurance can be classified into debit ordinary and
industrial. Life insurance may also be classified as participating and
nonparticipating, depending on whether or not the policyholder
shares in the savings or the profits of the insurer.

Evaluation
1. What is life assurance
2. Write a short note on the types of life insurance
PENSION: It is a sum of money paid regularly to a person who no
longer works because of age or a length of year of service. It is a
regular payment made to a person on retirement for the remainder
of his or her life. Such money is meant to sustain such an individual.

HEALTH: National health scheme insurance is a contributory health

insurance scheme meant for providing medical attention to the
contributors which include individual, employee and the government

BENEFITS OF INSURANCE:
1. It provides protection for business assets and personal
properties against risks of accident, flood, fire, burglary and
theft.
2. The insured receives compensation in the event of loss or
damage.
3. The families or dependants of the assured receive income or
economic security after his death.
4. It can serve as a security for loans from the bank.
5. Funds accumulated by the insurance firms are made available
to the capital market for long term investment.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Macmillan JSS 2 Business Studies by Awoyokun A.A et’al pg 37-43.
Essential economics

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Define a typewriter.
2. Mention four ways a typewriter can be taken care of.
3. Mention three areas that cannot be covered by insurance.
4. Define insurance.
5. Mention five uses of a typewriter.

Weekend assignment
1. Cargo insurance is a division of___________ insurance (a-
marine (b- life (c- burglary (d- assurance.
2. The following risks are insurance except (a) robbery (b) fire
disaster (c) sudden death (d) loss of profit due to intense
competition.
3. One of the following is the reason for taking an insurance
cover.(a) To pay children’s (b)To receive compensation for a
loss suffered (c) To avoid loss of life and properties (d) To
increase production of goods and services.
4. ----- is the money paid regularly to those who no longer work
for length of years of service. (a) Pension (b) compensation
(c) premium (d) indemnity.
5. Insurance is (a) a contract (b) an agreement (c) comfort (d)
disagreement.
6. One of these is not an insurance policy (a) fire insurance (b)
marine insurance (c) theft insurance (d) trade insurance.

THEORY
1. Mention four benefits of insurance
2 .Explain the types of insurance policies.

OFFICE DOCUMENTS
Office documents are documents used in an office for business
transactions. There are basically two types of office documents
which are (i) Sales documents (ii) Purchases document
A. SALES DOCUMENT: are documents used in keeping records of
sales transactions i.e. it is used to record goods sold either in cash
or credit, undercharged and overcharged. They are:
i. An invoice
ii. Debit note
iii. Credit note
iv. Delivery note
1. An Invoice: is prepared sent by the seller to the buyer to indicate
value of cost of goods sold to the buyer.it contain name, address
quality, description, amount and terms of trade.
2. Debit Note: is sent by the seller to the buyer to show that account
has been debited as a result of undercharged
3. Credit Note: is sent by seller to the buyer to show that some
goods has been overcharged. Credit note is like invoice but the
same and it is usually printed in red colour.
4. Delivery Note: is prepared and sent by the seller along with goods
to the buyer to show quantity of the description of goods sent. The
buyer use the delivery note to check the goods delivered sign it and
send a copy back to the seller through the driver.

B. PURCHASE DOCUMENTS
These are documents used in keeping records of goods purchased.
They are:
i. Letter of enquiry
ii. Quotation
iii. Order
iv. Receipt
1. Letter of Enquiry – Is used by the buyers to find out from various
suppliers whether certain foods are available. It can also be sued to
confirm the terms of sales, quantity and mode of delivery.
2. Quotation – is a purchase document sent by the seller in reply to
the letter of enquiry. It indicates goods available, current prices,
date of delivery and mode of delivery.
3. Order – states the quantity of goods expected from the supplier.
It is sent after receiving price list or quotation.
4. Receipt – is issued to the buyer by the seller to indicate that the
amount of money paid for a particular goods. it is a legal proof of
payment.
Exercise:
Design a receipt for any company of your choice.
TOPIC: PARAGRAPHING
CONTENT: Methods of paragraphing
Blocked
Indented
Hanging

A paragraph is a clear division of a piece of writing. It focusses

usually on a single subject matter and is separated from other parts
of the writing by a new line of indentation.

METHODS OF PARAGRAPH
There are three types of paragraphs namely blocked, indented and
hanging.

BLOCKED: Paragraphs written in a blocked style are the ones with

the first line flush with left margin. All lines of the paragraph starts
from the beginning of the left margin. It is simply a style convention.
The first line is not indented and the subsequent paragraphs are
separated by a double space between them. For example,

It was a dark evil “wave” that almost killed him, but for Austalian
surfer Kerby Brown, riding this 40 foot monster in his own backyard
was one of the highlights ofhis surfing career.

The 25-year-old surfaced the enormous break at an outdoor reef in

the Southern Ocean “somewhere between Margaret River and South
Austalia” on the southwest coast of Western Australia last August.

EVALUATION:Define paragraph.

READING ASSIGNMENT
WABP Junior Secondary business studies bk 2 by Egbe T.
Ehiametaloret’alpg 151-157.

INDENTED: Indentation determines the distance of the paragraph

from either the left or the right margin. Within the margin, you can
increase or decrease the indentation of a paragraph or groups of
paragraphs. For example.

Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of

Nigeria, within the Federal capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is planned
city and was built mainly in the 1980s.

Abuja’s geography is defined by Aso rock, a 400-metre monolith left

by water erosion.
The presidential complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and
much of the town extend to the south of the rock.

EVALUATION: What is indented paragraph?

Reading Assignment
WABP Business Studies JSS2 by EgbeEhiametaloret’alpg 151-157.
HANGING: This is one that has all lines but the first indented. A
hanging indent is also known as a hanging paragraph. For example.

Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of

Nigeria, within the federal
Capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly
in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria’s capital on 12 December,
1991, replacing Lagos, which is still the country’s most
populous city.

Abuja’s geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-meter monolith left

by water erosion.The presidential
Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the town
extend to the south of the
Rock.

EVALUATION:What do you understand by hanging paragraph?

READING ASSIGNMENT: WABP Business Studies JSS2 by

EgbeEhiametaloret’alpg 151-157.

GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS:

1 Give an example of an incoming mail.
2. Mention the two categories that letters entering into organization
can be sorted into.
3. List any five departments you were taught.
4. What are correspondence record?
5. Define memorandum.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of these is not a method of paragraph (a) hanging (b)
indented (c) suspended
(d)blocked
2. ---- focuses on a single subject matter and separated from
other parts of the writing (a) A page (b) A margin (c) A
paragraph (d) A layout.
3. ------ paragraph has all lines start from the same beginning of
the left margin.
(a) suspended (b) indented (c) hanging (d) blocked.
4. The paragraph that has all lines but the first indented is (a)
hanging (b) blocked
(c) indented (d) suspended.
5. ----- paragraph determines the distance of the paragraph from
the either the left or the right margin. (a) Hanging (b)
indented (c) blocked (d) suspended.

THEORY
1. Describe the three types of paragraph.
2. Give an example of an indented paragraph.

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO OFFICE EQUIPMENT

CONTENT
 Meaning of Office Equipment
 Various Types of Office Equipment
MEANING
Office equipment are tools, machines and assets used in an office to
perform the office functions. Office equipment make work in the
office to be faster and easier. Office equipment could be
pieces of equipment that are used to facilitate smooth running of
office work.

VARIOUS TYPES OF OFFICE EQUIPMENT

The various types of equipment use in an office are:-
1. OFFICE CABINET: This is a place when documents, surplus
cash, and valuable items are kept for safety purpose until when
their need arises.
i. It prevents documents, cash and valuable items from being
stolen.
ii. It prevents important items from fire explosion.

2. TYPEWRITER: This is a machine which prints letters on paper

by means of keys.
ADVANTAGES
i It makes the secretary’s work faster
ii It presents the typed work neatly
iii It is faster than using pen to write

3. TELEPHONE: This is a machine through which information

relating to an organization in question is received and given.
Telephone could be digital or analogue
ADVANTAGES
i. It helps to give out information.
ii. It helps to receive information.

EVALUATION
1. What are the advantages of office cabinet?
2. What is a telephone?

4. COMPUTER: This is an electronic machine or device which

accepts data in form of input, processes it, and gives out
information in the form of output. Kinds of computer are:-
a. Personal or micro computer
b. Mini computer
c. Mainframe

ADVANTAGES
i. It is faster.
ii It gives accurate information.
iii Information is easily accessed through the use of computer.

5. CALCULATOR: This is also called adding machine. This is an

electronic, machine which performs arithmetic work of division,
multiplication, subtraction, etc.

ADVANTAGES
i. It performs arithmetic work at faster rate.
ii. It gives accurate information based on input.
6. FAX MACHINE: This type of machine is used in a large
organization, and it is used to send and receive short information for
the organization.
ADVANTAGES
i. It is used for sending short information.
ii. It is faster than computer.
Other equipment are telex, telegram photocopy machine, etc.
EVALUATION
i What is officer equipment?
ii State seven office equipment you know

1. PHOTOCOPIER: A photocopier is a machine that makes paper

copies of documents or graphic materials

2. DUPLICATING MACHINE: This is a device which enables

several copies of a document to be produced. Some office use
stencil duplicating machine which make copies of document from
masters. This is the cheapest means of producing a large number of
copies.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Business studies for Junior Secondary School Book Revised Edition
Book Two Pages 3-7

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The place where cash and valuable documents are kept is
called _____ a. office file b office
shelve c. office cabinet
2. A machine which accepts data, processes it and gives
information is called___ a. photocopy b.
calculator c. computer
3. Which of the following machine is also called a punching
machine? a. typewriter b.
perforator c. fax machine
4. A machine used for sending and receiving short information is
called a. fax machine b. text
machine c. photocopy machine
5. These are the office equipment except a. telephone b.
typewriter c. file

THEORY
1. Define the following a. computer b. typewriter
2. Mention ten office equipment you know

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS

1. What is correspondence?
2. List three ways in which mail come into the organization.
3. List four equipment used in treating mail.
4. State three types of correspondence records.
5. Enumerate five methods of filling documents.
TOPIC: KEYBOARDING (SPEED AND ACCURACY SKILLS)
CONTENT: Alphabetic sentence drills
One line sentence drills
Accuracy and speed drills
Speed burst of one to ten minutes.
ALPHABETIC SENTENCE DRILLS
The following drills contain all the alphabetic letters. You should
copy them as instructed.
Drill 1
Set the paper at ‘O’
Set left hand margin at 10 for pica and 15 for elite on foolscap
typing paper.
20 for pica and 25 for elite on A4 paper.
Reference: Macmillan JSS2 Business Studies by Awoyokun A.A
et’alpg 69-71.

ONE-LINE SENTENCE DRILLS

Drill 2
Set paper guide at ‘O’
Set left hand margin at 10 for pica and 15 for elite on the foolscap
typing paper
And 20 for pica and 25 for elite on A4 paper.
Reference: Macmillan Business Studies by Awoyokun A.A et’alpg 70.
Activity
Keyboard each line three (3) times
When chased, the fox quickly jumped over the sport car belonging
Mr Zewu.

ACCURACY AND SPEED BUILDING PASSAGE

Drill 3
Type a copy of the following in three minutes.
A question which puzzles me sometimes is : just why do
58
Typists make mistakes while typing?
They know the location of 115
The various keys; probably they have typed the same kind of
174
Matter over and over again; but for
Seemingly no reason at all 238
Mistakes occur. Of course, there are reasons for these mistakes
304

Evaluation: Which drills contain all the alphabetic letters?

Reading Assignment: Business Studies for JSS2 by O.A

lawalet’alpg 66-69
Macmillan Business Studies for JSS2 by Awoyokunet’alpg 69-71.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. In typing, ------ is not part to be considered (a) bad sitting
position (b) mastery of the keyboard (c) quick insertion and
removal of paper (d) correct sitting position.
2. ------ is inserted with a typing sheet into the type writer (a)
duplicating sheet (b) backing sheet (c) photocopying sheet (d)
cylinder knob.
3. The typist must fix eyes on the ------- while typing (a)
manuscript (b) keyboard
(c) carriage (d) printing point.
4. The two types of typefaces we have are ---- (a) pica and
foolscap (b) row and column
(c) vertical and horizontal (d) pica and elite
 5. ------- contains all the alphabetic letters (a) One-line sentence
drill (b) Accuracy and speed development (c) Alphabetic
sentence drill.

THEORY
1. Mention three things to be considered when typing.
2. Write out how to set a left hand margin for pica and elite on a
foolscap paper.
3. Keyboard the following on A4 paper. Leave 25mm(1inch) top
margin.
Spacing: Double

Photograghy is a very popular hobby. Making photographs is

interesting and challenging in all sorts ways. It is a method of
making pictures which does not demand that you be skilled at
drawing; a way of commenting on situations which does not require
you to be good at words

GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS:

1. What is a petty cash book?
2. Draw the format of a petty cash book.
3. Define a cash book.
4. How many types of cash book do you know of?
5. Name them.

WEEK THREE
TOPIC: KEYBOARDING (TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT)
CONTENT:Description and use of tabular keys.
Description and use of line space regulator
Description and use of carriage return lever
Description and use of margin release key

USE OF TABULATOR KEY

When the tabulator key is operated, the carriage moves quickly to
any predetermined position.
The tabulator key can be set by hand at required positions on the
rack. On modern machines, it can be set by a special key provided
for that purpose. When a tabulator bar is depressed, the carriage
moves to the position for which the stop is set. In order to set the
tabulator at 15, the space bar should be tapped five times from the
left margin when this is 10, and stop set at this point. If the tabular
stop is set wrongly or is no longer required, the setting can be
cleared by using the clearing key or level provided.
Evaluation: Describe the use of tabulator key.
Reading Assignment: Macmillan Business Studies for JSS2 by
Awoyokunet’alpg 73-74

LINE-SPACE REGULATOR
This is the level that regulates the spacing required between the
lines. The level may be set for single, double or treble-line spacing.
Half-spacing can be set on modern machines. The required spacing
should be set before you begin to work.

Evaluation: Describe the use of line- space regulator.

Reading Assignment: Macmillan Business Studies for JSS2 by
Awoyokun A.A et’alpg 73-74.

USE OF CARRIAGE RETURN LEVER

This lever is used for turning up the paper and for returning the
typewriter carriage to the right in order to begin a new line.

Evaluation: Describe the use of carriage return lever.

Reading Assignment: Macmillan Business Studies for JSS2 by

Awoyokun A.A et’alpg 73-74.

USE OF MARGIN RELEASE KEY

When the margin release key is depressed, it allows you to type
beyond the set margin points at either end of the line.

Evaluation: Describe the use of margin release key.

Reading Assignment: Macmillan Business Studies for JSS2 by

Awoyokun et al pg 73-74.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. When the tabulator key is operated, ---------- moves quickly to
the predetermined position.(a) cylinder knob (b) printing point
(c) carriage (d) platen.
2. In order to set the tabulator at 15, the space bar should be
tapped ----- times from the left margin when this is 10. (a) 20
(b) 1 (c) 15 (d) 5.
3. The lever that regulates the spacing required between the
lines is ------- (a) carriage return lever (b) margin release lever
(c) line space regulator (d) tabulator key.
4. The lever used for turning up the paper and for returning the
type writer carriage to the right to begin a new line is ----- (a)
margin release key (b) carriage release lever
(c) carriage return lever (d) line space regulator.
5. ------- allows to type beyond the set margin when depressed.
(a) margin release key
(b) carriage return lever (c) tabulator key (d) line space
regulator.

THEORY
1. Describe the technique in the use of a tabulator key.
2. Describe the use of carriage return lever.

GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Who is an intermediate consumer?
2. List the seven aids to trade
3. What is occupation? List three types of occupation
4. Define trade by barter
5. State six types of trade

Lesson Note: Three-Column Cashbook

 A. Meaning of Three-Column Cashbook

A three-column cashbook is a financial record used to track cash

transactions. It consists of three main columns:

1. Cash Column: Records cash receipts and payments.

2. Bank Column: Records transactions involving bank deposits and
withdrawals.
3. Discount Column: Records discounts allowed to customers and
discounts received from suppliers.

This cashbook helps businesses manage their cash flow effectively

by providing a clear view of all cash and bank transactions.

B. Ruling of Three-Column Cashbook

The ruling of a three-column cashbook involves setting up the

columns correctly. The layout typically includes:

 Date Column: For recording the date of each transaction.

 Particulars Column: For describing the transaction (e.g., name of
the customer or supplier).
 Cash Column: For entering cash transactions.
 Bank Column: For entering bank transactions.
 Discount Allowed Column: For recording discounts given to
customers.
 Discount Received Column: For recording discounts received
from suppliers.

Example Layout

sql
Copy
| Date | Particulars | Cash | Bank | Discount Allowed
| Discount Received
||------------|------------------|--------------|--------------|------------------|-------------
------|| YYYY-MM-DD | Description | Amount | Amount |
Amount | Amount |

C. Recording of Items and Balancing It

Recording Items

 Cash Transactions: Enter cash received in the cash column and

cash paid out in the same column.
 Bank Transactions: Record deposits in the bank column and
withdrawals in the same column.
 Discounts: Enter discounts allowed in the discount allowed column
and discounts received in the discount received column.
 Balancing the Cashbook

At the end of a period (monthly or quarterly):

1. Total each column: Add up the amounts in the cash, bank, and
discount columns.
2. Calculate the balance:
 For the cash column, subtract total payments from total receipts.
 For the bank column, do the same.
3. Record the balance: Write the balance at the bottom of each
column.

D. Discount Allowed and Received

Discount Allowed

 This refers to the reduction in price given to customers. It is

recorded in the Discount Allowed Column.
 Example: If a customer buys goods worth $100 and receives a 10%
discount, the entry would be $10 in the discount allowed column.

Discount Received

 This refers to the reduction in price received from suppliers. It is

recorded in the Discount Received Column.
 Example: If a business purchases goods worth $200 and receives a
5% discount, the entry would be $10 in the discount received
column.

Summary

The three-column cashbook is an essential tool for managing

finances in a business. Understanding its structure, recording
methods, and how to balance it is crucial for students in JS2. This
lesson provides a foundational understanding of cash management
practices.

Three-column cashbook: a. meaning of three column-cashbook b.

ruling of three-column cashbook c. recording of items and balancing
it d. discount allowed and received