EX.

NO: 1
STUDY THE ESSENTIALS OF IoT
DATE:17.02.25

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Study the essentials of Internet of Things.

DESIGN APPROACH
IoT
Internet of Things (IoT) is also known as the "Connected World" or "Smart Network." The
Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that collect and share data
over the internet. These devices include sensors, actuators, smart appliances, and industrial
machines.
 Connected Devices
 Smart Network
 Intelligent Systems

How IoT Works?

1. Data Collection: Sensors gather data from the environment.
2. Connectivity: Data is transmitted via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc.
3. Processing: Cloud or edge computing analyzes data.
4. Action: Devices take action based on processed data.
Benefits of IoT
 Automation & Efficiency: Reduces manual effort.
 Real-time Monitoring: Helps in predictive maintenance.
 Cost Savings: Lowers operational costs.
 Improved Decision-Making: Data-driven insights.
Applications of IoT
 Smart Homes: Smart lighting, thermostats, security cameras.
 Healthcare: Wearable health trackers, remote patient monitoring.
 Agriculture: Smart irrigation, soil monitoring.
 Industry: Predictive maintenance in manufacturing.
 Transportation: GPS tracking, smart traffic control.
Challenges of IoT
 Security & Privacy Risks: Devices are prone to cyberattacks.
 Connectivity Issues: IoT relies on stable internet.
 High Implementation Costs: Initial setup can be expensive.
Components of IoT
1. Sensors & Actuators: Collect data and perform actions.
2. Connectivity Modules: Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa, Bluetooth.
3. Cloud Storage: Stores and processes data.
4. User Interface: Mobile apps, dashboards.

Fig 1.1 IoT Components

IoT Components: This diagram highlights the core components of an IoT ecosystem. The Thing
or Device collects data and interacts with the environment. The Gateway bridges devices with the
cloud for processing and storage. Analytics helps in extracting insights from collected data.
The Cloud enables remote access and computing power, while the User Interface allows users to
monitor and control IoT applications Fig 1.1
IoT Block Diagram

 Device Layer: Sensors, actuators.

 Network Layer: Communication protocols.
 Processing Layer: Cloud, Edge computing.
 Application Layer: Smart applications.
This IoT architecture has four key layers. The Sensing Layer gathers data using devices like GPS,
cameras, and microphones. The Network Layer transmits data through gateways using Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, or cellular networks. The Data Processing Layer processes and stores data with CPUs
and databases. The Application Layer presents information to users through smart devices,
wearables, or autonomous vehicles. Together, these layers ensure efficient data collection,
transmission, processing, and presentation Fig 1.2
 Fig 1.2 Block Diagram
IoT Protocols
 MQTT: Lightweight messaging for IoT.
 CoAP: Low-power communication.
 HTTP/HTTPS: Standard web protocols.
 Zigbee: Short-range communication for smart devices.
IoT Protocols Diagram: This diagram categorizes IoT communication protocols into four layers.
The Application Layer includes HTTP, MQTT, COAP, and AMQP for data exchange.
The Transport Layer consists of TCP and UDP for data transmission. The Network
Layer features protocols like RPL, CORPL, CARP, and 6LoWPAN for routing and addressing.
The Physical & Datalink Layer includes Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Wi-Fi for wireless connectivity
Fig 1.3
 Fig 1.3 IoT Protocols
IoT Life Cycle
1. Collect: Sensors gather raw data from the environment.
2. Communicate: Data is transmitted via networks like Wi-Fi or cellular.
3. Analyze: Data is processed to extract insights or patterns.
4. Act: Actions are taken based on insights, such as sending notifications or controlling
devices.
The IoT lifecycle consists of four essential stages. First, the Collect stage involves gathering raw
data from sensors and devices. In the Communicate stage, this data is transmitted through networks
like Wi-Fi or cellular. Next, the Analyze stage processes the data to identify patterns or generate
insights. Finally, the Act stage takes action based on the analysis, such as triggering notifications or
controlling connected devices. Together, these stages enable efficient data-driven decision-making
in IoT systems Fig 1.4
 Fig 1.4 IoT lifecycle
Enabling Technologies of IoT
 Artificial Intelligence (AI): Smart decision-making.
 Cloud Computing: Data storage & processing.
 5G Networks: Faster and reliable connectivity.
 Edge Computing: Processes data closer to the source.

What is M2M (Machine-to-Machine)?

M2M allows direct communication between devices without human intervention, commonly used
in industrial automation.

M2M vs IoT
Feature M2M IoT
Connectivity Uses cellular networks Uses internet, cloud
Human Interaction No Yes
Data Storage Local storage Cloud-based storage
Scalability Limited Highly scalable
Is M2M the same as IoT?
No, but IoT is an evolution of M2M, integrating internet and cloud technologies for more
advanced automation.

Arduino
Arduino is an open-source microcontroller platform used for electronics and IoT projects.
 Fig 1.5 ARDUINO

Pin Diagram
 Digital I/O Pins: Used for input/output operations.
 Analog Pins: Read sensor values.
 PWM Pins: Provide analog-like output.
 Power Pins: 3.3V, 5V, and GND supply power.

Scope of Arduino in IoT

 Used in home automation, robotics, smart agriculture, and sensor networks.
 Ideal for prototyping and learning IoT concepts.

Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a small, powerful single-board computer capable of running an operating system.
 Fig 1.6 Raspberry Pi

Pin Diagram
 GPIO Pins: Used to control devices.
 Power Pins: 3.3V, 5V, and GND.
 Communication Pins: I2C, SPI, UART for external devices.

Scope of Raspberry Pi in IoT

 Used in AI, machine learning, smart home automation, industrial monitoring, and
cloud applications.
 More powerful than Arduino, capable of handling real-time data processing.

EXAMPLE:
 DEVELOPING AN APPLICATION FOR LED BLINK USING ARDUINO

DESIGN APPROACH
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
1. 1 X LED
2. Breadboard
3. Arduino UNO R4 or earlier versions
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
1. 1 X LED: We are controlling only one LED in this program.
2. Breadboard: A breadboard is a fundamental tool used in electronics and prototyping
to build and test circuits without soldering.
3. Arduino UNO R4 or earlier versions.
CONNECTIONS:
1. LED Connections: Connect the LED to the breadboard. The LED has two legs, the
longer of which is the anode (positive) and the shorter of which is the cathode
(negative).
2. Ground (GND) Connection: Connect a jumper wire from the same row as the LED’s
cathode to any Arduino board GND (Ground) pin. This connects the circuit to the
ground of the Arduino.

PROGRAM:
int LEDpin = 13;
int delayT = 1000;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(LEDpin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
delay(delayT);
digitalWrite(LEDpin, LOW);
delay(delayT);
}
STEPS TO UPLOAD THE CODE:

1. Install Arduino IDE – Download and install from the Arduino website.
2. Connect Arduino Board – Plug in the Arduino using a USB cable.
3. Select Board – Go to Tools > Board and choose the correct Arduino model.
4. Select Port – Go to Tools > Port and select the correct COM port.
5. Write or Open Code – Write a new sketch or open an existing one.
6. Verify Code – Click the ✔ (Checkmark) button to compile the code.
7. Upload Code – Click the ➡ (Arrow) button to upload the code to the board.
8. Check Output – Open the Serial Monitor (Tools > Serial Monitor) if needed.

SAMPLE INPUT/OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION
Essentials of Internet of Things are studied with the sample application is executed and
verified.
EX.NO:2 DEVELOP AN APPLICATION FOR LM35
TEMPERATURE SENSOR TO DISPLAY
DATE:
TEMPERATURE VALUES USING ARDUINO OR
RASPBERRY PI

Aim:
To develop an application for LM35 Temperature Sensor to display temperature values
using Arduino.

Components Required

 1 × Breadboard
 1 × Arduino Uno
 1 × LM35 Temperature Sensor
 4 × Jumper

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Give Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open the Arduino IDE.
3. Write the code.
4. Set the Arduino board and port in Tools -> Board and Tools -> Port.
5. Compile the code by clicking verify in the upper left corner.
6. Upload the code by just clicking the right arrow present just next to verify.
7. Once uploading is complete, the code automatically runs on the Arduino and the LED
is turned on.
PROGRAM:
const int lm35_pin = A1; /* LM35 O/P pin */
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int temp_adc_val; float temp_val;
temp_adc_val = analogRead(lm35_pin); /* Read Temperature */
temp_val = (temp_adc_val * 4.88); /* Convert adc value to equivalent voltage */
temp_val = (temp_val/10); /* LM35 gives output of 10mv/°C */
Serial.print("Temperature = ");
Serial.print(temp_val);
Serial.print(" Degree Celsius\n");
delay(1000);
}
OUTPUT:

Result:
Thus the application was developed to monitor the temperature using LM35 temperature
sensor.
 EX.NO: 3 DEVELOP AN APPLICATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION END NODE USING RASPBERRY PIDEVICE
DATE:
AND SENSOR

Aim:
To develop an application for forest fire detection using Arduino.

Components Required

 1 × Breadboard
 1 × Arduino Uno
 1 × Flame Sensor Module
 1 × Buzzer
 2 × Jumper

Fire Sensor:

Buzzer:
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Give Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open the Arduino IDE.
3. Write the code.
4. Set the Arduino board and port in Tools -> Board and Tools -> Port.
5. Compile the code by clicking verify in the upper left corner.
6. Upload the code by just clicking the right arrow present just next to verify.
7. As soon as the flame is detected , the alert will be given

Coding:
const int buzzerPin = 5;
const int flamePin = 2;
int Flame = HIGH;
void setup()
{
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(flamePin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
Flame = digitalRead(flamePin); if
(Flame== LOW)
{
Serial.println("Fire is Detected");
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
}
{
else
{
Serial.println("No Fire is Detected");
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
}

OUTPUT:

Result:
Thus the application was developed for the detection of forest fire.