CIV3294

Structural Design
Reinforced Concrete Design 1
(week 5)

Dr. Ye Lu
Office: 129/60
Email: ye.lu@monash.edu
Phone: 99054995
Today’s Lecture
Serviceability Check for RC Beams
• Deflections
• Crack Control
Some Notations for Beam Cross-section
bef

Flange

tf
d Web
D

Ast

bw

bef : Effective width of flange

b =bef = bw
bw : Width of web
Ast : Total area of tensile reinforcement
tf : Thickness of flange
D: Overall depth
d: Effective depth (from extreme compression fibre to resultant tensile force)
Review of Beam in Bending
 

y
N.A.

 
Stress and strain distribution
For elastic range:  = E
Deformation (strain) compatibility
My
=
Ig
y: Distance to neutral axis (N.A.)
Review of Beam in Bending

Which one is correct for S = ?

S: First Moment of Area

b
A. b*h*d
B. b*h*d/2
h
C. b*h*d/4 h/2

d N.A.
Review of Beam in Bending
Which one is correct for I = ? b

I: Second Moment of Area

h N.A.
A. b*h3/8
h/2
B. b*h3/12
C. b*h3/6
What if N.A. is not at the middle of the section? b

I = b*h3/12+b*h*d2
h
h/2

d N.A.
Serviceability Check
• Deflections
Short term deflection – instant deflection by loads
Long term deflection – additional sustained-load deflection by creep

UDL: w

EI

∆=?
Simply Supported Beam

Mid-Span Deflection:

Different materials with different elastic moduli (Es, Ec)?

Cracked and Uncracked Sections

a) uncracked

b) cracked

N.A.

Different sections with different I?

Section Transformation (Uncracked)

, the modular ratio (steel to concrete)

Section Transformation (Fully Cracked)
b b

dn
N.A.

D d

n Ast
Ast

, the modular ratio (steel to concrete)

Uncracked Elastic Section (Ig)
b c c

dn dn

D d N.A.
d-dn
st st
ct ct
Ast n Ast (n-1) Ast

Determine the depth of N.A. (dn) b

Sabove N.A.=Sbelow N.A.

h
bd n 
dn
= b(D − d n ) 
(D − d n ) + (n − 1)A  (d − d ) h/2
st n
2 2 d N.A.
D
bD  + ( n − 1) A st d
dn = 2 S=area*d=b*h*d
bD + ( n − 1) A st
Uncracked Elastic Section (Ig)
b c c

dn dn

D d N.A.
d-dn
st st
ct ct
Ast n Ast (n-1) Ast

b
Calculate Ig

h
2 h/2
1 D 
Ig = bD3 + bD   − d n  + (n − 1) Ast  (d − d n )2 d N.A.
12 2 
I = b*h3/12+b*h*d2
 b c c

dn dn

D d N.A.
d-dn
st st
ct ct
Ast n Ast (n-1) Ast

Calculate stress

c =
Mdn M ( D − dn ) M (d − d n )
Stress in concrete:  ct =  c.at depth d =
Ig Ig Ig

Stress in steel:  st d − dn  st Es d − dn d − dn d − dn M (D − dn )
=  =   st = n  ct   st = n
 ct D − dn  ct Ec D − dn D − dn D − dn Ig

M (d − d n )
 st = n = n c.at depth d
Ig
Fully Cracked Elastic Section (Icr)
b b c c
kd/3
dn=kd C

d N.A.
D
jd=d-kd/3

st st

n Ast T = Ast st

Ast
b
Determine the depth of N.A. (dn)

1 h
Sabove N.A.=Sbelow N.A. b dn  d n = n Ast  (d − d n )
2 h/2
Define: dn = kd ; p = Ast/bd d N.A.

 k= (np)2 + 2np − np S=area*d=b*h*d

Fully Cracked Elastic Section (Icr)
b b c c
kd/3
dn=kd C

N.A.
d
D
jd=d-kd/3

st st

n Ast T = Ast st

Ast
b
Calculate Icr
1 d
I cr = bd n + bd n ( n )2 + n Ast  (d − d n )2
3
h
12 2 h/2
1
= bd n + n Ast  (d − d n )2
3
d N.A.
3

I = b*h3/12+b*h*d2
Fully Cracked Elastic Section (Icr)
b b c c
kd/3
dn=kd C

d N.A.
D
jd=d-kd/3

st st

n Ast T = Ast st

Ast

Calculate stress
M dn
Stress in concrete: c =
I cr

 st d − d n  E d − dn d − dn M (d − d n )
Stress in steel: =  st = s   st = n c = n
c dn  c Ec d n dn I cr
Doubly Reinforced Fully Cracked Section
M dn
c =
b (n-1) Asc I cr
M (d n − d sc )
dsc  sc = n
I cr
Asc dn=kd

d
D

M (d − d n )
 st = n  c = n
I cr

Ast n Ast

Determine the depth of N.A. (dn)

Sabove N.A.=Sbelow N.A. b d  1 d + (n − 1) A  (d − d ) = n A  (d − d )  d
n n sc n sc st n n
2

1 d
I cr = bd n + bd n  ( n )2 + n Ast  (d − d n )2 + (n − 1) Asc  (d n − d sc )2
3
Calculate Icr
12 2
Stiffness (EI) Change with Bending Moment

EIg

EIcr

At service loads (points C1 and C2), the

effective EIef values are between EIg and EIcr

Icr<Ief<Ig
Effective Ief (AS3600 P129)

g
Ig, (not consider in this unit)

Ig,

0.6Ig,

Short term load: w = G + ψs Q

Mcr.t: Cracking bending moment

 b b

dn=kd
P/Ag, Pe: Prestress contribution (not consider in this unit), we have: d
D

Mcr.t = Z(f ’ct,f - cs)

Ast n Ast

=Ig / (D-dn)
f cf' = 0.6 f c '

Es: Young’s modulus of steel reinforcement

Ast / bw d

Clause 3.1.7
Short Term Deflection (Mid-Span)
Short term load, w = G + ψs Q

Simply supported beam:

Span in continuous beam:

Continuous beam

Mm
AS3600 p128 or Textbook p108

For simplicity, in practice class question:

Ief = Ief, at mid-span
Long Term Deflection (AS3600 P130)
• Δl = kcs Δs.sus
• Δl : Long-term deflection
• Δs.sus: immediate deflection due to sustained
load w=(G + ψl Q)
Long term deflection factor
• Δtot = Δl + Δs
• Δtot ≤ Δallow (allowable deflection)
• Δtot/Lef ≤ limit

Table 2.3.2
Deemed to Comply Span-to-Depth Ratios
for Deflection Control (AS3600 P130)
bef

≤
tf
d D

Ast

bw

Ec: the concrete elastic modulus, bef: the effective width of the flange (Textbook P141)
 ≤
Fd,ef = effective design load per unit length, taken as:
= (1.0 + kcs) G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q for total deflection
or
= kcs G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q for additional deflection, which
occurs after the addition or attachment of partitions.
kcs = Long term deflection factor
Δ / Lef = deflection limit
Crack Control of Beams (Clause 8.6)
1) Check reinforcement ratio
2 '
Ast  D  f ct, f
OR p=  pmin =  b  
bw d  d  f sy

bef

Ds=tf
bef: the effective width of the flange D
fsy: the characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement
f’ct,f: the characteristic tensile strength of concrete f cf' = 0.6 f c '
Ds: depth of a slab bw
Crack Control of Beams

2) Check concrete cover and bar spacing

c s

bw
c <=100 mm
s <=300 mm
Crack Control of Beams
3) Check tension stress in bars
C

jd

Ms = T j d = Ast fst jd
Ms is determined by short term load (G + 0.7 Q)
Assume j  0.9
fst = Ms / (Ast jd) < the larger stress from tables 8.6.2.2 (a) and (b)
3) Check tension stress in bars

w’max: Characteristic maximum crack width (Clause 8.6.1)

Serviceability Design - Summary

• Step 1: Locate depth of neutral axis (dn)

• Step 2: Define Icr and Ig
• Step 3: Define Ief with Mcr
• Step 4: Determine serviceability load combinations
(short term and long term)
• Step 5: Check serviceability
Serviceability Design - Summary

Deflection < Limit deflection

1. calculate Δtot = Δl + Δs ≤ Δallow
2. check span-to-depth ratios Lef/d
Crack control
check 1) reinforcement ratio
2) concrete cover and bar spacing
3) steel stresses
Example
Check whether the span-to-depth ratio of the band beam AB-3 with a dimension of
400 mm in depth and width of 1200 mm would satisfy the deemed to comply
requirement.
Concrete strength f'c = 40 MPa
Ec = 32800 MPa
Un-factored DL=46.94 kN/m
Un-factored LL=21.3 kN/m

2
Steps

<=
<=

36
Fd,ef = effective design load per unit length, taken as:
= (1.0 + kcs) G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q for total deflection
or
= kcs G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q for additional deflection, which occurs after
the addition or attachment of partitions
kcs = Long term deflection factor

Δ / Lef = deflection limit

 Concrete strength f'c = 40 MPa
<= Ec = 32800 MPa
Un-factored DL=46.94 kN/m
Un-factored LL=21.3 kN/m

k2=2.4/384
 Ec = 32800 MPa
Un-factored DL=46.94 kN/m
Un-factored LL=21.3 kN/m
Fd,ef = (1.0 + kcs) G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q 2

16.5

16.5