Scribd
Upload
18 views12 pages

Matrices

This report provides an overview of matrices, including their definitions, types, and operations such as addition, multiplication, and inversion. It highlights the significance of matrices in communication engineering applications like signal processing, error correction, and channel modeling. Additionally, it discusses the evolving role of matrices in modern science and technology, including their application in quantum computing and as a universal language for data representation.

Uploaded by

samazeyad82
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views12 pages

Matrices

This report provides an overview of matrices, including their definitions, types, and operations such as addition, multiplication, and inversion. It highlights the significance of matrices in communication engineering applications like signal processing, error correction, and channel modeling. Additionally, it discusses the evolving role of matrices in modern science and technology, including their application in quantum computing and as a universal language for data representation.

Uploaded by

samazeyad82
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

University of Technology

College of communication engineering


Department of wireless communication engineering

Matrices

Supervised by
Asst. Lect Halah Ismail Khani

This report is done by


Yasameen Zeyad Riyadh
Introduction to Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or other mathematical objects), called
the "entries" of the matrix. Matrices are subject to standard operations such
as addition and multiplication.[1] Most commonly, a matrix over a field is a
rectangular array of elements of .[2] A real matrix and a complex matrix are
matrices whose entries are respectively real numbers or complex numbers. More
general types of entries are discussed below. For instance, this is a real matrix:

3.1- 6.0
his is a real matrix: 4.02 5.5 ‖
7.9 2.6-
The numbers, symbols, or expressions in the matrix are called its entries or
its elements. The horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are respectively
called rows and columns.[3]

Common Types of Matrices:


Square Matrix: A matrix where the number of rows equals the number of
columns.
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix in which all non-diagonal elements are zero.
Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix where all diagonal elements are 1. It acts
like the number 1 in matrix multiplication.
Zero Matrix: All entries are zero.
Symmetric Matrix: A matrix that is equal to its transpose, i.e., A=ATA =
A^TA=AT.
Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix where ATA=I its columns are
orthonormal vectors.
Operations on matrices:
Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices of the same dimensions can be added or subtracted by adding or
subtracting corresponding elements.
For an example:

Scalar Multiplication
Multiplying a matrix by a scalar means multiplying each element by that scalar.
3. Matrix Multiplication
If AAA is an m× and BBB is an n×p matrix, then their product AB is an m×pm.
Each element of the resulting matrix is calculated as a dot product of rows of A and
columns of B.
4. Transpose of a Matrix The transpose ATA^TAT is formed by swapping the
rows and columns of A.
5. Determinant and Inverse
The determinant is a scalar value that can be computed from a square matrix
and provides insights into properties like invertibility.
A matrix is invertible if there exists a matrix A^−1such that AA^−1=I. This is
crucial in solving linear systems using matrix methods.
In communication engineering, matrices play a crucial role in
several applications:
Signal Processing: Linear transformations in filters, Fourier transforms, and
coding schemes often involve matrix operations. Matrices help optimize the
transmission and reception of signals.
Error Detection and Correction: Coding schemes (e.g., block codes,
convolutional codes) are represented with matrices, aiding in designing robust
communication systems resilient to noise.
Channel Modeling: Matrices represent the effects of channels on transmitted
signals, assisting in equalization and system optimization.
Network Analysis: Matrix methods analyze network flow, routing, and
capacity management in communication networks.
For an example :
MIMO Systems and Matrices
In MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) communication, multiple antennas
are used simultaneously at both the transmitter and receiver ends to increase
data rates and reliability.
Channel Representation:
The wireless channel can be modeled by a matrix H, where each element Hij
represents the gain and phase shift from the j-th transmit antenna to the ii-th
receive antenna.
h11 h12
|h21

Signal Transmission:
Transmitted signals are represented as a vector x, and received signals as a
vector y. The relationship is:
y=Hx+ny
where n is noise.
Detection & Decoding:
To decode the transmitted signal correctly, the receiver may use matrix
operations like matrix inversion or other algorithms (e.g., Zero-Forcing,
MMSE) to estimate x from y:
x^=Wy
Here, W is a processing matrix designed based on the channel matrix H to
minimize errors.
Why it matters using the matrices?
Using matrices allows for efficient and robust ways to decode signals in
complex, noisy environments, boosting data rates and connection quality.

Why is matrices is special?


Transformation Power: Any linear transformation in 2D or 3D space can be
represented by a matrix, meaning matrices serve as "operation machines" that
directly manipulate points, vectors, and shapes.
Composability: Multiple transformations can be combined into a single matrix
by multiplying their matrices—making complex transformations simple and
elegant.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: These special vectors indicate the directions in
space that are scaled (but not rotated) during a transformation—fundamental in
understanding stability, vibrations, and more.
As we mentioned before in the applications that matrices has several
applications but it also has a role in majors:
The Evolving Role of Matrices in Modern Science and Technology
While matrices have long been central to theoretical mathematics, their role has
evolved drastically in recent decades. They are no longer limited to solving
linear equations or modeling simple systems. Today, matrices serve as the
linguistic backbone of modern computational thinking—essentially
functioning as the "language of algorithms and data".
Matrices as a Universal Language
In the digital age, almost every form of data can be represented as a matrix:
Images: Stored as matrices of pixel intensity values (grayscale) or three
matrices (RGB) for color.
Audio signals: Sampled into matrices over time and frequency (e.g.,
spectrograms).
Text: Encoded into matrix form using embedding techniques like word2vec or
transformer embeddings.
This universality allows for seamless application of mathematical tools across
fields.
Quantum Computing and Matrices
Quantum computing is an emerging area where matrices are used not only for
computation but for modeling fundamental aspects of reality:
Quantum states are vectors in Hilbert space.
Quantum gates are unitary matrices.
Quantum algorithms rely heavily on matrix transformations and tensor
products.
This shows that matrices are not just tools for solving problems—but are
central to understanding the physical world.
Refences:
aulraj, A., Nabar, R., & Gore, D. (2003).
Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications.
Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2008).
Digital Communications (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Tse, D., & Viswanath, P. (2005).
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.
Golub, G. H., & Van Loan, C. F. (2013).
Matrix Computations (4th ed.)
Stewart, J. (2015). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th ed.).

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy