1: Network: Service & its classi cation

A network service is something that helps computers, phones, and other devices talk to each other,
share things, and get work done over a network (like Wi-Fi, the internet, etc.).Think of it like
different kinds of helpers or tools that make things work smoothly when you’re using the internet or
a local network.

• Types (or Classi cation) of Network

Services:

1. Communication Services – Help people and devices talk:

◦ Email – Like Gmail or Outlook.

◦ Messaging – Like WhatsApp, Messenger, or Teams.
◦ Video/Voice calls – Zoom, Skype, or Google Meet.

2. File Services – Help you send, share, or store files:

◦ File Transfer – Moving files between computers (like with Google Drive or Dropbox).
◦ File Sharing – Letting other people use your files on a network.

3. Web Services – Help you access websites:

◦ Browsing – What happens when you use Chrome or Safari to open a website.
◦ Hosting – Keeping a website up and running.

4. Name Services – Help devices find each other:

◦ DNS (Domain Name System) – Like a phonebook for the internet; it helps turn web
addresses (like google.com) into numbers your computer understands.

5. Login & Security Services – Help with sign-ins and protecting data:

◦ Authentication – Making sure only the right person gets access (like logging in with a
password).

◦ Security checks – Making sure data stays safe while traveling across networks.
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6. Cloud Services – Let you use tools or storage on the internet:

◦ SaaS – Software you use online, like Google Docs or Netflix.

◦ IaaS – Online storage or servers (like Amazon Web Services).
◦ PaaS – Tools for developers to build apps.
 2. MS Word

• Brief History of MS WORD :

• Early ’80s: The DOS Days
Word first appeared in 1983 as “Multi-Tool Word” for MS DOS. It was one of the first
programs to let you see your text on screen pretty much as it would print (a “WYSIWYG”
editor), which was a big deal compared to plain text editors.
• Late ’80s: Moving to Windows
In 1989, Word got a makeover for Windows—bringing menus, mouse support, and on screen
formatting to life. This version really showed off the power of graphical interfaces.
• 1990s: The Office Suite Arrives
By 1990, Word joined Excel, PowerPoint and others in the first Microsoft Office bundle.
Suddenly you had a full toolkit for writing, calculating and presenting, all sold together.
• 2000s: New Features & the Ribbon
Word kept adding Bells & Whistles—like real time spell check, smarter graphics, and
templates. In 2007 it introduced the “Ribbon” toolbar (those big tabs at the top) to make
features easier to find.
• 2010s: Going Online
With Office 365 (launched around 2011), Word moved to the cloud—your docs could live
online, auto save as you type, and let multiple people edit at once, from anywhere.

MS WORD :
Microsoft Word is basically a digital version of a notebook or typewriter that lives on your
computer. In “human words,” here’s what it does:

• Write and Edit Text: You can type anything—letters, essays, reports—and go x typos, move
paragraphs around, or change words anytime.
• Format Easily: Want a title in big bold letters? A bulleted list? A different font or color?
Word’s toolbar buttons let you make those changes with a click.
• Templates & Styles: It comes with ready made layouts for resumes, flyers, brochures or
business letters. Just pick one and slot in your own words or images.
• Spellcheck & Grammar: As you type, Word underlines mistakes and suggests corrections, so
your writing stays polished.
• Insert Extras: You can drop in pictures, tables, charts, and even links. Need page numbers or
a header? That’s built in too.
• Save & Share: Store your document on your computer or in the cloud, then email it, print it,
or collaborate with others who can leave comments or edits.
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 3. MS EXCEL
• Brief History of MS EXCEL :
• Spreadsheets Before Excel
Before Excel, people used VisiCalc (late ’70s) and then Lotus 1 2 3 (early ’80s) to crunch
numbers in rows and columns. These pioneers showed how powerful a digital “ledger” could
be.

• 1985: Excel’s First Steps on the Mac

Microsoft released the very first Excel for Macintosh. It impressed everyone with its
drag and drop charts and menus—things you didn’t get in earlier, text only spreadsheet tools.

• 1987: Excel Comes to Windows

Riding the Windows wave, Excel 2.0 launched on PC. It swapped out its predecessor
(Multiplan), bringing a friendly interface and making it easier to copy formulas, style cells,
and preview printouts.

• 1990s: Joining the Office Family

By Office 3.0 in 1990, Excel sat beside Word and PowerPoint in the first Microsoft Office
bundle. Suddenly, businesses had one-stop access to writing, calculating, and presenting tools.

• 2000s: Power User Features

Excel added PivotTables (for quick data summaries), VBA macros (to automate repetitive
tasks), and smart charting. In 2007, the Ribbon toolbar arrived, grouping features into tabs so
you could find them—no more hunting in endless menus.

• 2010s: Moving to the Cloud

With Office 365, Excel went online: workbooks auto save to OneDrive, you can co edit in
real time with teammates anywhere, and mobile apps let you check numbers on your phone.

• MS EXCEL :
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. It helps you enter, manage,
analyze, and present data using a grid made up of rows and columns. It is a key tool in business for
organizing information, doing calculations, analyzing trends, and making decisions.

1. Spreadsheet Layout

• Excel is made of cells (where rows and columns intersect).

• You can enter text, numbers, dates, and formulas in each cell.
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2. Formulas and Functions

• Excel allows you to perform automatic calculations using formulas.

• Common functions:

◦ SUM() – Adds numbers

◦ AVERAGE() – Finds average

◦ IF() – Applies conditions

◦ VLOOKUP() – Looks up data from a table

◦ COUNT() / COUNTA() – Counts numbers or non-empty cells.

3. Charts and Graphs

• You can create bar charts, pie charts, line graphs, etc., to visualize data.

• Useful for business presentations and reports.

4. Data Analysis Tools

• Pivot Tables – Summarize large data sets quickly.

• Sort & Filter – Organize and view only the data you need.

• Conditional Formatting – Highlights important values using colors or icons.

5. What-If Analysis

• Tools like Goal Seek and Scenario Manager help in decision-making by forecasting outcomes
based on different inputs.

6. Templates

• Pre-made formats for:

◦ Invoices

◦ Budgets

◦ Financial statements
◦ Project planning
 4. MS Power Point
• Brief History of MS POWER POINT :
• 1987 – PowerPoint is Born
PowerPoint was first created by a small company called Forethought, Inc. and launched for
Macintosh computers. It was originally called “Presenter”, then renamed to PowerPoint.
Its purpose: to make overhead slides for business presentations.

• Same Year – Microsoft Buys PowerPoint

Microsoft saw its potential and bought PowerPoint for $14 million—their first major
software acquisition. PowerPoint became part of Microsoft’s growing Office family.

• 1990s – PowerPoint Becomes Popular

PowerPoint was launched for Windows in 1990 as part of Microsoft Office. It became the
go-to tool for making business presentations.

• 2000s – More Features Added

New features like animations, transitions, charts, and design templates made it more
engaging and professional. People started using it in schools, universities, and public
speeches.

• 2010s – PowerPoint Goes Online & Mobile

With Office 365, PowerPoint moved to the cloud—so you could make or edit slides from
your phone, tablet, or web browser.

MS POWER POINT :
Microsoft PowerPoint is a program used to make presentations. It lets you create slides that can
include text, images, charts, audio, video, and animations. You use these slides to explain or
present ideas clearly—in class, at work, or at events.

1. Slides

◦ Each slide is like a page where you put your content.

◦ You can move slides around to organize your presentation.

2. Design Tools

◦ Add colorful themes, fonts, backgrounds, and layouts.

◦ Use Design Ideas (a built-in AI tool) to make slides look professional.
 3. Animations & Transitions

◦ Make text or images appear with cool effects.

◦ Add transitions between slides to make your presentation smooth.

4. Multimedia Support

◦ Insert pictures, videos, music, or even a voiceover.

◦ Helps make your presentation more interactive.

5. Charts & Graphs

◦ Add bar charts, pie charts, or tables to explain data visually.

6. Presenter Tools

◦ Presenter View shows notes, timers, and a preview of your next slide while your audience
only sees the main slide.
 5. Web page Designing using html

• What is HTML?
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the basic language used to create web pages. It tells the
web browser how to display content like text, images, links, videos, and more on a website.

Basic Structure of an HTML Web Page:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph of text on my rst web page.</p>

Explanation:
• <!DOCTYPE html> – Tells the browser you’re using HTML5.

• <html> – The start of the HTML document.

• <head> – Contains information about the page (not shown on the page).

• <title> – The name that shows up in the browser tab.

• <body> – Where your visible content goes (like text, images, etc.).

• <h1> – A big heading.

• <p> – A paragraph.

Common HTML Tags Used in Web Design:

Tag Purpose
<h1> to <h6> Headings (from largest to smallest)
<p> Paragraph text
<br> Line break
<img> To display images
<a> To create a hyperlink
<ul>, <ol>, <li> Lists (unordered and ordered)
<table> To create tables
<div> and <span> To group content (useful with CSS)
<form> To collect user input (like login forms)
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 6. Official use of Blogs, Facebook, Linked In, Twitter
1. Blogs (Web Logs)

• Share company news, updates, and announcements

• Educate customers about products, services, or industry trends

• Improve search engine ranking (SEO) with fresh content

• Show expertise and thought leadership

• Engage with the audience through comments or feedback

2. Facebook (Meta)

• Create a business page to promote your brand

• Post updates, offers, events, and news

• Run advertisements to reach specific audiences

• Engage with customers through comments and messages

• Use Facebook Insights to track engagement and reach

3. LinkedIn

• Build a professional profile or company page

• Share career opportunities, job postings, and company achievements

• Connect with other professionals and network

• Post industry insights, news, and thought-leadership articles

• Recruit talent and screen candidates

4. Twitter (now X)

• Share real-time updates, news, and announcements

• Respond to customer queries or complaints quickly

• Participate in trending topics and hashtags

• Build a voice or brand personality

• Promote content like blogs, events, or launches

 7. Poster making using Canvas
CANVAS :
Canva is a free online graphic design tool that helps you create beautiful posters, flyers, presentations,
social media posts, and more—without needing any design skills. It offers ready-made templates,
drag-and-drop features, and thousands of free images, fonts, and icons.

• Steps to Make a Poster Using Canva:

Step 1: Open Canva

• Go to www.canva.com on your browser.

• Sign up or log in using your Google account or email.

Step 2: Choose a Poster Template

• On the home page, type “Poster” in the search bar.

• Choose from hundreds of free templates or click “Create a blank poster” to start from scratch.

Step 3: Design Your Poster

• Edit Text: Click on the existing text to change words, font, color, or size.

• Add Images: Upload your own image or use free photos and illustrations available in Canva.

• Use Icons & Shapes: Decorate your poster with icons, shapes, and backgrounds.

• Apply Colors: Choose color themes to match your topic.

Step 4: Keep It Clear and Creative

• Use bold headings

• Highlight the main message

• Don’t overcrowd with too much text

• Keep a balance of visuals and content

Step 5: Download or Share

• Click Share > Download

• Choose format (PDF for print, PNG or JPG for digital use)

• Save or share directly via link, email, or social media

Uses of Canva Posters:

• School projects and awareness campaigns

• Event announcements (seminars, webinars, fests)

• Business or product promotions

• Inspirational or educational posters

 8. Digital Signature
A digital signature is like an electronic version of your handwritten signature, but much more secure. It
is used to verify the identity of the sender and ensure that the message or document hasn’t been
changed.
• How It Works (Simplified):
1. The sender signs the document using a private key (a secret digital code).

2. The receiver checks the signature using the sender’s public key (a shared code).

3. If the signature matches, the document is:

4. Authentic (sent by the right person)

5. Untouched (no changes made)

• Uses of Digital Signature:

• E-Government services (like filing income tax online)

• Business contracts and agreements

• Banking and finance documents

• Legal documents submitted online

• Secure emails and transactions

Benefits of Digital Signatures:

• Secure – Cannot be forged easily

• Fast – No need to print or scan

• Legal – Recognized by many countries

• Eco-friendly – Saves paper

 9. Application of Digital Financial Services
Digital Financial Services :
Digital Financial Services (DFS) refer to financial services delivered using digital technology, such as
mobile phones, computers, the internet, or ATMs.

This includes online banking, mobile wallets, UPI, digital payments, loans, insurance, and investment
services provided through digital platforms.

Applications of Digital Financial Services

1. Mobile Banking

• Check account balance

• Transfer money (IMPS, NEFT, RTGS)

• Pay bills online

• Apply for loans or credit cards

• Example: SBI YONO, HDFC Mobile Banking

2. Digital Payments

• Send or receive money instantly using apps

• No need to carry cash

• Examples: UPI apps like PhonePe, Google Pay, Paytm

3. E-Wallets

• Store money digitally to make quick payments

• Used for shopping, bill payments, and travel bookings

• Examples: Paytm Wallet, Amazon Pay, Mobikwik

4. Financial Inclusion

• Helps rural or unbanked people access banking through mobile

• Promotes savings, credit access, and secure transactions

 10. Email
Email (Electronic Mail) is a method of sending and receiving messages through the internet. It’s one of
the fastest and most widely used ways to communicate for personal, educational, and official purposes.

Key Features of Email:

• Fast communication – Messages are delivered in seconds.

• Send to multiple people – You can email one person or a group.

• Attach files – Send documents, photos, videos, and more.

• Inbox system – Organizes messages for easy access and reference.

• Can be used anywhere – You just need an internet connection.

Parts of an Email:

1. To: Receiver’s email address

2. Subject: A short title of your message

3. Body: The main message

4. CC/BCC: Send a copy to others (CC = visible, BCC = hidden)

5. Attachment: Files or documents you want to send

Uses of Email:

• In Education: Teachers send notes, assignments, or exam info. Students submit homework or
ask questions.

• In Business: Used for meetings, sharing documents, and official communication.

• For Personal Use: Stay in touch with friends or apply for jobs.

• Government & Services: Receive bills, notifications, or application confirmations.

 11. Electronic Payment System
An Electronic Payment System is a way to pay for goods and services using digital methods instead of
cash or paper checks. It allows people to send or receive money online or through electronic devices.
Examples of E-Payment Systems:

• UPI (Unified Payments Interface) – Google Pay, PhonePe, Paytm

• Debit/Credit Cards – Visa, Mastercard, RuPay

• Mobile Wallets – Paytm Wallet, Amazon Pay, Mobikwik

• Internet Banking – SBI NetBanking, HDFC NetBanking

• POS (Point of Sale) – Card swipe machines in shops

• QR Code Payments – Scan and pay using mobile apps

Benefits of Electronic Payment Systems:

• Fast & Convenient – Pay anytime, anywhere

• Safe & Secure – Uses OTPs, PINs, and encryption

• Saves Time – No need to stand in long queues

• Trackable – Keeps a record of all payments

• Reduces Cash Dependency – Helps move toward a digital economy

• Types of Electronic Payment Methods:

Type Description
Credit/Debit Cards Plastic cards used to pay directly
Net Banking Online transfer of money via bank websites
Mobile Wallets Apps that store money digitally
UPI Payments Instant money transfers between bank accounts
NEFT/IMPS/RTGS Online bank transfers (used in India)
 12.Modern functions of smart phones,
Android phone applications
Modern Functions of Smartphones
Today’s smartphones are much more than just phones. They are like mini-computers that can do a wide
range of tasks. Here are some modern functions:
Communication

• Calling, texting (SMS)

• Video calls (WhatsApp, Google Meet)

• Emails (Gmail, Outlook)

• Social media messaging (Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat)

Internet Browsing

• Search for information anytime using browsers like Chrome or Firefox

Digital Payments

• Pay using UPI apps like PhonePe, Paytm, Google Pay

• Use wallet apps to recharge, pay bills, or shop online

Security

• Face unlock, fingerprint scanner

• App locks, antivirus apps

• Popular Android Phone Applications

Category Example Apps Use

Social Media WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook Chat, share photos/videos
Google Classroom, BYJU’S, Khan
Education Online learning
Academy
Productivity Google Docs, Evernote, Notion Create notes, documents
Entertainment YouTube, Netflix, MX Player Watch videos, movies
Banking/ UPI, recharge, bill
PhonePe, Paytm, Google Pay
Finance payments
Health &
Google Fit, HealthifyMe Track steps, health goals
Fitness
Travel Google Maps, Uber, IRCTC App Navigate or book rides
Photography Snapseed, Canva, Lightroom Edit photos and design
 13.Mobile Computing & its applications
What is Mobile Computing?
Mobile Computing means using portable computing devices (like smartphones, tablets, laptops) that
can connect to the internet or other networks wirelessly, allowing people to access data or perform tasks
from anywhere, anytime.

Key Features of Mobile Computing:

• Portability – Devices can be carried anywhere

• Wireless Connectivity – Uses Wi-Fi, mobile data, Bluetooth, etc.

• Real-time Access – You can work or access data instantly

• Cloud Storage – Data is saved and accessed online (Google Drive, iCloud)

Benefits of Mobile Computing:

• Work from anywhere

• Faster decision-making

• Improved communication

• Increased productivity

• Access to real-time information

Applications of Mobile Computing:

1. Business & Office Work
2. Online Shopping
3. Banking & Finance
4. Education
5. Healthcare
6. GPS & Navigation
7. Entertainment
 14.Wireless Technology
Wireless technology means transferring data or information without using physical wires or cables. It
uses radio waves, infrared, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi to connect devices and communicate over short or long
distances.
Examples of Wireless Technologies:

Technology Used For

Wi-Fi Internet access at home, school, offices
Short-range file sharing, connecting headphones or
Bluetooth
speakers
Mobile Data (4G/5G) Internet access on mobile phones
Infrared Remote controls, some older phones
NFC (Near Field
Tap-to-pay services like Google Pay
Communication)
Satellite Communication GPS, TV broadcasting, long-distance internet
Advantages of Wireless Technology:

• No wires – Less mess and more mobility

• Portable – Work or browse from anywhere

• Easy to install – No need for cable connections

• Supports multiple devices – One Wi-Fi can connect many phones/laptops

Applications of Wireless Technology:

1. Mobile Communication
2. Internet Access
3. Wireless Devices
4. GPS & Navigation
5. Smart Home Devices
6. Online Payments
 15.E-Commerce, its benefits and limitations
What is E-Commerce?
E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) means buying and selling goods or services over the internet.

Example: Ordering a mobile phone from Amazon or booking a movie ticket online.

Type Description Example

B2C Business to Consumer Flipkart to customer
B2B Business to Business Alibaba to retailers
C2C Consumer to Consumer OLX, eBay
C2B Consumer to Business Freelancers, bloggers

Benefits of E-Commerce:
1. Convenience

• Shop anytime, anywhere — 24/7 access

2. Wide Variety

• More choices than physical stores (brands, sizes, models)

3. Time-Saving

• No need to travel to shops — items delivered to your home

4. Price Comparison

• Easy to compare prices on different websites

• Limitations of E-Commerce:
1. No Physical Experience

• Cannot touch, try, or test the product before buying

2. Internet Required

• Not everyone has fast or stable internet

3. Risk of Fraud

• Fake websites, scams, or payment issues

 16.E-Commerce business models
An E-Commerce business model explains how a company earns money online by buying, selling, or
providing services over the internet.

Different models are based on who is buying and who is selling — consumers, businesses, or
governments.
Main E-Commerce Business Models:

1. B2C (Business to Consumer)

• Business sells directly to individual customers

• Most common model

• Examples: Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra

Use Case: You buy a t-shirt from an online store.

2. B2B (Business to Business)

• One business sells products or services to another business

• Usually involves bulk orders and long-term contracts

• Examples: Alibaba, IndiaMART

Use Case: A clothing brand buys fabric in bulk from a supplier.

3. C2C (Consumer to Consumer)

• Consumers sell to other consumers through a platform

• The platform just connects sellers and buyers

• Examples: OLX, eBay, Facebook Marketplace

Use Case: You sell your old phone to someone on OLX.

4. C2B (Consumer to Business)

• Individuals offer services/products to businesses

• Often seen with freelancers or influencers

• Examples: Fiverr, Upwork, Freelancer.com

5. B2G (Business to Government)

• Businesses provide products or services to the government

• Includes online tenders, contracts, and public sector projects

• Examples: NIC (National Informatics Centre) platforms, GeM portal (India)

In Short:

Model Stands For Example Who Sells to Whom

B2C Business to Consumer Amazon, Flipkart Business → Customer

B2B Business to Business Alibaba, IndiaMART Business → Business

C2C Consumer to Consumer OLX, eBay Consumer → Consumer

C2B Consumer to Business Upwork, Freelancer Consumer → Business

B2G Business to Government GeM, NIC portals Business → Government

 17.Network security & its application
Network security refers to the protection of computer networks (like the internet, school networks, or
office networks) from unauthorized access, hacking, viruses, and data theft.

Why is Network Security Important?

• Protects personal and financial information

• Prevents hacking, malware, and viruses

• Ensures safe and secure communication

• Keeps business and government systems protected

Types of Network Security Tools:

Tool / Method Purpose

Firewall Blocks unauthorized access to/from the network
Antivirus Software Detects and removes viruses and malware
Encryption Secures data by converting it into unreadable form
VPN (Virtual Private Network) Secures internet connection and hides IP
Authentication Confirms user identity (e.g., passwords, biometrics)
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Monitors and alerts on suspicious activity

Benefits of Network Security:

• Prevents cyberattacks

• Secures sensitive data

• Boosts trust in online services

• Maintains privacy
• Ensures business continuity

In Short:

Network security is all about keeping data, devices, and systems safe when connected to the
internet or other networks. It helps protect everything from emails to bank transactions from
cybercriminals.
Applications of Network Security:
1. Online Banking
• Keeps your bank account and transactions safe from hackers

2. E-Commerce

Protects customer data during online purchases (e.g., card details)

3. Education

• Secures student data, online exams, and learning platforms

4. Healthcare

• Protects sensitive patient records and reports in hospital networks

5. Government

• Keeps official websites and confidential data safe from cyber-attacks

6. Business

• Protects company emails, files, and communication from data leaks

 18.Data Security Consideration Backups
What is Data Security?

Data security means protecting digital information from:

• Loss

• Theft

• Unauthorized access

• Corruption or damage

It’s about keeping your data safe whether it’s on your phone, computer, or online.

Why is Data Security Important?

• To protect personal information (like passwords, photos, bank details)

• To keep business and customer data safe

• To prevent data loss due to hacking, viruses, or system crashes

What is a Backup?

A backup is a copy of your data saved in another location. If the original data is lost or damaged, the
backup helps you recover it easily.

Types of Backups:

Type Description

Full Backup A complete copy of all data

Incremental Only new or changed files are backed up

Cloud Backup Data is saved online (Google Drive, OneDrive)

External Backup Stored on external devices like USB or hard disk

Benefits of Backups:

• Prevent data loss

• Quick recovery after crashes or attacks

• Peace of mind

• Supports business continuity

In Short:

Data security protects your information. Backups are your safety net. Always keep your data safe and
make regular backups to avoid loss from crashes or hacking.
 19.Firewall and VPN
What is a Firewall?

A Firewall is like a security guard for your computer or network. It monitors all the data coming in and
going out, and blocks anything suspicious or harmful.

Types of Firewalls:

Type What it Does

Hardware Firewall A physical device that protects a whole network (used in offices)

Software Firewall A program installed on your computer (like Windows Defender Firewall)

What a Firewall Does:

• Blocks unauthorized access

• Prevents malware from entering

• Controls which apps or programs can use the internet

• Protects private information

What is a VPN (Virtual Private Network)?

A VPN is like a private tunnel for your internet connection. It hides your IP address, encrypts your data,
and keeps your online activities private, even on public Wi-Fi.

How VPN Works:

1. You connect to a VPN server

2. The VPN encrypts your data

3. Your online activity is hidden from hackers, internet providers, and even government surveillance
 20.Security Threats
What are Security Threats?

Security threats are anything that can harm your computer, data, or network. These threats can come
from hackers, viruses, or even careless users, and they may cause data loss, identity theft, or system
damage.

How to Protect Against Security Threats:

• Use strong passwords and change them regularly

• Install antivirus and firewall software

• Avoid clicking on suspicious links or emails

• Keep your software and apps updated

• Use VPNs on public Wi-Fi

• Always back up important data

Examples of Real-Life Threats:

• Clicking a fake bank email and entering your account details (Phishing)

• Downloading a free movie that installs a virus on your PC (Malware)

• Using a weak password that gets easily hacked (Password Attack)

Types of Security Threats:

1. Malware (Malicious Software)

• Harmful programs like viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware

• Can damage files, slow down systems, or steal data

2. Phishing

• Fake emails or messages that trick you into giving personal information like passwords or bank
details

3. Hacking

• Unauthorized access to your computer or network by someone trying to steal or damage

data
 4. Ransomware

• Locks your files and demands money (ransom) to unlock them

5. Spyware

• Secretly collects your data without permission and sends it to hackers

6. Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks

• Floods a website or system with too much traffic, making it crash or go offline

7. Password Attacks

• Tries to guess or steal passwords using different methods like brute force

8. Insider Threats

• Threats that come from within the organization (like a disgruntled employee misusing
access)