2025

PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL
TESTS (BIVARIATE)

Presented by Group 5
 Overview
01 02
Student T-test (Independent One Sample) T-test of Mean Difference/Independent Two
Sample

03 04
Two-Correlated/Dependent Sample T-test Z-test (One-tailed and Two-tailed
(Paired Sample)

05 06
One-way ANOVA (Independent- Measure) One-way ANOVA (Repeated Measure)

Presented by Group 5
 Introduction
Parametric statistical testing (Bivariate)
Analyzes the relationship between two variables
under the assumption that the data follows a
specific distribution, usually normal.
Used to assess significant correlations or
differences based on parameters like means and
variances. This method is effective when data
distribution assumptions are met, providing
stronger statistical inferences compared to non-
parametric methods, which do not rely on such
assumptions.

Presented by Group 5
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
A one-sample t-test compares the mean score of a
sample on a continuous dependent variable to a
known value, which is usually the population
mean.
There are three assumptions for a one-sample -
test:
We must know the population mean.
The sample should be randomly selected from the
population and the subjects within the sample
should be independent of each other
The dependent variable should be continuous and
normally distributed.
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
FOR EXAMPLE: Researchers are interested in whether the pulse
rate of long-distance runners differs from that of
other athletes
They randomly sample 8 long-distance runners,
measure their resting pulse, and obtain the
following data:
45, 42, 64, 54, 58, 49, 48, 56
The average resting pulse of athletes in the
general population is 60 beats per minute
Test the null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of
significance
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
FOR EXAMPLE:
1. State the Ho and the H1
2. Identify the test statistics to be used and a level
3. Compute the test statistics to determine the
computed value
4. Formulate the decision rule, establish the critical
region and state the findings
5. Make a decision
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
DEFINE THE HYPOTHESIS
Null Hypothesis (Ho): The mean resting pulse rate
of long-distance runners is equal to the general
population's mean.
Ho : p = 60
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The mean resting
pulse rate of long-distance runners is different
from the general population.
Ha: 60
 Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
Calculate Degrees of Freedom

n-1=
8-1=7

if greater than 2.365 and less

than -2.365, then reject the
null hypothesis
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
ANALYZING FORMULA:
x is the sample mean
μ= is the population mean
s = is the sample standard deviation
n = is the sample size
GIVEN DATA:
Sample data: 45, 42, 64, 54, 58, 49, 48, 56
Sample size (n) = 8
Population mean (1) = 60
Significance level (a) = 0.05
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
RESULT: APPLYING THE FORMULA:
x= 52
μ= 60
s= 7.31
n=8
SOLVE THE DENOMINATOR FIRST :
Student T-test (Independent One
Sample)
STATE RESULT:
t-statistic = -3.10
t-critical = ±2.365
Since | -3.095 | > 2.365, the t-statistic falls
outside the critical region.
Therefore , Reject the Null Hypothesis
STATE CONCLUSION:
At the 0.05 level of significance, there is
sufficient evidence to conclude that the
mean pulse rate of long-distance runners
differs from that of other athletes.
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample

Used when there are two independent groups to

be compared on their means

By “independent,” we mean that the subjects in

one group cannot also be members of the other
group.
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Example
A statistics teacher wants to compare his two
classes to see if they performed any differently on
the tests he gave that semester. Class A had 25
students with an average score of 70, standard
deviation 15. Class B had 20 students with an
average score of 74, standard deviation 25. Using
alpha 0.05, did these two classes perform
differently on the tests?
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
1. Define Null and Alternative Hypotheses
= There is no difference between μa and μb

= There is a difference between μa and μb

μa = μb

μa ≠ μb

2. State Alpha
Alpha = 0.05
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
Given:
Class A: 25 students; average score 70; SD 15
Class B: 20 students; average score 74; SD 25

Substitute
X̄ A= observed mean on the = sample size of the 1st
1st sample sample
X̄ B= observed mean on the
2nd sample = sample size of the 2nd
sample
= standard deviation of the
1st sample
= standard deviation of the
2nd sample
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
Degree Of Freedom
Let's calculate the degrees of freedom step-by-step:
start with the numerator

ˉ
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
Degree Of Freedom
Now, calculate the numerator of the degrees of
freedom formula:

ˉ
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
Degree Of Freedom
Next, calculate the denominators:

ˉ
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
Degree Of Freedom
Now, compute the degrees of freedom:

So, the degrees of freedom is approximately 30

(round to the nearest whole number).
ˉ
 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps
Determine the Critical t-Value:

With 30 degrees of freedom and a significance

level (α\alphaα) of 0.05 (two-tailed), the critical
t-value can be found from a t-distribution table
For α=0.05 \ alpha = 0.05 α=0.05,

the critical t-value is approximately ±2.042

 T-test of Mean
Difference/Independent Two Sample
Steps Make the Decision:
Determine the Critical t-Value: Compare the calculated t-value with the
critical t-value:
Calculated t-value = -0.63
Critical t-value = ± 2.042
Since the absolute value of the calculated t-
value (-0.63) is less than the critical t-value
(± 2.042), we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

There is no significant difference in the test

scores between Class A and Class B at the 0.05
significance level.
 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)

A. PARAMETRIC TESTS (BIVARIATE)

Two-Correlated/Dependent Sample T-test (Paired-Sample)

also known as the Paired-Sample T-test
is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether there is a
significant difference between the means of two related groups.
 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)
sample USING One-tailed
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of
the weight loss program choosing 10 subjects for the
study.
Is this program effective for reducing weight?
1. ESTABLISHED NULL/ ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
(H₀): The weight loss program is not effective, meaning there is
no significant decrease in weight after the program.
(H₁): The weight loss program is effective, meaning there is a
significant decrease in weight after the program.
2. SET ALPHA LEVEL

a=0.05
CI= 95%
 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)
Another sample USING One-tailed
After - Before 3.compute test statistics
d A. Calculate Mean difference

Use rule of integers

B. Calculate the standard deviation

 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)

Another sample USING One-tailed

C. Calculate standard error

C. Calculate t-statistics
 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)
Another sample USING One-tailed
4. formulate decision rule and establish critical value
Determine the degree of freedom (df).
df = n-1
df = 10-1 = 9
df = 9

Find critical t value

 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)
 Two-Correlated/Dependent
Sample T-test (Paired Sample)
Another sample USING One-tailed
5. Interpret the results

This means that there is sufficient evidence

to conclude that the weight loss program
significantly reduced weight at the 0.05
significance level.
 Z test
A statistical test used to test an alternative hypothesis against a
null hypothesis
It is used to determine if there is a difference in the population
mean and sample mean

Conditions needed:
Sample size ≥ 30
Population standard deviation
must be known
 Z test (one-tailed)
used to determine whether a sample mean is significantly greater than or
less than a population mean, based on a set of sample data.
This means that the researcher has a specific expectation about the
direction of the effect (either an increase or a decrease).

Formula:

Sample mean

µ Population mean

Standard Deviation

sample size
 Z test (one-tailed)
Left-Tailed Test Right-Tailed Test
alternative hypothesis states that the alternative hypothesis states that the
parameter is less than a certain value. parameter is greater than a certain value.
Ex. Testing if the average weight of a Ex. Testing if the average height of a
sample is less than 70 kg. sample is greater than 180 cm.
Critical Region: The rejection region is Critical Region: The rejection region is
located in the left tail of the distribution. If located in the right tail of the distribution.
the test statistic falls into this region, the If the test statistic falls into this region,
null hypothesis is rejected. the null hypothesis is rejected.
 Z test (one-tailed)
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses
2. Identify the level of significance (alpha)
3. Determine the appropriate critical value for the test. The critical value depends
on the significance level, the direction of the alternative hypothesis, and the sample
size.
3.1 Calculate the test statistic (z-score)
4. Compare the test statistic to the critical value If the test statistic is greater than
the critical value, reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis
5. Make a Decision
Left-Tailed Test: If the calculated Z statistic is less than the critical Z value, reject
the null hypothesis.
Right-Tailed Test: If the calculated Z statistic is greater than the critical Z value,
reject the null hypothesis.
6. Interpret the Results
Based on your decision, interpret the results in the context of the research
question. If you rejected the null hypothesis, it suggests that there is significant
evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
 Z test (one-tailed)
Example
A coaching institute claims that the students’ mean scores in their institute are
greater than the 82 marks with a standard deviation of 20. A sample of 81 students
is selected, and the mean score is 90 marks. At a 95% confidence level, is there
enough evidence to support the claim?
Given:
= 90
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses
µ = 82
H0 = μ ≤ 90 = 20
Ha = μ ≥ 90
= 81
2. Identify the level of significance (alpha)
α = 1 - 0.95 = 0.05
α = 0.05
3. Determine the appropriate critical value for the test.
Critical value: + 1.645
 Z test (one-tailed)
Example Given:
= 90
3.1 Calculate the test statistic (z-score) µ = 82
Formula:
90 - 82 8 = 20
= = = 3.6
20/ √81 2.222 = 81

4. Compare the test statistic to the critical value

Since the Zcal value is greater than the z critical

value and it is in the rejection region. Hence, we
can reject the null hypothesis. 3.6 > 1.645
5. Interpret the results
Therefore, there is enough evidence to support the
students’ scores in their institute is greater than the 82
marks.
 Z test (two-tailed)
Used to determine if there is a difference between the sample
mean and population mean.
Used if the hypothesis states there is a difference but does not
indicate the direction (increase or decrease).

Sample mean

Formula: µ Population mean

Standard Deviation

sample size
 Example
A factory has a machine that dispenses 80 ml of fluid in a bottle. An employee
believes the average amount of fluid is not 80 mL. Using 40 samples, he
measures the average amount dispensed by the machine to be 78 mL with a
standard deviation of 2.5. At 95% confidence level, is there enough evidence
to support the idea that the machine is not working properly?

= 78 µ = 80 = 2.5 = 40
 Formulate null and alternative hypotheses
H₀= µ=80
H₁.= µ ≠80

Identify level of significance

CI: 95%
ɑ = 0.05

Calculate z test statistic

Determine critical value

Should be
-2.576 and 2.576
Determine critical value
a= 0.05 -1.9 + 0.06= -1.96
a/2= 0.025
Determine critical value

z=-5.063

The absolute value of the

calculated test statistic is greater
than the tabular value. Therefore,
we reject the null hypotheses

Interpretation:
With 0.05 level of significance, the machine
does not dispense 80 mL of liquid.
 Two sample z-test
Parametric test used to compare the means of two samples if they are equal.
Used when there are more than 30 observations in each sample
Utilizes a Two-Tail Gaussian curve

Mean of sample 1
Formula:
Mean of sample 2

Standard deviation of sample 1

Standard deviation of sample 2

Sample size 1

Sample size 2
 Example
A health investigator suspects that pollution in cities reduces lung
function, as compared to those living in a rural environment. The lung
function (as measured by morning peak expiratory flow rate, millitres per
min.) of a sample from hospital with a predominantly rural catchment
population. The basic sample statistics are given below:

Town (sample 1): =1600 =41 =150

Country (sample 2): =1660 =55 =90
Use a 5% significance level to test if there
are differences between the two means
Formulate null and alternative hypotheses
H₀= (µ₁ = µ₂)
H₁.= (µ₁ ≠ µ₂)

Identify level of significance

ɑ = 0.05

Calculate z test statistic

= =

= z= -8.963
Determine Critical Values

Should be
-2.576 and 2.576
Arrive at your decision
z= -8.963

The absolute value of the calculated

test statistic is greater than the
tabular value. Therefore, we reject
the null hypotheses

Interpretation:
With 0.05 level of significance, there is a
significant difference in lung functionn
between those living in the city and those
living in the country side.
 One-way ANOVA
(Independent measure)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): is another commonly used parametric
procedure for testing differences between means where there are three or
more groups.
One way: refers to having one independent variable, which categorizes
participants into different groups.
Independent measure: each participant is assigned to only one group, and
their scores are measured once.
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to
compare the means of at least two independent levels of a single factor.
Example:
Researchers wants to test a new anxiety medication. They split
the participants into three conditions (0mg, 50mg, and 100 mg),
and then asked them to rate their anxiety level on a scale of 1-
10. Are there any differences between the three conditions
using an alpha of 0.05?
 5 steps
Formulate the
First Define Null and
Alternative Fourth decision rule,
step Hypothesis step establish the critical
region and state the
finding
Second Identify the test statistics to
step be used and a level
Fifth Make a decision
Third Compute the test step
step statistics to determine
the computed value
Step 1: Define null and alternative hypothesis
H0: µ0mg=µ50mg=µ100mg
H1: not all µ’s are equal

Step 2: State the Test Statistics

αlpha = 0.05
N = 21 n = 7
dfbetween = α - 1
dfwithin = N - α
dftotal = N - 1

to look up the critical value, we need to use two

different degrees of freedom.

dfbetween = α - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
dfwithin = N - α = 21 - 3 = 18
(2, 18)
Step 3: Compute the test statistics to determine the computed value

SS= sum of squares

df= degrees of freedom
MS= means square
F= variation between sample
means/ variation within the
samples
Step 3: Compute the test statistics to determine the computed value

98.667
Step 3: Compute the test statistics
to determine the computed value

98.667 2
10.286 18
20
Step 3: Compute the test statistics to determine the computed value

98.667 2 49.333
10.286 18 0.571
108.953 20
Step 3: Compute the test statistics to determine the computed value

98.667 2 49.333 86.397

10.286 18 0.571
108.953 20
Step 4: Formulate the decision rule, establish the critical region and
state the findings

if F is greater than 3. 5546, reject the null

hypothesis
F= 86.397 (therefore, reject the null
hypothesis)

Step 5: Make a decision

The three conditions differed significantly on
anxiety level. F(2, 18)
86.397,p< 0.05
 One-way ANOVA
(Repeated Measure)
It is used in several situations, one of which is when
there are three or more measures of the same
dependent variable for each participant.

For instance, in some studies, physiologic measures

such as blood pressure or heart rate might be collected
before, during, and after a medical procedure.
Example:
Researcher want to test a new anti-anxiety medication. They measure the
anxiety of 7 participants three times: once before taking the medication,
once one week after taking the medication, and once two weeks after
taking the medication. Anxiety is rated on a scale of 1-10, with 10 being
“high anxiety” and 1 being “low anxiety”. Are there any differences
between the three conditions using alpha=0.05?
Step 1: Define Null and Alternative Hypotheses

H0​: μbefore​= μweek1​= μweek2​

H1 ​: not all μ’s are equal
H0 : The mean before is equal to the mean in week 1 and the mean in week 2

H1 : Not all means are equal across the three time points.
Step 2: State alpha

alpha=0.05

Step 3: Calculate the Degrees of Freedom, compute

the test statistics to determine the computed value

7 x 3=21
a- number of condition
a=3
s- number of subjects
N- Total number of
observation
Step 4: Formulate the decision rule, establish the critical
region and state the findings

To look up the critical value, we need to use two

different degrees of freedom.

If F is greater than 3.8853, reject the null

hypothesis
Step 5: Calculate Test Statistic

= 3,249 + 2,209 + 441/7 -15,625/21

= 5,899/ 7 - 15,625/21
= 842.714 - 744.048
= 98.666
Step 5: Calculate Test Statistic

98.666

81+64+49+64+64+81+6
4+49+36+36+49+64+49
+36+16+9+4+9+16+9+4=
=10.286 853
 98.666

10.286

= (9+7+4) + (8+6+3) + (7+6+2) + (8+7+3) + (8+8+4) + (9+7+3) + (8+6+2)

=400 + 289 + 225 + 324 + 400 + 361 + 256/3 - 15,625/21

=2,255/3 - 15,625/21
=751.666 - 744.048
=7.618
 SS df MS F
SS = sum of
squares
Between 98.666 2 49.333 df = degrees of
freedom
MS = means
Within 10.286 18 square
F = variation
-subjects 7.618 6 between sample
means / variation
within the samples
-error 2.668 12 0.222

Total 108.952 20

Error= within - subjects

= 10.286 - 7.618 =2.668 98.666
49.333
2.668
2

Total= between + within

= 98.666 + 10.286 =108.952
 SS df MS F

Between 98.666 2 49.333

If F is greater than
Within 10.286 18 3.8853, reject the
null hypothesis
F= 222.221
-subjects 7.618 6 (REJECT the null
hypothesis)
-error 2.668 12 0.222

Total 108.952 20

= 49.333 Conclusion:
——— The three conditions differed
0.222 significantly on anxiety level,
F(2,12)= 222.221, p value < 0.05.
= 222.221
THANK YOU
Presented by Group 5