AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

IN ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNVERSITY BAUCHI STATE

BY

RUFUS IFEANYI EGWUAKA

10/24761/U/4

A PROJECT TO BESUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE

MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY, ABUBAKAR
TAFAWA BALEWA UNIV ERSITY, BAUCHI STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF B-

TECH IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT

MARCH, 2016

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 DEDICATION

In the name of our lord Jesus Christ my savior and my lord who have been with me all through,

praise be to him from generation to generation

I dedicated this dissertation to everyone who made it to be possible for me to attain this height

especially my aunty akunne Egwuaka and her family the Ileagu family you are the God I see,

anyone who before now doubt that female child is irrelevant in a family I lack the better word to

describe such person but a fool would do for now I also dedicate this dissertation to my mum and

siblings and my aunties.

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that this dissertation has been read and approved by the undersigned as having

satisfied the condition for the award of b-tech degree in estate management and valuation.

_________________________ __________________________
Mu’awuya A. Mohammed Date
Project Supervisor

__________________________ __________________________
Dr. Mallam Aliyu Ahmed Aliyu Date
H. O. D

__________________________ __________________________
Project coordinator Date
Mallam Abubakar Mamadi

__________________________ __________________________
External Supervisor Date

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 CERTIFICATION

I certified that this project was written by me and all reference has been dully acknowledged to

the best of my knowledge.

_________________________ __________________________

RUFUS IFEANYI EGWUAKA DATE

10/24761/U/4

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My greatest thanks is to Almighty God who created me and guide me to the right path, granted

me the grace to be counted among the living I would have been late four years ago around

September to be precise, he supported me and gave me the ability, courage and strength to come

this far. Indeed all praises and honor belong to you.

I would like to acknowledge the Ileagu family Christian, Christopher, Nneka, Emeka,

Chinelo,Onyiye, Ukamaka, Uju and my aunty for accepting me into their family and funding my

education it is not because you guys are rich it was a sacrifice you did out of your lacks not out

of your abundant, I Thank you very much for the morality, discipline, and the fundamentals of

life you have inculcated in me may my God water you because the word of God says he would

water those who water others because it is word it must be fulfill in your lives. I wish today you

are alive dad to see how far I have come, but God has chosen it to be this way, so I pray that God

in his infinite mercy continue to have mercy on your gentle soul .Next I would like to

acknowledge is my much beloved mother Egwuaka Virginia (Nee – Ezeh), Mum I say “it’s

well”, your prayers, words of encouragement, advises, and guidance has been my strength thank

you and may God continue to reward you abundantly. I would not forget my friends also people

like Jerry, Aleeyu, Etubi,Kayode, Amanda, Enoch.

I would be punished if I fail to acknowledge such person as Rasheed and Ahmed this guys are

the ones that made me to enjoy my stay in the school this because they tutored me on maths

which I would say gave me the strength to concentrate in my studies. I not forget to acknowledge

my lecturers Mrs. Irognachi, Mr. kalu, M.j. Gambo, mallam Ishaq, Head of department mallam

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Aliyu ahmed Aliyu (Dr.) and my project supervisor mallam Ma’awuya A. mohammed for your

guidance during the course of this work but I must confess it was not easy coping with you

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 TABLE OF CONTENT page

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - ii

Approval Page- - - - - - - - - - iii

Certification - - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - vii

List of Tables - - - - - - - - - xi

Abstract- - - - - - - - - - - xii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - 1

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 7

1.3 Research Question - - - - - - - - 8

1.4 Aim - - - - - - - - - 9

1.5 Objective of the Study - - - - - - - 9

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1.6 Justification of the Study - - - - - - - 9

1.7 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - 10

1.8 Limitation of the Study - - - - - - - 10

1.9 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - 10

1.10 Historical Background of the Research Area - - - - - 12

1.11 Organization of the Research - - - - - - - 13

1.12 Summary and Link - - - - - - - - 14

CHAPTER TWO –LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 15

2.1 Management of Recreational Area and Facilities - - - - 15

2.2 Concept of Recreation- - - - - - - - 16

2.3 Concept of Facility Management - - - - - - 19

2.4 The Concept and Theories of Management - - - - - 19

2.5 Factors Affecting Recreation Development - - - - - 23

2.6 Related Literatures on Management of Recreational Facilities- - - 27

2.7 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework - - - - - 33

2.7.1 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 33

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 CHAPTER THREE –RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 37

3.1 Research Design - - - - - - - - 37

3.2 Scope of the Research- - - - - - - - 37

3.3 Characteristic of the Population Size - - - - - - 37

3.4 Sampling Technique and Procedure - - - - - - 38

3.5 Instruments Used for Data Collection- - - - - - 39

3.5.1 Questionnaire Design - - - - - - - - 39

3.5.2 Questionnaire Distribution - - - - - - - 39

3.6 Source of Data Collection - - - - - - -

40

3.6.1 Primary Source of Data Collection - - - - - - 41

3.7 Sample Frame - - - - - - - - - 41

3.8 Sample Size - - - - - - - - - 42

3.9 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - - 43

3.10 Decision Rule - - - - - - - - - 43

3.11 Summary and Link - - - - - - - - 44

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 CHAPTER FOUR –Data Analysis

4.0 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 45

4.1 Preliminary Survey Result - - - - - - - 45

4.2 Analysis of the Questionnaire Administered to the Respondents - - 46

4.3 Data Analysis - - - - - - - - - 46

4.4 Summary and Link - - - - - - - - 52

CHAPTER FIVE –Summary of Findings, Recommendation and Conclusion

5.0 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 53

5.1 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - - 53

5.2 Recommendations - - - - - - - - 54

5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 54

5.4 Suggestion for Further Research - - - - - - 55

References - - - - - - - - - - 56

Appendix - - - - - - - - - - 59

LIST OF TABLES

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Table 1: Recreational Facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University - - 5

Table2: Theoretical framework - - - - - - - 34

Table3: Analysis of the Questionnaires Administered to the Respondents - - 46

Table 4: Data obtain from research question one - - - - - 46

Table 5: Data obtain from research question two - - - - - 48

Table 6: Data obtain from research question three - - - - - 50

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 ABSTRACT
This study aim to assess and report on the management of recreational facilities and to proffer
solutions that will enhance it. There have been several researches on management of
recreational facilities worldwide but none have been carried out in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
university Bauchi state, Nigeria .The research instrument employed in this research is
questionnaire, using likert scale while the research technique is simple random sampling
basically for the management unit and users of the recreational facilities. The research question
contains varied questions on the management strategy adopted in managing the recreational
facilities, the hindrances to managing it and the benefit of these recreational facilities on student
academic performance. It was found that no management strategy is adopted while caring for
the recreational facilities, inadequacy of fund is a great setback while managing the recreational
facilities, it was also discovered that the manner which the users use this recreational facilities is
a great barrier, furthermore, it was discovered that the availability of recreational facilities in
the school does not have a negative influence on the student academic performance. The
research recommend that the management unit should adopt management strategy such as
preventive, predictive and corrective strategy in managing recreational facilities in the school, it
also recommend that professional such as estate managers who are well trained and who
possess the required skill should be drafted into the management unit and ample provision of
fund should be made available in other to ensure smooth operation of the recreational facilities
and finally it recommend the addition of recreational facilities in the school.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Recreation is a word that is frequently used in the world, by different people all over the

world; various meaning is given to it by various people. The management of recreation

facility requires a close examination of the economic capability, the provision and

maintenance of capital works and the true and proper use of the resource and to preserve,

conserve, exploit and restore them into a good state or condition. Recreation is difficult to

separate from the general concept of play, which is usually the term for children's recreational

activity. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression of

excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as

societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the

participant. Bruce, 2015

Recreation as defined by (Thomas, 1970), is as an act of experience selected by the individual

during his leisure to meet a personal want or desire, primarily for his own satisfaction.

Recreation is referred to as leisure-time activities. Recreation is the major reason why people

engage in touristic movement.

Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped

naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational

activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful,

and useful for society or detrimental. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including

most human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching

movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. Some recreational

xiii
activities - such as gambling, recreational drug use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal

norms and laws. Even also Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many

recreational activities (Thomas, 1970).Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity is leisure pursuits

engaged in the outdoors, often in natural or semi-natural settings out of town. Examples

include adventureracing, backpacking, cycling, camping, canoeing, canyoning, caving,discgolf, f

ishing, hiking, horsebackriding, hunting, kayaking, mountaineering, photography, adventurepark,

climbing,running, sailing, skiing, surfing and sports. Outdoor recreation may also refer to a team

sport game or practice held in an outdoor setting. When the recreation involves excitement,

physical challenge, or risk, such as in rafting or climbing, it is sometimes referred to as adventure

recreation. (Rencher, 2010)This basic understanding helps facility managers ensure the

continuity (joseph f. gustin, 2003).

Several schools of thought have defined Management in different ways but no single definition is

accepted as superior and final. According to (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012) In their

work the problem and prospect of open space management in Nigeria view Management as

concerned with efficiency in the conversion of opportunity and resources into wealth. It is a vital

aspect of realization of set of goals and objectives of any organization, institution or government

especially in the case of those in charge of development of open spaces and it is the motive of the

park planning process for the effectiveness of the recreational area.

Akpala (1992) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), Confirms that management refers to

people and also the process by which people do things. However, it is observed that inadequate

recreational opportunity could be made productive with good administration, but that the best

result could not be achieved without it.Allsopp (1979) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa,

2012), define management as the selection of goals and the planning, procurement, organization,

xiv
coordination and control of the necessary resources for achievement. It is concerned with the

dynamite of circumstance and activity as it is generally motivated by the need to economize in

the use of resource and the time in activating predetermined objectives.

(Ngene, 1990), in his study state that good management demands that the needs, aspiration and the

interest of people to be served should be taken into consideration.

Planning is for people and recreation must be built around the desires and interest of people for

effective participation on the park users.

(Butler t. , 1940), opined that management should extend to the relationship between employers

and the employees in, order; to accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and

purpose. Poor relationship result in lack of enthusiasm on work, indifference in a half heated

effort and labor unrest. These result in failure to understand the motives that makes man work,

such as their hopes, ambitions and prejudices. Furthermore, design and management are related.

(Hussain, 2009) Defines facility management as the process by which an organization ensures

that its building system and services support core operation and processes as well as contribute to

achieving its strategic objectives in changing condition.

The widen view of facility management has become increasingly important with today’s changes

in organizational structures, corporate styles, technological development, environmental issues

and employment pattern.

Thus facility management is far beyond looking after building and its facilities.

(Olufem,i. D. durodola; Caleb, A. Ayedun; and Akinjare, O. Adedoyin, 2012) in their work the

beneficial application of facility management in hotel organizations in south-western Nigeria

their major findings are from customers’ perspective, national stock of hotels worthy of

presentation ranked first, followed by improved patronage of hotels, the quality services while

xv
neat environment ranked seventeenth. There is perfect correlation between the views of

organizations and facilities managers but no correlation between the views of either the

organizations or facilities managers and the customers using Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient

analysis. It is also noteworthy to state that this independence of opinion reflects the general

tendency of egoistic predilection in Nigeria. However, none of these benefits can be disregarded

as they are directly or indirectly supported by literature such as Aakers (1984), Bevan (1991),

Ahmad (1998), Barrett (2000), Brackertz & Kenly (2002) and Alexander (2003).

(Hussain, 2009) Defines facility management as the process by which an organization ensures

that its building system and services support core operation and processes as well as contribute

to achieving its strategic objectives in changing condition.

Table 1.1 List of recreational facilities obtainable in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

University Bauchi state.

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S/N Recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Unit
University

Environmental Garden 1

1. Football Pitch 1

2. Common Room 3

3. Basketball court 1

4. 5 Aside pitch 1

1. Volleyball Court 1

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Source: field survey

In recent years, Nigerian University education, have witnessed increased population, rising

University enrolment, and thus material costs of running the system have affected the provision

of the needed facilities for sports in Universities. Be it as it may, plan for University usually

encapsulate the provision of recreational sport facilities because sports is an integral part of the

total learning package offered by the Universities, the world over. The provision and

maintenance of sport infrastructure then becomes a necessary ingredient if the academic and

recreational program of the University will attain its set goals.(Ihenacho, Ikpeme, & Saba,

2003)

As (Awosika, 1982) observed, the availability, adequacy and maintenance of facilities and

equipment are necessary conditions for running a good and meaningful program in sports and

related fields.

(Ojeme, 2009), While commenting on the state of sports facilities in Nigerian Universities,

stressed that, sports facilities in Nigerian Universities are rickety, perhaps with the very

insignificant exception of Ahmadu Bello University, University of Port Harcourt, University of

Lagos and University of Benin. The University budget in a year cannot even lift a single sport to

a meaningful level and when applied to the multi-NUGA sports programs it amounts to nothing

added. He further opined that the Nigerian University system is a lame duck, unable to make any

significant impact in the nation’s quest for sports excellence. Contributing further on the place of

the provision and maintenance of sport facilities for effective sports programme delivery, Mgbor

and Anyanjor, (Mgbor & Anyanjo, 2005); and (OJeme, 2005), all emphasized on the relevance

of the presence, adequacy, supply and maintenance of equipment and facilities to the smooth

operations of any sports and fitness programs.

xviii
From the above scenario, it may not be out of place for anyone to postulate that there may be

impediments towards the realization of this thrust placed on Nigerian Universities. This study

therefore is an attempt to assess the management of recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa

Balewa University for students, staff and members of the university community with a view to

proffering suitable solutions.

The practice has advanced in many of the developed countries but still at its elementary stages

in Africa and other developing economies. Efforts are still being made to construct a boundary

for the activities or functions executed through the office of Facilities Management

professionals (Ogbeifun, 2011).

Therefore it’s the intention of the writer to assess the problem associated with the

management of recreational facilities of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, as

regards problem identified.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Bauchi state is one of the few towns that have the best recreational facilities in Nigeria

because Bauchi has over the years gain reputation of being a recreation attraction state, as

a result of the development of the following recreational center such as yankari Game

Reserve and multi-purpose indoor sports hall.

One of the most common problems of maintenance is the aspect of time from which it has

been as defined probability that an item will be restored to specified conditions within a

given period of time when maintenance action is performed in accordance with prescribed

procedure and resources (victor, 2004).

Facility which despite adequate maintenance, become obsolete as a result of changing needs

demands, standard of living or technology. It is obvious that a greater part of our building

and other physical facility are in danger of deteriorating below the point of economic

repairs as a result of lack of management. Proper management whether recreational or

otherwise is center around some key objective. The proper management of these facilities

will surely fulfill the purpose of these facilities. Facilities management (FM) is based on the

premises that the efficiency of any organization is linked to the physical environment in which it

operates and that the environment can be improved to increase efficiency (Grimshaw and Keeffe,

1993).

Furthermore the lack of a clear maintenance policy as to what maintenance needs or

priorities are and also lack of funds as the root cause of maintenance works; Nicky M

Nzioki (2002).

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Difficulty of defining standard of maintenance to be reached in relation to dynamic

changes in the society, difficulty in implementing maintenance due to lack of pressure and

inadequate information for effective formal planning.

Although they may have been properly designed and well-built originally, the recreational

facilities worn out from use .in some cases, decay may have been hastened because of lack

of maintenance or neglect as such the primary aim and objectives have not been achieved

because of poor maintenance by the owner(s) right from the initial stage of these facilities

and as a result of these, the impact of recreational activities on the people have been

drastically low(Ihenacho, Ikpeme, & Saba, 2003).

World literature emphasize that there were number of research done by scholars on this scenario

in different point of views. But there is a huge research gap in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

university no research regarding management of recreational facilities has been carried out in

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university therefore, a research gaps worthy of research has emerged,

providing some potential study areas.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

The focus of this study and the questions it seeks to find answers to are:

 What are the management strategies being employed by the Facilities Management Unit

for its operation in the University.

 What are the beneficial impacts of the recreational facilities on students’ academic

performance?

 What are the constraints or hindrances to its operations, in realizing the core

objectives‟ of the University?

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 1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to determine how recreational facilities are being managed in

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, with the motive of determining whether

recreational facilities are being managed in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are as follows:

I. To assess the management strategies being adopted by the r recreational facilities unit for

its operation in the university.

II. To determine the impacts of recreational facilities on students’ academic performance

III. To investigate the constraint or hindrances to its operations in realizing the core objective

of the university.

1.6 JUSTIFICATION

It’s generally accepted that next to food is shelter, shelter is the most important

requirement of man, it can however, be argue along this line that recreation is next to

shelter. It’s luxury to recreate; it’s indeed a social necessity because good recreation

improves healthy living.

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The justification of this project is that it will bring about way to curtail the problem

associated in the process of maintenance of recreational facilities of the study area which

has seriously affected the users of these facilities from achieving the purpose for which

these recreational facilities were developed.

Therefore, it is rational to embark upon this study in an economic sense. It’s hoped that

this work would contribute to the world of knowledge; it will be helpful to the

management, the government when they want to embark on capital project of such

nature, the institution in managing the recreational facilities in their domain and as well

users of these facilities.

It will also serve as a reference to future researchers and also this research intend to bridge a gap

left by previous researchers.

1.7 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to only Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi

state. The main concern will embrace the problem associated with the management these

recreational facilities.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The problems encountered are:

1. Problem from respondents: many respondents tend to be suspicious; some will be

suspicious with the purpose of the research.

2. Locating the respondents: finding respondents for interview or distribution of

questionnaire was also a major problem encountered.

3. Confidentiality: This is a major problem faced by this study and much information was

not acquired because of confidentiality.

xxiii
4. Some respondents give ambiguous or wrong answer.

5. Some questionnaires were not returned after distribution to the respondents.

6. However, none of these problems in any ways affects the authenticity/quality of this

study because enough information is gathered on this study.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Facilities management (FM) is a multidisciplinary or Trans disciplinary profession drawing on

theories and principles of engineering, architecture, design, accounting, finance, management,

and behavioral science. These disciplines each have a rich history of theory, research, and

practice (Teichoz, 2004).

Facilities management, as a new discipline, builds on this foundation to create a new set of

theories and practice many facility managers may not be directly involved in real estate

transactions, as agents of building/ property owners, it is important for facility managers to have

a basic understanding of what companies and building owners look for in terms of their

investment. This basic understanding helps facility managers ensure the continuity i (joseph f.

gustin, 2003)

Recreation defers from each and every person because the interests of a person relatively seem to

be different from other. So, there is a diversification in recreational activities that people are

engaging in different recreational deeds. Also there was a steady growth in leisure and outdoor

recreation over three decades (Stankey & Wood, 1982). Lots of recreation theorists prefer to

explain recreation comprehensive as much as possible. For this reason, a path for describing

recreation is all the activities that are the acquisitions of the participant and except for working

(kelly, 1990)). By containing needs and interests of the people from each section, recreation

programs are required to include the fields in which the people can easily apply them and show

xxiv
their abilities. With this sense, recreation activity areas are musical activities (instrumented,

orchestral, solo, chorus, etc.), sport activities (team, individual, nature, struggle and mind sports),

games (educative games for all ages), dance (folk dances, modern and rhythmic dances, etc.), the

activities requiring art and crafts (plastic, leather, ceramics, metal, photography, art, wood, etc.)

outdoor activities (camping, having a picnic, environmentalism, etc.), scientific discussion

meetings, etc.).

1.10 HISTORICAL BACKROUND OF THE RESEARCH AREA

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU) is a federal university of technology located

in Bauchi, a northern Nigeria. The university is named after the first Prime Minister of the

Federal Republic of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The motto of the university is

DOCTRINA MATER ARTIUM, which literally means "Education is the mother of the

practical arts". The university is known for having one of the best Engineering programme in

Nigeria.

The Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University was established in 1980 as Federal University of

Technology, Bauchi, Nigeria. The institution's first set of students were admitted in October

1981 for pre-degree and remedial programme while the degree courses of the School of Science

and Science Education began in October 1982. On 1 October 1984, the University was merged

with Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria with a subsequent change of its name to

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa College, Ahmadu Bello University, and Bauchi Campus. The

University regained its autonomous status in 1988 following a general demerger of such

institutions. This was followed by a subsequent change of its name to Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

University, Bauchi.

xxv
The Academic pattern of the University was formulated in 1980 after consultation with invited

subject experts from Nigeria, United Kingdom and the United States of America. The solid

foundation upon which the curriculum of the former Federal University of Technology was

built was responsible for its sustenance all through the years of its existence and in particular

after the merger. The curriculum adopted was purely applied in nature, for a technologically

based institution and it is this theme that is being maintained in all the units of the University.

Over two decades in existence, the University has come a long way in addressing some of the

engineering, agricultural, scientific, environmental and technological challenges common to

third world nations like Nigeria having been adjudged the fifth best University with one of the

best engineering programme in Nigeria.

The University offers degrees through six schools: the School of Engineering, Science,

Environmental Technology, Agriculture, Management Technology and the School of

Technology Education. The University offers entry level bachelor’s degrees as well as both

Masters and Doctorate degrees. Each school is headed by a Dean who reports directly to the

Vice Chancellor. The Vice Chancellor is the executive head of the University. The Vice

Chancellor is appointed by the Federal Government of Nigeria on recommendation by the

Governing Council of the University.

1.11 ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH

Chapter one of this thesis presents introduction to the research, background of the problem, aim

of the Research , objective of the Research, significance of the Research, justification, the scope

of the Research, limitation of the Research, definition of terms and organization Research.

xxvi
Chapter two consist of six parts, and they are the introduction,management of recreational

facilities,concept of recreation, the concept and theories of management, factors affecting

recreation development, related literature on management of recreational facilities, conceptual

and theoretical framework.

Chapter three focused on research design, scope of the research, characteristic of the population

size, sampling technique and procedure, instrument used for data collection, source of data

collection, sampling frame, sample size, method of data analysis, decision rule and summary

and link.

Chapter four presents an analysis of the data collected from questionnaire administered to the

management unit and users of the recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

This chapter has several parts which are; analysis of the questionnaire administered to the

respondents, analysis of questions based on research question one, analysis of questions based on

research question number two, analysis of questions based on research question number three

and then summary and link.

Chapter five seeks to summarize the work, conclusion on the inferences drawn and give suitable

recommendation based on conclusions and suggestion for further research.

1.12 Summary/Link

In this chapter issues that were discussed include Statement of the Problem, Aim and

Objectives of the Research, Scope/Delimitation of the Research, Significance of the Research,

Limitations of the Research, Definition of Terms and Historical Background of the Research

Area. The next chapter will be literature review.

xxvii
xxviii
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Management of Recreational areas and Facilities

(Akintola-Arika, 1985), says, “In the third world (the developing countries) such as Nigeria there is

lack of awareness of the contribution that leisure-time activities can make to the quality of life of

urban residents and visitors, hence, the issue of providing recreational facilities is not taken

seriously by urban planners and public officials”. This situation is diametrically opposed to what

obtains in more developed countries such as the U.S.A., and Britain where the provision of

recreational facilities have long been made a routine component of plans for urban cities and the

society at large.

(Raymond & Associates, 2002), Conducted a survey of recreation needs and attitudes in Corpus

Christi and reported that 84 percent of the city residents reported having visited a city park or

park facility, while 72 percent reported visiting a city playground.

Good management is a vital aspect in the realization of set goals and objectives of any

organization, institution or government especially in the case of those in charge of development

of open space. It demands the need, aspiration and interests of people to be served is taken into

consideration. Planning is for the people and recreation must be built around the desires and

interests of the people for effective participation on the park and its users

Management extends to the relationship between employers and the public in order to

accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and purpose. Poor relationship result in

lack of enthusiasm to work, indifference in a half heated effort, and labor unrest. This will result

in failure to understand the motives that makes man work, such as hopes and ambition. Design

xxix
and management are highly related. They involve the initiating organization and control of all

those matters to enable effective results to be obtained; this involves a design staff, a design

organization and a design process(Butler, 1959). .

2.2 CONCEPT OF RECREATION

Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something

for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities

are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be "fun"(Daniels,

1995)

The term recreation appears to have been used in English first in the late 14th century, first in

the sense of "refreshment or curing of a sick person", and derived turn from Latin (re:

"again", creare: "to create, bring forth, beget (Daniels, 1995).

Humans spend their time in activities of daily living, work, sleep, social duties, and leisure, the

latter time being free from prior commitments to physiologic or social needs, a prerequisite of

recreation. Leisure has increased with increased longevity and, for many, with decreased hours

spent for physical and economic survival, yet others argue that time pressure has increased for

modern people, as they are committed to too many tasks Other factors that account for an

increased role of recreation are affluence, population trends, and increased commercialization of

recreational offerings. While one perception is that leisure is just "spare time", time not

consumed by the necessities of living, another holds that leisure is a force that allows individuals

to consider and reflect on the values and realities that are missed in the activities of daily life,

thus being an essential element of personal development and civilization. This direction of

xxx
thought has even been extended to the view that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in

itself, and "leisure life" (Wallis, 2010).

Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play, which is usually the term for

children's recreational activity. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities

of adult life. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression

of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as

societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the

participant. A traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful

to "recharge the battery" so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity generally

performed out of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the economic

framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring the

distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another,

or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and vice versa. Thus,

for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, and at another a

recreation. Similarly it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of

recreational (Daniels, 1995).

Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many recreational

activities. Tourism has recognized that many visitors are specifically attracted by recreational

offerings In support of recreational activities government has taken an important role in their

creation, maintenance, and organization, and whole industries have developed merchandise or

services. Recreation-related business is an important factor in the economy; it has been estimated

that the outdoor recreation sector alone contributes $730 billion annually to the U.S. economy

and generates 6.5 million jobs (Mclea, Hurd, & and Rogus, 2005).

xxxi
Many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work

agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises. Examples

of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwanis, and Disney World(L &

Raab, 1986).

Recreation has many health benefits, and, accordingly, Therapeutic Recreation has been

developed to take advantage of this effect. The National Council for Therapeutic Recreation

Certification (NCTRC) is the nationally recognized credentialing organization for the profession

of Therapeutic Recreation. Professionals in the field of Therapeutic Recreation who are certified

by the NCTRC are called "Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists". The job title

"Recreation Therapist" is identified in the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupation Outlook. Such

therapy is applied in rehabilitation, psychiatric facilities for youth and adults and in the care of

the elderly, the disabled, or people with chronic diseases. Recreational physical activity is

important to reduce obesity, and the risk of osteoporosis and of cancer, most significantly in men

that of colon and prostateand in women that of the breast however, not all malignancies are

reduced as outdoor recreation has been linked to a higher risk of melanoma. Extreme adventure

recreation naturally carries its own hazards. (L & Raab, 1986)

2.3 CONCEPT OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT

The term facility management has been defined by various authors in so many ways.(Teichoz,

2004) Views, Facilities management as a multidisciplinary or Trans disciplinary profession

drawing on theories and principles of engineering, architecture, design, accounting, finance,

management, and behavioral science. These disciplines each have a rich history of theory,

xxxii
research, and practice. Facilities management, as a new discipline, builds on this foundation to

create a new set of theories and practice many facility managers may not be directly involved in

real estate transactions, as agents of building/ property owners, it is important for facility

managers to have a basic understanding of what companies and building owners look for in

terms of their investment.

2.4 THE CONCEPT AND THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT

Several schools of thought have defined Management in different ways but no single definition is

accepted as superior and final. According to (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012) In their

work the problem and prospect of open space management in Nigeria view Management as

concerned with efficiency in the conversion of opportunity and resources into wealth. It is a vital

aspect of realization of set goals and objectives of any organization, institution or government

especially in the case of those in charge of development of open spaces and it is the pre design

stage of the park planning process for the effectiveness of the recreational area. , Akpala (1992)

in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), Confirms that management refers to people and also

the process by which people do things. As people, management comprises those who guide

actions in organization towards the achievement of the ends or goals for which the organization

is established. However, it is observed that inadequate recreational opportunity could be made

productive with good administration, but that the best result could not be achieved without

it.Allsopp(1979) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), define management as the selection

of goals and the planning, procurement, organization, coordination and control of the necessary

resources for achievement. It is concerned with the dynamite of circumstance and activity as it is

generally motivated by the need to economize in the use of resource and the time in activating

predetermined objectives.

xxxiii
(Ngene, 1990), in his study state that good management demands that the needs, aspiration and the

interest of people to be served should be taken into consideration.

Planning is for people and recreation must be built around the desires and interest of people for

effective participation on the park users.

Butler (1940) opined that management should extend to the relationship between employers and

the employees in, order; to accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and purpose.

Poor relationship result in lack of enthusiasm o work, indifference in a half heated effort and

labor unrest. These result in failure to understand the motives that makes man work, such as their

hopes, ambitions and prejudices. Furthermore, design and management are related. Design

management involves the initializing organization and control of all these matters to enable

effective results to be obtained; this involves a design staff, an organization and a design process,

while the whole interaction taking place within design and drawing offices of various kinds in

(Dennis lock and Nigel Farrow, 1989)in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), It is obvious

that management has become an important field in complex modern organization like open

space.

Since, (Fadiro & O, 2006)(Ahiamba, Dinmunna, & Okogun, 2008)) has identified that the major

problem of open space development in Nigeria is the poor quality and mismanagement of open

spaces in the built environment. There is need for the formulation of better policies and strategies

for managing both new and old ones; preventing further degradation of the environment through

proper planning, design an d development.

Management Objectives:

xxxiv
It is essential to understand the management objective of any program embarked on. The

management of open spaces is for social, economic, environmental and health benefits (Tang &

Wang, 2008). Generally, management objectives can be categorized under the following:

1) Financial motive: This is a major objective in Estate management where the management

goal would be to maximize resource and profits on the investment interest in the property. The

policy to be adopted in achieving such objectives may depend on the circumstance and attitude

of the owner. For instance, a private developer would most likely have contrasting aims and

polices to those of a public authority. Maximum returns here would also include the capital value

of that particular interest.

2) Political motives: Management decisions may be politically motivated. For example, the

independence square, Lagos.

Here, there is no question of income being generated or received. Management satisfies the need

of the status required of that property. However, economy in the maintenance will be considered.

3) Prestige: The objectives of managing certain estates may be prestige oriented. In

Britain for instance, the management goal of the Buckingham palace is among other things to

maintain its status or prestige. Also in Nigeria, management of the State House and palace of

certain paramount chiefs are to maintain their prestige and ensure that such historic buildings are

well preserved for the benefit of all and posterity.

Problems of Managing Open Spaces

1) Conversion and misuse of open spaces:

There is an increased demand of land from the public for the various human activities.

xxxv
This has led to open spaces being misused by being converted illegally for other uses like refuse

dumps, corner shops, mechanic workshops, residential buildings, squatter homes and other uses

other than that which it was initially developed (Alabi, 2010)(Ayatamuno, 2010). It could

become a security problem to people around such open spaces as criminals and wild animals

perceive it to be a hideout.

2) Lack of coordination: The inadequate coordination of physical planning activities within

cities has resulted in the unpleasant and unattractive quality of open spaces.

There is lack of harmony in carrying out their individual and cooperate task in planning,

development and protection.

3) Urbanization: There is an increase in the demand for higher levels of development by

urbanization in developing countries like Nigeria. This has sponsored to a large extent the

ineffective use of open spaces (Daramola & Ibem, 2010)

4) Illegal development: Majority of the private developers are involved in illegal development

of their buildings. They build without relevant approval from authority and hardly measure up to

the stipulated statutory regulations while developing their lands. This has defeated the

management plan, design and landscaping (Arigbola, 2008).

5) Poor Organization: Most Nigerian cities are poorly organized in terms of physical planning

and, hence, characterized by inadequate open spaces. The available ones have been over-taken

by un-organized and haphazard planning resulting from weak development control (Olotuah &

Bobadoye)

2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING RECREATION DEVELOPMENT

Availability of funds and Access to Recreational Facilities

xxxvi
Lack or unavailability of funds has been identified as one of the major factors militating against

the development of recreational/tourism culture. Recreational attitude surveys reveal that over 60

percent of Nigerians interviewed indicated that they are hardly meeting up with the provision of

basic needs (food and shelter) for their families (Igbojekwe, 2009). Basic economic principles

tell us that most consumers have a limited income over any period of time, they must, therefore,

balance their needs and the costs of various products and services. Leisure is regarded as one

aspect of “good life”, hence, it is not on the priority list of most Nigerians. (Omorogbe-Osagie,

1995), Says “in Nigeria today, where the average family can hardly provide three meals in a day,

the question of saving towards visiting places of historical importance and tourist attractions is

not a priority”.

Level of Economic Development

The poor national economy denies most Nigerians accessibility to recreational facilities. In

Nigeria, the poor economic condition in which the citizen survives just at subsistence level does

not augur well for tourism development. Over 60 percent of Nigerians live below the poverty

level of US$1.00 per day (Okafor, 2005), In a paper presented at the National Seminar on “the

Need for Statutory Holiday Calendar towards Development of Tourism in Nigeria” stated thus;

“the major trammels to the development of domestic tourism in Nigeria include low purchasing

power of the Nigerian worker arising from the weakness of the national economy… and general

lack of vacation culture in Nigeria”. A general improvement in the wealth and earning capacity

of the people is relevant to tourism development. Individual income and basic expenditure must

leave a sizeable disposable income for meeting traveling costs. Income level should be above

subsistence level.

Lack of Awareness of the Essence of Recreation

xxxvii
Lack of knowledge of the essence of leisure has also been identified as a factor contributing to

low level of development of tourism culture. A greater percentage of Nigerians are not really

aware that recreation can help someone improve the quality of his/her mental and physical well-

being. As recreation provides payoffs for the individual, he is redeemed from routine and fatigue

through his participation in recreational activities particularly those activities that assist the

person exhibit creative ability and achieve self-fulfillment, thus, relieving the individual from

day-to-day stress. This lack of knowledge of the essence of recreation is reflected in the general

attitude of Nigerians with respect to the provision of recreational facilities. Urban planners

hardly remember to incorporate recreational facilities in the urban development plans.

(Akintola-Arika, 1985), Says, “In the third world (the developing countries) such as Nigeria there is

lack of awareness of the contribution that leisure-time activities can make to the quality of life of

urban residents and visitors, hence, the issue of providing recreational facilities is not taken

seriously by urban planners and public officials”. This situation is diametrically opposed to what

obtains in more developed countries such as the U.S.A., and Britain where the provision of

recreational facilities have long been made a routine component of plans for urban cities and the

society at large.

Value Conflicts: Work Ethics versus Leisure

Work ethics has also been identified as one of the factors influencing the development of

recreational/tourism culture. Work ethic according to Elmer (1973), has its central theme that the

individual’s moral duty is to be industrious continuously “to earn his salt”, and the harder one

works, the more moral he is supposed to be, in other words, hard work is the means of

demonstrating worthiness in terms of self-discipline, rejection of worldly pleasures and righteous

success. For some individuals who are strict adherent to work ethics, work is the only way to use

xxxviii
their time. Such people lack the psychological capacity to constructively utilize their leisure

time. These individuals experience difficulties in detaching themselves from work ethics and are

unable to distinguish work from leisure.

Individuals, who find it difficult to break away from work ethics, are described by (Elmer, 1973)

as homogenizing toilers. Homogenizing toilers (workaholics) are persons who take the office

home with them and continue to focus on their specialized work career without regard to

recreation and even family roles. For the homogenizing toiler, leisure time is practically

nonexistent. Saturday and Sunday find him engaged in the same activities as the rest of the week.

He spends his total energy, both emotionally and physically in the very act of survival for

himself and his family, as commitment to work ethic deprives him the contentment in activities

other than work. To the homogenizing toiler says (Elmer, 1973), the enjoyment of “unearned”

leisure for its own sake is inhibited by guilt feelings that the pleasure is “sinful” or wasteful

unless earned through work. Many Nigerians are caught in the web of value conflict; hence, they

claim that they do not have time for engaging in leisure time activities. (Igbojekwe, 2009),

reports that 70% of those interviewed responded that they do not have time for recreation. This

orientation tends to affect the cultural, economic and political stability. (Omorogbe-Osagie,

1995)Quotes Dr. B.U. Nzeribe as saying “A society where everyone is working hard to make a

living will never have stability”. “But society needs a leisure class that is tired of material things

that can devote its time to think, plan and organize the society.

Personality and Social Class

Engagement in and choice of leisure time activities is related to personality and social variables

such as age, sex, educational attainment and social class (Elmer, 1973). It is believed that the

xxxix
personality qualities of an individual are particularly crucial in determining choice of leisure-

time activities which is one of the ways in which an individual expresses his personality needs.

These needs may range from social ability, cultivation of personality growth and business

relationships to maintaining prestige (both social and political) in a particular peer group. Today

in Nigeria it is observed that the most likely social class that are consistent and are regularly

engaging in recreational activities are the affluent (or the upper-class). The upper-social class

(about 20%) represents a very small percentage of the total population of Nigeria even if these

upper class individuals have developed recreational/tourism culture, the number is too small to

boost (domestic) tourism and encourage investment in this sector.

Occupational Orientation

Engagement in and choice of recreational activities is influenced by the tempo of ones

occupation. In a study of professors, advertising agents and dentist reported by (Elmer, 1973) it

was found that the work hours of the professor are extended by tasks he can perform at home,

whereas the dentist cannot perform his tasks at home. For the advertising agent he has little

spillover of office work.

Government Policies and Attitudes towards Recreation

Some government policies and attitudes are favorable towards recreation and tourism. The

provision and use of land for recreational purposes involves for the most part outdoor activities

on sites consciously developed and equipped with facilities that permit both active and passive

recreational involvements. Unavailability of recreational space (land) and facilities is confronting

both urban centers and rural communities particularly where every piece of land is owned by

someone. In such cases, government policies such as the Land Use Act of 1978, the 3rd and 4th

National Development Plans are favorable towards recreation.

xl
The Land Use Act placed all unused and undeveloped land in the hands of various state

governments, while the 3rd and 4th development plans recognized that the rapid increase in the

urban population of Nigeria demands adequate provision for the development of various urban

and rural infrastructures and amenities including parks. The 4th National Development Plan

prescribed that each state of the federation should establish a modest tourist village and also a

medium holiday camp to provide rest and relaxation for citizens (Ifedi, 2009), unfortunately,

above government policies did not receive priority attention from the governments; hence, they

were not satisfactorily implemented. Most unfortunately, a good number of recreational spaces

provided during urban planning programmes have been converted to commercial, industrial and

residential plots by unpatriotic government officials. Recently, the most popular urban recreation

park in Imo State, Nigeria, has been converted to a commercial plot. The failure of the

government to provide recreational spaces for use by the citizens is hindering the development of

recreation culture. Well-equipped government parks would offer the citizenry opportunity to

have access to inexpensive recreation facilities.

2.6 RELATED LITERATURE ON MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL

FACILITIES

Hussain (2009), in his work, ‘An assessment of management of recreational facilities in

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Stadium, Bauchi State’ adopted simple random sampling technique,

and made use of narrative and statiscal tools. His major findings were that there is a problem of

non –challant attitude towards maintenance culture, there is also under utilization of the facilities

in the stadium. There is problem of adopting contingency system instead of routine inspection of

detecting and taking corrective maintenance. He concludes by urging government to give more

xli
attention to the facilities for proper maintenance and also recommend that professional (i.e.

estate manager) should be engaged for this sole purpose.

CRITICISM OF THE WORK

Although he adopted simple random sampling technique and made use of narrative description

and statiscal tools however, his work did not cover Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

(Jaffry, 2014),In his research work; Recreational activities attraction in Tanjung malim Malaysia,

where he used quantitative method using descriptive data, got his data Based on the interview

and observation among local community in Tanjung Malim area, the researcher found a few

recreational activities attraction in Tanjung Malim. The recreational activities attraction in

Tanjung Malim area is as follows Mountain biking, white water kayaking, trekking and

waterfall, four-wheel drive (4*4) and camping.

Recreational activities attraction in Tanjung Malim, if managed and planned properly it can to

contribute to a substantial income to the government, the private operators and local community

also. It accounted for it in terms of food, accommodation such as homestays, chalets, and so on,

the food, gifts, logistics and others. Through the local council is not impossible recreational

activities attraction is capable of strong currents moving in tandem with the recreational products

of others. It is consistent with the function itself to promote Tanjung Malim area and Malaysia as

one of the best destinations on the local and international recreation community. Additionally, it

can assist in the development of the adventure based tourism industry and promote local tourism

products.

CRITICISM OF THE WORK

xlii
Although they made use of quantitative method using descriptive data, got his data Based on the

interview and observation among local community in Tanjung Malim area however, his work did

not cover Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

Furthermore according to Akintude P.G and Akintude v. O,(2002) described in their study the

factors responsible for lack of development of recreational sport facilities; they include poor

management, religion, land tenure system, politics, geographical location and the climate, socio-

cultural background, the level of health awareness of individuals and the influence of pressure

groups were examined. Good management is a vital aspect in the realization of set goals and

objectives of any organization, institution or government especially in the case of those in charge

of development of open space. It demands the need, aspiration and interests of people to be

served is taken into consideration. Planning is for the people and recreation must be built around

the desires and interests of the people for effective participation on the park and its users (Butler,

1959).

(Beyza, Tebessum, & Karaman, 2014),In their work to examine the leisure satisfaction levels of

the individuals participating in recreative activities in sport centers. They adopted descriptive

statistic to obtain their data a positive correlation was found between psychological, education,

social, relaxation, physiological and aesthetics that are the sub-dimensions of Leisure

Satisfaction Scale. In line with this, when any sub-dimension point is high, the other sub-

dimension points are also high. Since the correlation between sub-dimensions is significant,

triple and double interaction between the independent variables of gender, age and income was

examined and no interaction was found between the variables due to different variables, it was

found that the participants generally had high level of leisure levels of the participants and

besides this, they got the highest level in aesthetic sub-dimension. It is seen that gender and age

xliii
variable of independent variables do not create any difference in psychological, education,

social, relaxation that are the sub-dimensions of leisure satisfactory scale i.e. Leisure satisfaction

levels do not vary due to the gender and age of the individual. On the contrary, that education

sub-dimension of leisure satisfactory scale was affected by perceived income level was observed.

When the perceived income level is getting increased, leisure satisfaction levels vary positively.

CRITICISM OF THE WORK

Although they made use of descriptive statistic to obtain their data a positive correlation was

found between psychological, education, social, relaxation, physiological and aesthetics that are

the sub-dimensions of Leisure Satisfaction Scale however, his work did not cover Abubakar

Tafawa Balewa University’s.

(Mohammed, Norlena, & Hasnul, 2013), In their work appraisal of the sport facilities maintenance

management practices of Malaysian stadium corporations the research methodology employed

is Maintenance Management effectiveness questionnaires, which were distributed to seven (7)

general managers of the Stadium Corporation in Malaysia, Cover letters and questionnaires were

addressed directly via postal to all general managers of 7 Stadium Corporation in Malaysia Prior

to this, a pilot study has been carried out to see the feasibility and acceptance of important inputs

for this survey. A question was designed to capture respondent perception towards their sports

facilities maintenance effectiveness and results showed 22 respondents agreed (64.7%) that the

level of maintenance management is satisfactory, 12 respondents (35.3%) agreed the level of

maintenance management is excellent, and none of the respondents stated as less effective. The

percentage of maintenance management effectiveness is calculated from the good practice of

each main maintenance success factors. The perception percentage are then compared with the

xliv
actual total score of maintenance success factors and the results showed that 85.3% of

respondents rated moderately satisfactory, 2.9% excellent and 11.8% said the level of

effectiveness is at an unsatisfactory level. Some revealing insight found several Stadium

Corporation did not have any engineers or specific technical personnel and all maintenance

management responsibilities is carried out by the Manager or the General Manager of the

Stadium Corporation. Based on information obtained 5 out of 7 agencies involved in the study do

not have any civil engineers assigned to maintenance work. The information is also an important

finding based on the theory those who are involved in the maintenance and facility management

should have personnel with at least a background in Engineering or at best in facility or asset

Management. This situation showed deficiencies in the structure of the organization of the

Stadium Corporation in Malaysia which need to be improved. It is suggested that these personnel

need to be trained or gain additional qualifications in facility management and related building

maintenance. Approval of professional competence is needed, so that no untoward incidences

occurred in sports facilities in Malaysia. However, at this time, no evidence showed that this

proposal is being considered critical.

The criticism of their work is that their work fails to cover Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university

recreational facilities.

(Jayantha, Peiris, Ramannayaka, & RuwanRathnayaka, 2015 ) , In their work open Space management

in universities: With Reference to the University of Kelaniya Malaysia. The research

methodology they adopted was quantitative in nature. A field survey for two weeks was

administrated to record the GPD locations of the University. Primary sources on past eight years

(2007 – 2014) such as Department Records and Annual Records of Administration Division of

the University of Kelaniya were used to collect data. University maps, other quantitative data

xlv
from University OF Kelaniya Works Department and code of practice on provision of public

open space, sport and recreation were used in analyzing process with Open Space Requirements

of CPPPOS and Arc GIS software as analyzing tools. In their findings they discover that there is

a distribution imbalance of prevailing two open space types of the University while it is having

insufficient open space for playing pitches as well as multi-use games area and equipped facility

for children and young people. They recommend that prevailing open space of the University

should be linked with the developed land and utilized, considering the required open space types.

As it is also proven that the open space of the university is negatively affected by the number of

student enrollment, the University should implement its policies on managing open space at the

university.

CRITICISM OF THE WORK

Although they employed quantitative method data collection field survey

Although they made use of methodology they adopted was quantitative in nature and carried out

field survey but their work did not cover recreational facilities management in Abubakar Tafawa

Balewa University, Bauchi state Nigeria.

( durodola, et al 2012), in their Research the beneficial application of facility management in

hotel organizations in south-western Nigeria their major findings are from customers’

perspective, national stock of hotels worthy of presentation ranked first, followed by improved

patronage of hotels, the quality services while neat environment ranked seventeenth. There is

perfect correlation between the views of organizations and facilities managers but no correlation

between the views of either the organizations or facilities managers and the customers using

Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient analysis. It is also noteworthy to state that this independence

of opinion reflects the general tendency of egoistic predilection in Nigeria. However, none of

xlvi
these benefits can be disregarded as they are directly or indirectly supported by literature such as

Aakers (1984), Bevan (1991), Ahmad (1998), Barrett (2000), Brackertz & Kenly (2002) and

Alexander (2003). Nonetheless, the greatest benefit is improvement in the quality of hotel stock

nationally while the least of the benefits is good and neat environment.

CRITICISM OF THE WORK

Although they made use of Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient analysis but their work covered

only hotel in south-west Nigeria.

2.7 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

2.7.1 Theoretical Framework

Theoretical framework is the aspect which shows some materials or past work that have been

consulted in the study.

xlvii
 Table 2.1: Theoretical Framework
S/ NAME OF STUDY RESEARCH MAJOR FINDING REMARK
N THE AREA METHODOLO
AUTHOR GY
AND YEAR
1. (Hussain, 2009) Abubakar simple random There is a problem of non Government should
Tafawa sampling –challant attitude towards give more attention to
Balewa technique maintenance culture, there the facilities for proper
Stadium, is also under utilization of maintenance and also
Bauchi State the facilities in the recommend that
stadium. There is problem professional (i.e. estate
of adopting contingency manager) should be
system instead of routine engaged for this sole
inspection of detecting purpose.
and taking corrective
maintenance.
2. (Beyza, descriptive The participants generally Leisure satisfaction
Tebessum, & Ankara, statistic to obtain had high level of leisure levels do not vary due
Karaman, Turkey their data levels of the participants to the gender and age
2014) and besides this, they got of the individual. On
the highest level in the contrary, that
aesthetic sub-dimension. education sub-
It is seen that gender and dimension of leisure
age variable of satisfactory scale was
independent variables do affected by perceived
not create any difference income level was
in psychological, observed. When the
education, social, perceived income
relaxation that are the sub- level is getting
dimensions of leisure increased, leisure
satisfactory scale i.e. satisfaction levels vary
Leisure satisfaction levels positively.
do not vary due to the
gender and age of the
individual.
3. (Jaffry, 2014) Tanjung quantitative , the researcher found a Recreational activities
malim, method using few recreational activities attraction in Tanjung
Malaysia descriptive data, attraction in Tanjung Malim, if managed
used data Based Malim. The recreational and planned properly
on the interview activities attraction in it can to contribute to
and observation Tanjung Malim area is as a substantial income to
among local follows the government, the
community in Mountain biking, white private operators and
Tanjung Malim water kayaking, trekking local community also.
area, and waterfall, four-wheel It accounted for it in
drive (4*4) and camping. terms of food,

xlviii
 accommodation such
as homestays, chalets,
and so on, the food,
gifts, logistics and
others.
4. (Jayantha, University of Quantitative in They discover that there is That prevailing open
Peiris, Kelaniya. nature. A field a distribution imbalance space of the
Ramannayaka, survey for two of prevailing two open University should be
& weeks was space types of the linked with the
RuwanRathnay administrated to University while it is developed land and
aka, 2015 ) record the GPD having insufficient open utilized, considering
locations of the space for playing pitches the required open
University. as well as multi-use games space types. As it is
area and equipped facility also proven that the
for children and young open space of the
people. university is
negatively affected by
the number of student
enrollment, the
University should
implement its policies
on managing open
space at the university.
5. ( durodola, et South-western Combination of Facility management as Hotel organization and
al 2012) Nigeria stratified and instrument of strategic government at all
random sampling management by literature level in the country
was not reckoning with should be conscious of
thus affirming that this development and
respective to facility as an put in place strategic
instrument of strategic action to market and
change. educate the public.
6. (Mohammed, Malaysian Maintenance The findings showed that They suggested that
Norlena, & Management 22 respondents agreed these personnel need
and Hasnul, effectiveness (64.7%) that the level of to be trained or gain
2013) questionnaires, maintenance management additional
which were is satisfactory, 12 qualifications in
distributed to respondents (35.3%) facility management
seven (7) general agreed the level of and related building
managers of the maintenance management maintenance.
Stadium is excellent, and none of Approval of
Corporation in the respondents stated as professional
Malaysia, Cover less effective. And also competence is needed,
letters and actual total score of so that no untoward
questionnaires maintenance success incidences occurred in
were addressed factors and the results sports facilities in
directly via showed that 85.3% of Malaysia.

xlix
 postal to all respondents rated
general moderately satisfactory,
managers of 7 2.9% excellent and 11.8%
Stadium said the level of
Corporation in effectiveness is at an
Malaysia unsatisfactory level. Some
revealing insight found
several Stadium
Corporation did not have
any engineers or specific
technical personnel and all
maintenance management
responsibilities is carried
out by the Manager or the
General Manager of the
Stadium Corporation.
Based on information
obtained 5 out of 7
agencies involved in the
study do not have any
civil engineers assigned to
maintenance work.

Source: secondary materials

2.7.2. Conceptual Framework

The aspect of the conceptual framework is the aspect which shows the management strategy

adopted in the management of recreational facilities.

l
2.8 Summary and link

Chapter two consist of six parts, and they are the introduction, the concept and theories of

management, management of recreational facilities, concept of recreation, related literature on

management of recreational facilities, conceptual and theoretical framework.

The next chapter is research methodology it consists of seven parts which has the introduction as

usual then Research design followed by the Research philosophical foundation, followed by

sources of data collection, followed by instruments used for data collection, and then followed by

sampling technique and procedure, then followed by method of data analysis and lastly link and

summary.

li
CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 PREAMBLE

This chapter focused on research design, scope of the research, characteristic of the population

size, sampling technique and procedure, instrument used for data collection, source of data

collection, sampling frame, sample size, method of data analysis, decision rule and summary

and link.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research used was a questionnaire survey design, which involved collection of data to

accurately and objectively describe the existing phenomena, study large and small population by

selecting samples chosen from the population in relation with the variable.

3.2 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

The population of the study comprise of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi state and

limited to them alone.

3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION SIZE

A population is made up of all conceivable elements, subjects or an observation relating to a

particular phenomenon of interest to the researcher (Asika 1991). In this dissertation, the

population size is made up of three distinct groups of people. They are:

1. Users of the recreational facilities

2. Works Department
lii
3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE

In any Research, each object or variable should be given equal and independent chance of being

selected. There should be no bias in sample collection. There are several types of sampling but

only four will be mentioned and treated in this Research and they are; simple random sampling,

stratified random sampling, cluster sampling and systematic random sampling.

1. Simple Random Sampling: This is a sub set of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set

(a population). Each sample is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each sample

has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process. And also, in

this case, the researcher knows the entire population of the Research area or has an idea of the

entire population of the Research area. Data can easily be analyzed by getting the respondents

using this method

2. Stratified Random Sampling: it has to do with dividing the population of the Research area

into smaller groups known as stratum. In other words, it is the process of dividing members of

population of the Research area into homogenous subgroups before sampling. Then simple

random sampling is adopted, that is after the sub division of the population into stratum.

3. Cluster Sampling: This is a sampling technique used when natural but relatively homogenous

groupings are evident in a statistical population. In this technique, the total population is divided

into these groups (or cluster) and a simple random sampling of the groups is selected. Then the

required information is collected from a simple random sample of the elements is within each

selected group.

liii
4. Systematic Random Sampling: This is a statistical method involving the selection of elements

from an ordered sampling frame. The most common of systematic random sampling is an equal

probability method.

Therefore, the sample technique employ by this researcher is simple Random sampling

technique.

3.5 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION

In this dissertation, the use of questionnaire was adopted to gather information in other to gather

answers to the Research questions. The use of likert scale was adopted;

Strongly Disagree- SD =1 point

Disagree D =2 point

Agree A =3 point

Strongly Agree SA =4 point

3.5.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

The close ended questions and open ended were used to put the questionnaire together. The

questionnaire also consists of multi-choice questions and two-way questions all targeted at

providing information on the aim, objectives. The questionnaire, which has two parts, the first

one was designed for user of the recreational facilities (staff, student and the university

community) other one designed for management team saddle with the responsibility of managing

the recreational facilities

3. 5.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTIONS

liv
 Sixty-Three questionnaires were administered to respondents. Forty-Eight were administered

to the Users of the recreational facilities and fifteen to the management unit or works the

Department. The forty-Eight questionnaires administered to the users of the recreational

facilities, forty-Two were returned and six were damaged and fifteen were administer to

management unit and twelve were returned. Questionnaires were self-administered by the

researcher to the respondents which are the Users of the recreational facilities in the Research

area.

3.6 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

There are two sources of data namely; primary sources of data (first hand survey/raw data) and

secondary sources of data (documentary sources) example, published works of others in which a

researcher uses in a research. It cannot be changed; it is used the way it is.

3.6.1 PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA

The researcher made use of the Primary source of data which mainly come from issuance of

questionnaires (Asika, 1991). Primary sources of data include; questionnaire, interview, field

survey, observation, inspection, focus group and so on.

1 Questionnaire: They are set of questions administered to respondents to answer, which helps

in achieving the objectives of the Research. There are two types of questionnaire namely; open

ended and closed ended questionnaire.

Open ended questionnaire: This type of questionnaire is the one that the respondent will be

allowed to answer the questions without the influence of the researcher. That is without given

options to choose as the answers. The advantage of this type of questionnaire is that, the

researcher will understand the ignorance of the respondents. Its disadvantage is that; it is

difficult to analyze the data gotten from the respondents.

lv
Closed ended questionnaire: This type of questionnaire is the one that the respondents will not

be allowed fully to answer the questions given to them, as the researcher has influence over the

questions. That is to say every question will be given several options as answers for the

respondents to choose. The advantage of this form of questionnaire is that, it is easy to analyze

data gotten from the respondents but its disadvantage is that, the ignorance of the respondents

gets hidden as he was provided with options to choose an answer to a question.

1. Focus group; this is a form of data collection where people are gathered and ask

questions and to engage in discussion in order to gather data regarding the Research. This

is form of qualitative data collection.

2. Interview: this is a primary source of data collection in which the researcher goes to the

respondents and asks questions regarding the topic of the Research, which helps in

achieving the objectives of the Research. There are three types of interviews; namely,

structured, unstructured and semi structured interviews:

i. Structured interview: this is a situation whereby the questions are already framed by the

interviewer. The interviewer knows exactly what to ask and will not deviate from the

questions he/she has framed. This can also be referred to as well designed/arranged

interview.

ii. Unstructured interview: this is a case whereby the interview questions are not organized;

it is in the process of the interview that more ideas come to the interviewer.

iii. Semi structured interview: this form of interview is a mix of structured and unstructured

interviews whereby some questions are framed while others come up during the process

of the interview.

lvi
3.7 SAMPLE FRAME

The sample frame of the research is 75 (seventy-five) that comprises of the users of the

recreational facilities and management unit of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university Bauchi

state.

3.8 SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size of this dissertation is 63 (sixty-three). Ndagi (1984:75) defined sample size as a

limited number of elements selected from a population which is a representative of the

population =. Hence sample size determination involves showing how the representative of that

population was selected. According to Harper (1971) is a group of items taken from the

population for examination. It is simply a smaller part of the population. Samples are useful

because they allow the researcher to examine the characteristics of the population.

The Yaro Yamani statistical formula was adopted to obtain the sample size.

This formula is thus:

N
n=
1+ N ¿ ¿

Where, N= population of study

n= sample size

e= level of significance or margin of error

1= unit (a constant)

Therefore

N= 75

lvii
 e =0.05

n =?

The choice of 0.05, level of significance is purely an exclusive decision of researcher.

Replacing the values above with the above formula, we have

75
n=
1+75 ¿ ¿

75
n=
1+0.19

75
n=
1.19

n =63 sample size

While sample size is 63 the researcher distributed 63 questionnaires to the respondents, out of

three, were destroy six were not returned only 54 were returned their completed questionnaires.

The analysis of data was based on the responds of the 60 respondents.

3.9 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

In analyzing data, the researcher made of descriptive analysis in which he made use of mean

method to analyze values of data using standard deviation approach (formular).

X
x=∑
N

4+ 3+2+1 10
Hence = = 2.5
4 4

lviii
3.10 Decision Rule

A decision target was set so that any mean response from 2.5 and above are accepted while any

response below 2.5 was rejected. The mean score for each item is computed by multiplying the

frequency of each response made with appropriate nominal value obtained under each item with

the number of response to an item used to divide it.

3.11. SUMMARY AND LINK

In this chapter the following were reviewed: Introduction Research design, sources of data

collection, population of the Research area, instrument used for data collection, sampling

technics and procedure, method of data analysis. The next chapter is data analysis

lix
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.0 Preamble

This chapter presents an analysis of the data collected from questionnaire administered to the

management unit and users of the recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

This chapter has several parts which are; analysis of the questionnaire administered to the

respondents, analysis of questions based on research question one, analysis of questions based on

research question number two, analysis of questions based on research question number three

and then summary and link.

The information below in a tabular form is on the percentage returned questionnaire against the

number administered.

4.1 Preliminary Survey Result

Data was collected between the twelve-eighteen months of October 2015.the administration of
Questionnaires to the users and management unit personally and was also assisted by two
personnel the various response were analyzed between October and November2015 with the aid
of statistical tools
Two types of Questionnaires {Questionnaires I and II} were administered. Questionnaire I was
administered to the management unit, while Questionnaire II were administered to the users of
the recreational facilities. Considering the response rate in relation to sample size of the
population, the response rate from management unit was 80% while that of the users of the
recreational facilities was 87.5 % as detailed in Table 4.1

lx
4.2 Analysis of the Questionnaires Administered to the Respondents

Table 4.1 Questionnaires Administered to the Respondents

S/N Type Respondents Number Number of Response

administered questionnaire rate
returned
1 Questionnaire Management Unit 15 12 80%
I
2 Questionnaire Users of the 48 42 87.5%
II recreational
facilities
Source: Field Survey, 2015

4.3 Data Analysis

 Research Question One: what is the management strategies being adopted by the facility

management unit for its operation in the university?

The table below represent the data obtain from research question one

Table 4.2 Data obtain from research question one

S/N Variable SD D A SA ∑X X Remark

1 Do you agree that the work department is 0 0 O 12 48 3.20 Accepted

saddle with the responsibility of managing
the recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa university?
2 Does the works department also care for the 3 3 2 4 31 2.10 Not
environmental Garden? Accepted
3 Does the staff strength of the work 0 0 1 2 38 2.60 Accepted
Department range from 1-50? 0
4 Do you agree that the management unit adopt 12 0 0 0 12 0.80 Not
any management strategy in caring for the Accepted
recreational facilities?
5 Do you agree that Routine maintenance seem o 0 3 9 45 3.00 Accepted
to be the only maintenance strategy being

lxi
 employed?
6 Does the management unit carry out 0 0 7 5 34 2.30 Not
maintenance of the facilities at regular Accepted
interval?
7 Do The management unit, outsource some 10 2 0 0 14 0.90 Not
services, do you agree with this? Accepted
8 Do you agree that federal government is the 1 4 0 7 37 2.50 Accepted
only source of fund for the management unit?
Source: Field Survey, 2015

From the above table 2; Research Question one: what is the management strategies being

adopted by the facility management unit for its operation in the university?

The respondents strongly agree with question one that the work department is saddle with the

responsibility of managing the recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University this

has a mean score of 3.20.

In question two the respondents were of contradicting opinion that the works department also

care for the environmental Garden, this has a mean score of 2.10.

In question three the respondents agree that the staff strength of the work Department range from

1-50 this has a mean score of 2.60.

The respondents strongly disagree that the management unit adopt any management strategy in

caring for the recreational facilities; in question four this has a mean score of 0.80.

The respondent strongly agree that Routine maintenance seem to be the only maintenance

strategy being employed by the works department in question five this has a mean score of 3.00.

The respondents agree that the management unit carry out maintenance of the facilities at regular

interval in question six with a mean score of 2.30.

lxii
In question seven the respondents strongly disagree that the management unit, outsource some

services, this has a mean score of 0.90

In question Eight the respondents strongly agree that federal government is the only source of

fund for the management unit, this has a mean score of 2.50

The tables below represent the data obtain from research question two

Table 4.3 Data obtain from research question two

S/ Variable SD D A SA ∑X X Remark

1 Is lack of fund a drawback in carrying out 1 0 3 40 44 2.93 Accepted

routine maintenance
2 Does inadequate manpower a hindrance to 0 0 12 36 48 3.20 Accepted
proper management of the recreational
facilities
3 Can technology gadget help in effective 0 2 15 28 45 3.00 Accepted
management of the recreational facilities,
4 Is non-challant attitude of management 0 10 12 12 34 2.27 Not
team a hindrance to proper management of Accepted
the recreational facilities
5 Is inappropriate allocation of resource a 2 0 9 28 39 2.60 Accepted
factor
6 Would effective management harper the 2 2 6 28 38 2.53 Accepted
operation of facilities, do you agree with
that?
7 Is lack of internal generating fund one of 1 2 18 20 41 2.73 Accepted
the hindrance what is your take on that
8 Do you agree that the manner which the 0 0 18 24 42 2.80 Accepted
users handle the facilities has a negative
factor
9 Do you agree that lack of professional in 0 2 9 32 43 2.87 Accepted
your department is a hindrance
10 Is bureaucracy a hindrance drawback in 4 2 9 16 31 2.07 Not
the affairs of work department what’s your Accepted
take on that
Source: Field Survey, 2015

lxiii
 Research question Two: What are the constraints or hindrance to its operation, in

realizing the core objective?

Table three: Mean response on what are the constraints or hindrance to its operation, in realizing

the core objective?

From the above table; question one it was observed that majority of respondent strongly agree

that lack of fund is a major drawback in carrying out routine maintenance, with a mean score of

2.93 in Question one.

More so question two also observed that majority of respondent strongly agree that inadequate

manpower is a hindrance to proper management of the recreational facilities with a mean score

of 3.20.

The respondents also strongly agree with question three that t technology gadget help in effective

management of the recreational facilities with a mean score of 3.00.

Question four suggests that respondent was of the opinion that non-challant attitude of

management team is not a hindrance to proper management of the recreational facilities, with a

mean score of 2.27.

From question five suggest that it was observed that majority of respondent agree that

inappropriate allocation of resource is a factor in managing recreational facilities in the school

with a mean score of 2.60.

Similarly question six suggests that effective management harper the operation of facilities,

respondent strongly agree with this, with a mean score of 2.53.

lxiv
Question seven also suggest that majority of the respondent agree that lack of internal generating

fund one of the hindrance that hamper management of recreational facilities with a mean score of

2.73.

Question Eight suggest that majority of the respondent strongly the manner which the users

handle the facilities has a negative impact on the managing the recreational facilities with a mean

score of 2.80.

Question Nine also suggest that majority of the Respondent strongly agree that that lack of

professional in the management team is a hindrance in managing the recreational facilities, with

a mean score of 2.87.

The respondents strongly agree that bureaucracy is a drawback in the affairs of work department

with a mean score of 2.07 in question ten.

 Research Question Three: What are the beneficial impacts of the recreational

facilities on students’ academic performance?

The tables below represent the data obtain from research question three

Table 4.4 Data obtain from research question three

S/N Variable SD D A SA ∑X X Remark

1 Is a garden a recreational facility, what’s 4 1 45 80 139 3.08 Accepted

your take on that 0
2 Is The Babylon hostel a recreational facility 13 2 27 36 88 1.95 Not
do you agree with this 2 Accepted
3 Is the basketball court a recreational facility 9 1 27 76 122 2.71 Accepted
do you disagree with this 0
4 Is aluta ground a recreational facility what’s 5 4 42 84 135 3.00 Accepted
your take on that
5 Do you think that government can actually 6 1 21 84 127 2.82 Accepted
provide all the recreational facilities that is 6
required in the school

lxv
6 Would you welcome encourage companies 0 1 42 10 148 3.29 Accepted
to invest in the school by providing world 4
class recreational facilities
7 Do you agree that recreational activities 22 2 9 28 79 1.76 Accepted
contribute to poor performance 0
8 When one participate in recreational 0 6 45 96 147 3.27 Accepted
activities does it sharpen ones IQ
9 Is the availability of recreational facility an 18 2 18 28 87 1.93 Not
obstacle to student academy 2 Accepted
10 It’s said that recreation recreate the mind, 2 6 36 96 140 3.11 Accepted
what’s your take on that.

Source: Field Survey, 2015

From the above table; Research Question three: what are the beneficial impact of recreational

facilities on student academic performance.

It is observed from question one that majority of the respondent strongly agree that garden is a

recreational facility with a mean score of 3.08.

From question two which is whether Babylon hostel a recreational facility with a mean score of

1.95.

In Question three the respondent was of the opinion that basketball court is a recreational facility

with a mean score of 2.71

Furthermore, in question four the respondents agreed that the Aluta Ground in Abubakar Tafawa

Balewa University is a recreational facility with a mean score of 3.00.

The respondents were of the opinion that Government can actually provide all the recreational

facilities that is required in the school in question five this has a mean score of 2.82.

The respondents were of the opinion that they would encourage companies to invest in the

school by providing world class recreational facilities in Question six has a mean score of 3.29.

lxvi
The respondents were of diverges opinion that recreational activities contribute to poor

performance in question seven this has a mean score of 1.76.

The respondents strongly agree that student participation in recreational activities sharpens ones

IQ this has the highest mean score of 3.29 in question eight.

In question nine the respondents are of different opinion about whether the availability of

recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University is an obstacle to student academic

performance, this has a mean score of 1.93.

Finally, in question ten the respondent strongly agree that recreation recreate the mind this has a

mean score of 3.11.

4.4 Summary and Link

This chapter has several parts which are; analysis of the questionnaire administered to the

respondents, analysis of questions based on research question number one, analysis of questions

based on research question number two and analysis of questions based on research question

number three, and then summary and link. And the next chapter is Conclusion and

Recommendations which consists of three parts, which are the major findings of the research,

recommendation, and lastly conclusion.

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of Finding, Recommendation and Conclusion

5.0 Preamble

lxvii
This chapter seeks to summarize the work, conclusion on the inferences drawn and give suitable

recommendation based on conclusions and suggestion for further research.

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

In line with data collected and analyzed the following findings have emerged.

i. It has been found out that the works department is saddle with the responsibility of

managing the Recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University.

ii. It was also found out that the management unit does not adopt any management strategy

in caring for the recreational facilities.

iii. Furthermore, it was found out that the management unit does not outsource any service

while managing it recreational facilities.

iv. It was found out that inadequate fund is a hindrance to management unit.

v. It was also found out that the manner at which the users of the recreational facilities

handle or make use of the recreational facility is a hindrance to its operation.

vi. It was found out that by participating in recreational activity one recreate his or her mind.

vii. It was also discovered that availability of recreational facilities in the school is not a

barrier to student academic performance.

viii. Furthermore, it was discovered that participating in recreational activity sharpens ones

I.Q.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

The researcher proposed the following recommendation in order to achieve the aim of the

recreational facilities management unit.

lxviii
 i. This study recommends that the management unit should adopt management strategy such as

preventive, predictive and corrective strategy in managing recreational facilities in Abubakar

Tafawa Balewa University.

ii. It also recommends that there is a need to employ professionals such as estate managers

which the school has at their disposal in the form of lecturers they employed they could make

use of them by drafting some of them to management unit thereby reducing expenses and

also getting value for the capital invested.

iii. Adequate fund should be made available to the management unit for a smooth operation of

the recreational facilities.

iv. The researcher also recommends that more recreational facilities should be provided to the

school.

5.3 CONCLUSION

This study examines the management of recreational facilities in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

University Bauchi, Bauchi state. It reveals that no management strategy is used in caring for the

recreational facilities and the management function were not carried out by professionals like

estate manager, who are well trained and have the expertise to properly manage the recreational

facilities in the school, in view of this there is the need that professionals should be employed or

some lecturers from estate management department should be drafted to the works department

to offer their expertise to the works department in realization of the objective of which this

recreational facilities were provided in the first place. It is also important that sufficient fund

should be made available to the works department in other to allow for smooth operation of the

recreational facilities and it is germane that management strategy should be employ in managing

lxix
recreational facilities in the school as this would help to prolong the life span of the recreational

facilities and its useful economic life.

5.4 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.

Research could also be conducted on the sport facilities as well as performance assessment of

recreational facilities not only on this. A further study and discussion can be carried out on the

management of recreational facilities in developing countries or the third world countries.

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Rencher. (2010, march 11). Letter to the Editor outdoor recreation stimulaters. The Economy.
Wahinton, United State Of America: Washinton post.
Stankey, G. H., & Wood, J. (1982). The Recreaion Opportunity Spectrum; An Introduction.
Austeralian Parks and Recreation School of Applied Science, Canberra College of
Advance Education.
Tang, & Wang, S. (2008). A Longtitudinal study of Open Space, Zoning and Development in
Hong Kong. Landscappe and Urban Planning, 87(40), pp. 258-268.
Teichoz, E. (2004). Facility Design and Management. New South Wale: McGraw Hill
Company.
Thomas, s. Y. (1970). Fundamental of Recreation. oxford: Library Congress.
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Wallis, C. (2010, octomber 31). stress Can we cope . Time, Retrieved.

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APPENDIX

ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY, ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA

UNIVERSITY, P.M.B. 0248 BAUCHI

Dear respondents,

I am a final year student of the above institution carrying out a research work on the topic; “An
assessment of the management of recreational facilities in Atbu, Bauchi state”. in partial
fulfillment for the award of a bachelor of technology (B –TECH) in Estate Management and
Valuation. The aim of this questionnaire is to collect data that would be used to analyze the
research work.

Therefore, be assured that any information obtained will be treated with utmost secrecy and

strictly for academic purpose only.

I will be glad if you could assist in responding to questions stated below to enable me prepare
realistic dissertation, I implore you to read and answer appropriately.

Thank you

Yours faithfully

RUFUS IFEANYI EGWUAKA

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1. Name of the respondent……………………………………………………………..

2. Address………………………………………………………………………………

3. Occupation: (a) staff ( ) (b) student ( ) others please specify--------------------

Tick ( ) the answer of your choice for the alternative given to the question below.

SD=Strongly Disagree, D=Disagree, SA= Strongly Agree, and A= Agree

Research Question One:what is the management strategies being employ by the facility
management unit for its operation in the university?

S/N Variables SD D SA A
1 Do you agree that the work department is saddle with the
responsibility of managing the recreational facilities in Abubakar
Tafawa Balewa university?
2 Does the works department also care for the environmental Garden?
3 Does the staff strength of the work Department range from 1-50?
4 Do you agree that the management unit adopt any management
strategy in caring for the recreational facilities?
5 Do you agree that Routine maintenance seem to be the only
maintenance strategy being employed?
6 Does the management unit carry out maintenance of the facilities at
regular interval?
7 Do the management unit, outsource some services, do you agree with
this?
8 Do you agree that federal government is the only source of fund for the
management unit?

Please thick ( ) the answer of your choice for the alternative given to the question below.

SD=Strongly Disagree, D=Disagree, SA= Strongly Agree, and A= Agree

Research question Two: What are the constraints or hindrance to its operation, in realizing the
core objective?

Variables SD D SA A
Is lack of fund a drawback in carrying out routine maintenance

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Does inadequate manpower a hindrance to proper management of the
recreational facilities
Can technology gadget help in effective management of the recreational
facilities,
Is non-challant attitude of management team a hindrance to proper
management of the recreational facilities
Is inappropriate allocation of resource a facto r
Would effective management harper the operation of facilities, do you agree
with that?
Is lack of internal generating fund one of the hindrance what your take on
that
Do you agree that the manner which the users handle the facilities has a
negative factor
Do you agree that lack of professional in your department is a hindrance

Is bureaucracy a hindrance drawback in the affairs of

work department what’s your take on that

Please thick ( ) the answer of your choice for the alternative given to the question below.
SD=Strongly Disagree, D=Disagree, SA= Strongly Agree, and A= Agree

 Research Question Three: What are the beneficial impacts of the recreational facilities on
students’ academic performance?

Variables S D S A
D A
Is a garden a recreational facility, what’s your take on that

Is The Babylon hostel a recreational facility do you agree with this

Is the basketball court a recreational facility do you disagree with this

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Is aluta ground a recreational facility what’s your take on that

Variables SD D SA A
Do you think that government can actually provide all the recreational
facilities that is required in the school
Would you welcome encourage companies to invest in the school by
providing world class recreational facilities
Do you agree that recreational activities contribute to poor performance
When one participate in recreational activities does it sharpen ones IQ
Is the availability of recreational facility an obstacle to student academy
It’s said that recreation recreate the mind , what’s your take on that

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