TRADE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE : AUTOMATIC SPRAY RACE

PRESENTED BY : DENNIS KIMUTAI KOSGE

INDEX NO : 5520013155

CENTRE CODE : 552001

INSTITUTION : RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT IN
EXAMINATION AND SUBSEQUENT
REWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUPERVISED BY : MR.GICHURU

SERIES : JULY 2022

i
 COPY RIGHT
All rights reserved no part of this publication may be photocopied or recorded without prior
written permission of publisher or licensed permitting restricted copying.

ii
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my entire family especially my elderly brother for their physical and
moral support throughout the course period and specifically project phase.

iii
 DECLARATION
I solemnly declare this project proposal is my original work and it contains many ideas
creativity, hardwork and personal research and has not been presented to any examination body
within or outside the institute.

Name: DENNIS KIMUTAI KOSGE

Sign: ……………………………..

Date: ……………………………

Supervisor: MR GIGHURU

Sign:……………….

Date:………………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Almighty God for giving me good health and chance to be able to come up
with project proposal.

Also thank my parents for paying my tuition. Above all extending my gratitude’s to my
supervisor Mr. GIGHURU for guiding me in writing this proposal. Also thank my classmates
and friends who gave me support and encouragement in research, writing and compiling
proposal successfully.

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 ABSTRACT
The automatic spray race majorly incorporate the knowledge of electrical and electronics
engineering in the field of agriculture. This is according to the study I have done for the past
three years . Nomadic pastoralists, most of the cattle suffer from East cost fever(ECF) due to
ticks inversion and most people lack enough time to perform ticks control by spraying. Through
this challenge it has led to the introduction of an automatic spray race which is fast and
affordable.

The main components of spray race include: structure, pipes, IR sensor, timer, solar, inverter,
relay, transistor solenoid valve, two wooden frames mounted with return mechanisms,
connecting cables of different sizes, pump rated 1.5 kW, nozzles and rectifier circuits. This
combination will make the spray race operation effective.

When a cow passes near the PIR sensor, the electrical energy passes to the solenoid valve via
connecting cables and releases the chemical solution via nozzles. Both ends of the crush closes
and the cow gets sprayed for a minimum span of 3 seconds with the help of a timer. The cow is
then released and the power is switched off and no more spray is done when the cow gets out of
the crush. Power is obtained from solar panel rated 100 Watts DC and no storage is necessary
since the process is during the daytime. It is then converted to 240V AC using inverter rated
3000 watts which is utilized by the coil terminals of the timer, relay and pump. The power is then
converted back to DC with the help of a rectifier to aid in IR sensor, relay, and solenoid valve.
The pump is used in order to release solution under high pressure.The automatic spray race
works by applying some electrical principles like magnetism and use of sensors, to reduce the
effect of diseases in pastoral communities. This is achieved by applying spray at a faster rate of
three seconds per head. It is a faster and reliable means. It is much reliable than the ordinary
means.

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 ACRONYMS
 IR; active infrared.

 Dc :direct current.

 Ac: alternating current.

 Dcv: direct current voltage

 Acv: alternating current.

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 Table of Contents
COPY RIGHT ........................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iii

DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................vi

ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 AUTOMATIC SPRAY RACE ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 2

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................... 2

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION ................................................................................. 3

1.5 SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................. 4

1.6 CONCLUSION/ SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 4

2.0 THEORY OF COMPONENTS ........................................................................................... 4

2.1 SOLENOID VALVE .......................................................................................................... 4

2.1.0 TYPES OF SOLENOID VALVES ................................................................................... 4

2.1.1 WORKING PRINCIPPLE ................................................................................................ 4

2.2 MOTION SENSORS .......................................................................................................... 5

2.2.0 TYPES OF MOTION SENSORS ..................................................................................... 5

2.3 SOLAR PANEL .................................................................................................................. 7

VIII
2.3.0 TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS ............................................................................................ 7

2.3.1 THE BEST TYPE OF SOLAR PANELS ............................................................................9

2.4 AC PUMP ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.5 INVERTER......................................................................................................................... 10

2.5.0 CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTER ................................................................................ 10

(I) According to the Output Characteristic ................................................................................. 10

(II) According to the Source of Inverter..................................................................................... 10

(III) According to the Type of Load .......................................................................................... 10

Three Phase Inverter.................................................................................................................. 10

(IV) According to different PWM Technique ............................................................................ 11

(V) According to Number of Output Level ................................................................................ 11

(I) According to the Output Characteristic ................................................................................. 11

1) Square wave inverter ............................................................................................................. 11

2) Sine wave ............................................................................................................................. 12

3) Modified sine wave ............................................................................................................... 12

(II) According to the Source of the Inverter ............................................................................... 12

1) Current Source Inverter ......................................................................................................... 12

2) Voltage Source Inverter ........................................................................................................ 13

(III) According to the Type of Load .......................................................................................... 13

1) Single-phase inverter ............................................................................................................ 13

B) Single Phase Full-bridge Inverter.......................................................................................... 13

2) Three Phase Bridge Inverter .................................................................................................. 14

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(IV) Classification According to Control Technique .................................................................. 14

1) Single Pulse Width modulation (single PWM) ...................................................................... 14

2) Multiple Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM) ......................................................................... 14

3) Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) ....................................................................... 15

4) Modified Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (MSPWM) ..................................................... 15

(V) According to the Number of Levels at the Output ............................................................... 15

1) Regular two-level Inverter .................................................................................................... 15

2) Multilevel Inverters............................................................................................................... 16

2.6 TIMER ................................................................................................................................ 16

2.6.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 16

TYPES...................................................................................................................................... 16

2.6.1 WORKING OF A TIMER ................................................................................................ 17

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 18

3.2 CIRCUIT BOARD .............................................................................................................. 19

3.4 THE TECHNIQUE OF JOINTS .......................................................................................... 19

3.5 METHOD OF JOINT .......................................................................................................... 19

3.6 PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................................. 20

3.7 HAND TOOLS ................................................................................................................... 20

3.8 PILOT TESTING ................................................................................................................ 20

3.9 TROUBLE SHOOTING ..................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 22

4.0 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................... 22

X
4.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 22

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................... 22

XI
 CHAPTER 1
1.0 AUTOMATIC SPRAY RACE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The automatic spray race works by applying some electrical principles like magnetism and use of
sensors, to reduce the effect of diseases in pastoral communities. This is achieved by applying
spray at a faster rate of three seconds per head. It is faster and reliable means. It is also much
reliable than the ordinary means,

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

i. To construct the project model for automatic spray.
ii. To design the circuit to implement the proposed project.
iii. To test the model and obtain the projected output of the project.
iv. To meet the Kenya National Examination Council body requirements for award of
Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

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1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC SPRAY
RACE.
SOLAR POWER FROM THE SUN

SOLAR PANNEL

RECTIFIER INVERTER

AC MOTOR

SOLENOID

TIMER

NOZZLES

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1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
1. SOLAR PANEL

This converts sunlight into electrical energy through photovoltaic panels or mirrors that
concentrate solar radiation.

2. INVERTER

Converts direct current DC which a solar panel generates to alternating current AC.

3 RECTIFIER

This converts oscillating two-directional AC into single-directional DC

4 AC MOTOR

This electric motor converts alternating current into mechanical power.

5 SOLENOID

It is a coil of wounded copper wire that converts electrical energy to mechanical work.

6 TIMER

This is a control device that outputs a signal at a present time after an input signal is received.

7 NOZZLES

A nozzle is a device that control direction of a fluid flow as it exits an enclosed pipe.

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1.5 SPECIFICATIONS

Input voltage 240v

Voltage regulator 24V

Pump 1.5kw

Time 3 seconds

Inverter 3000w

1.6 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY
When this project is implemented, most problems get solved while others are there for future
research. This is due to the fact that there are alot of myths and misconception in place. Since
this project is implemented mostly in marginalized communities it is difficult to convince people
on new technologies.

I have gather a lot of experience and theoretical knowledge and mostly in areas like; fault
diagnosis, circuit analysis, and even technology fields.

During literature review of project components, it has brought to exposure of different

components in the field of study

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THEORY OF COMPONENTS

2.1 SOLENOID VALVE

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. Solenoid valves differ in
characteristics of the electric current they use, the strength of the magnetic field they generate,
the mechanism they use to regulate the fluid and the type and characteristics of the fluid they
control.

2.1.0 TYPES OF SOLENOID VALVES

● 2_way solenoid valve

● 3_way solenoid valve

2.1.1 WORKING PRINCIPPLE

A solenoid valve is an electromagnetically controlled valve. The valve features a solenoid,
which is an electric coil with a movable ferromagnetic core (plunger) in its centre. In the rest
position, the plunger closes off a small orifice. An electric current through the coil creates a
magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts an upward force on the plunger opening the orifice.
This is the basic principle that is used to open and close solenoid valves.

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2.2 MOTION SENSORS
A motion sensor is a device that notices moving objects. A motion sensor is frequently
incorporated as a component of a system that routinely performs a task or else alert a user of
motion in a region. These sensors form a very important component of security, home control,
energy efficiency, automated lighting control, and other helpful systems. The main principle of
motion sensor is to sense a burglar and send an alert to your control panel, which gives an alert to
your monitoring center. Motion sensors react to different situations like movement in your living
room, doors, windows being unbolt or closed and also these sensors can activate a doorbell when
someone comes close to the front door. They also give you an alert whenever kids enter into
some restricted areas at home such as medicine cabinet, the basement or workout room.

2.2.0 TYPES OF MOTION SENSORS

There various kinds of motion sensors are available in the market. They are namely PIR,
Ultrasonic, Microwave, Tomographic and combined types.

Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor

All warm blooded animals produce IR radiation. Passive infrared sensors include a thin Pyro
electric film material, that responds to IR radiation by emitting electricity. This sensor will
activate burglar alarm whenever this influx of electricity takes place. These sensors are
economical, don’t use more energy and last forever. These sensors are commonly used in indoor
alarms.

Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensor can be active (or) passive, where passive ones pay attention for particular
sounds like metal on metal, glass breaking. These sensors are very sensitive, but they are
frequently expensive and prone to fake alarms. Active ones generate ultrasonic wave (sound
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wave) pulses and then determine the reflection of these waves off a moving object. Animals like

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cats, dogs, fishes can hear this sound waves so an active ultrasonic alarm might unsettle them.

Microwave Sensor
These sensors generate microwave pulses and then calculate their reflection off of objects, in
order to know whether objects are moving or not. Microwave sensors are very sensitive, but
sometimes these can be seen in nonmetallic objects which can be detected from moving objects
on the outside of the target range. It consumes a lot of power, so these sensors are frequently
designed to cycle ON & OFF. This makes it feasible to acquire past them, if you know the
cycles. Electronic guard dogs utilize microwave sensors.

Tomographic Sensor
These sensors generate radio waves and detect when those waves are troubled. They can notice
through walls and objects, and are frequently placed in a way that makes a radio wave net that
cover ups large areas. These sensors are expensive, so they are normally used in warehouses,
storage units and also in other situations that need a commercial level of security.

Combined types of Motion Sensors

Some types of motion detectors mix some sensors in order to decrease fake alarms. But, dual
sensors are only activated when both kinds sense motion. For instance, a dual microwave or PIR
sensor will start out on the passive infrared sensor setting, because that consumes less energy.
When the passive infrared sensor is tripped, the microwave division will turn ON; then, if the
remaining sensor also tripped, the alarm will generate sound. This combined type is great for
neglecting fake alarms, but tends the possibility of missing real ones.

2.3 SOLAR PANEL

2.3.0 TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS

The three types of solar panels are mono crystalline, poly crystalline and thin-film solar panels.
Each of these types of solar cells is made in a unique way and has a different aesthetic

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appearance. Here’s the breakdown for each type of solar panel.

Mono-crystalline
Mono-crystalline solar panels are the oldest type of solar panel and the most developed. These
solar panels are made from about 40 of the mono-crystalline solar cells. These solar cells are
made from pure silicon. In the manufacturing process (called the Czochralski method), a silicon
crystal is placed in a vat of molten silicon. The crystal is then pulled up out of the vat very
slowly, allowing for the molten silicon to form a solid crystal shell around it called an ingot. The
ingot is then sliced thinly into silicon wafers. The wafer is made into the cell, and then the cells
are assembled together to form a solar panel.

Mono-crystalline solar cells appear black because of the way sunlight's interacts with pure
silicon. While the cells are black, there’s a variety of colors and designs for the back sheets and
frames. The mono-crystalline cells are shaped like a square with the corners removed, so there
are small gaps between the cells.

Poly-crystalline
Poly-crystalline solar panels are a newer development, but they are rising quickly in popularity
and efficiency. Just like mono-crystalline cells, poly-crystalline cells are made from silicon. But
poly-crystalline cells are made from fragments of the silicon crystal melted together. During the
manufacturing process, the silicon crystal is placed in a vat of molten silicon. Instead of pulling it
out slowly, this crystal is allowed to fragment and then cool. Then once the new crystal is cooled
in its mold, the fragmented silicon is thinly sliced into poly-crystalline solar wafers. These
wafers are assembled together to form a poly-crystalline panel. Poly-crystalline cells are blue in
color because of the way sunlight reflects on the crystals. Sunlight reflects off of silicon
fragments differently than it does with a pure silicon cell. Usually the back frames and frames are
silver with polycrystalline, but there can be variation. The shape of the cell is a square, and there
are no gaps between corners of cells.

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 Thin-Film
Thin-film solar panels are an extremely new development in the solar panel industry. The most
distinguishing feature of thin-film panels is that they aren’t always made from silicon. They can
be made from a variety of materials, including cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon and Copper
Indium Gallium solenoid. These solar cells are created by placing the main material between thin
sheets of conductive material with a layer of glass on top for protection. The a-Si panels do use
silicon, but they use non-crystalline silicon and are also topped with glass.

As their name suggests, thin-film panels are easy to identify by their thin appearance. These
panels are approximately 350 times thinner than those that use silicon wafers. But thin-film
frames can be large sometimes, and that can make the appearance of the entire solar system
comparable to that of a mono-crystalline or polycrystalline system. Thin-film cells can be black
or blue, depending on the material they were made from.

2.3.1 THE BEST TYPE OF SOLAR PANELS

The best type of solar panels depends on the purpose of the panels and where they’ll be installed.
For residential properties with a large roof space or property, the best choice of panels may be
polycrystalline. These panels are the most affordable for large spaces and will provide enough
efficiency and power. For residential properties with smaller spaces, mono-crystalline may be the
best choice. These panels work well for those who want to maximize their energy bills in a small
space. Mono-crystalline and polycrystalline panels are good fits for homes and other similar
buildings. Thin-film solar panels are almost never used on homes because they are lower in
efficiency. Instead, thin-film solar panels are perfect for commercial buildings that can’t handle
the additional weight of traditional panels. Though thin-film is less efficient, commercial roofs
have more space to cover more of the roof with panels.

2.4 AC PUMP
This is an electrical motor mainly of alternating current type which is coupled with a pump
mainly mechanical used to pump liquids. Its main function in this project will be used to create
pressure within the pump. Since the power generated is direct current there is urge to use an
1
0
inverter discussed in details below;

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2.5 INVERTER

2.5.0 CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTER

Inverter can be classified into many types based on output, source, type of load etc. Below is the
complete classification of the inverter circuit:

(I) According to the Output Characteristic

Square Wave Inverter

Sine Wave Inverter

Modified Sine Wave Inverter

(II) According to the Source of Inverter

Current Source Inverter

Voltage Source Inverter

(III) According to the Type of Load

Single Phase Inverter

Half Bridge Inverter

Full Bridge Inverter

Three Phase Inverter

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(IV) According to different PWM Technique
Simple Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
Multiple Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM)

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)

Modified sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (MSPWM)

(V) According to Number of Output Level

Regular Two-Level Inverter

Multi-Level Inverter.

(I) According to the Output Characteristic

1) Square wave inverter

The output waveform of the voltage for this inverter is a square wave. This type of inverter is
least used among all other types of inverter because all appliances are designed for sine wave
supply. If we supply square wave to sine wave based appliance, it may get damaged or losses are
very high. The cost of this inverter is very low but the application is very rare. It can be used in
simple tools with a universal motor.

2) Sine wave
The output waveform of the voltage is a sine wave and it gives us a very similar output to the
utility supply. This is the major advantage of this inverter because all the appliances we are using
1
are designed for the sine wave. So, this is the perfect output and gives guarantee that equipment
will work properly. This type of inverters is more expensive but widely used in residential and
commercial applications.

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3) Modified sine wave
The construction of this type of inverter is complex than simple square wave inverter but easier
compared to the pure sine wave inverter. The output of this inverter is neither pure sine wave nor
the square wave. The output of such inverter is the same of two square waves. The output
waveform is not exactly sine wave but it resembles the shape of a sine wave.

(II) According to the Source of the Inverter

1) Current Source Inverter

In CSI, the input is a current source. This type of inverters is used in the medium voltage
industrial application, where high-quality current waveforms are compulsory. But CSIs are not
popular.

2) Voltage Source Inverter

In VSI, the input is a voltage source. This type of inverter is used in all applications because it is
more efficient and has higher reliability and faster dynamic response. VSI is capable of running
motors without de-rating.

(III) According to the Type of Load

1) Single-phase inverter
Generally, residential and commercial load uses single phase power. The single-phase inverter is
used for this type of application. The single-phase inverter is further divided into two parts;

1
Single Phase Half-bridge Inverter

Single Phase Full-bridge Inverter

1
A) Single Phase Half bridge Inverter

This type of inverter consists of two thyristors and two diodes and connection.

B) Single Phase Full-bridge Inverter

In this type of inverter, four thyristors and four diodes are used.

If we compare full bridge inverter with half bridge inverter, for the given DC supply voltage
load, output voltage is two times and output is power is four times in full bridge inverter.

2) Three Phase Bridge Inverter

In case of industrial load, three phase ac supply is used and for this, we have to use a three-phase
inverter. In this type of inverter, six thyristors and six diodes are used.

(IV) Classification According to Control Technique

1) Single Pulse Width modulation (single PWM)

For every half cycle, the only pulse is available in this control technique. The reference signal is
square wave signal and the carrier signal is triangular wave signal. The gate pulse for the
switches is generated by comparing the reference signal and carrier signal. The frequency of
output voltage is controlled by the frequency of the reference signal. The amplitude of the
reference signal is Ar and the amplitude of the carrier signal is Ac, then the modulation index can
be defined as Ar/Ac. The main drawback of this technique is high harmonic content.

1
2) Multiple Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM)
The drawback of single pulse width modulation technique is solved by multiple PWM. In this
technique, instead of one pulse, several pulses are used in each half cycle of the output voltage.
The gate is generated by comparing the reference signal and carrier signal. The output frequency
is controlled by controlling the frequency of the carrier signal. The modulation index is used to
control the output voltage.

3) Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)

This control technique is widely used in industrial applications. In above both methods, the
reference signal is a square wave signal. But in this method, the reference signal is a sine wave
signal. The gate pulse for the switches is generated by comparing the sine wave reference signal
with the triangular carrier wave. The width of each pulse varies with variation of amplitude of
the sine wave. The frequency of output waveform is the same as the frequency of the reference
signal. The output voltage is a sine wave and the RMS voltage can be controlled by modulation
index.

4) Modified Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

(MSPWM)
Due to the characteristic of sine wave, the pulse width of the wave cannot be changed with
variation in the modulation index in SPWM technique. That is the reason, MSPWM technique is
introduced. In this technique, the carrier signal is applied during the first and last 60-degree
interval of each half cycle. In this way, its harmonic characteristic is improved. The main
advantage of this technique is increased fundamental component, reduced number of switching
power devices and decreased switching loss.

(V) According to the Number of Levels at the Output

1
1) Regular two-level Inverter
These inverters have only voltage levels at the output which are positive peak voltage and
negative peak voltage. Sometimes, having a zero-voltage level is also known as a two-level
inverter.

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2) Multilevel Inverters
These inverters can have multiple voltage levels at the output. The multi-level inverter is divided
into four parts.

2.6 TIMER
It operates an electric switch controlled by the timing mechanism

2.6.0 Introduction
Timers are used to measure specific time interval the timer can be used to measure the time
elapsed or the external events occurring from specific time interval. they are used to maintains
the operation of the embedded system in a sync with the clock. The clock can be an external
clock or the system clock.

TYPES
 A timer which counts upwards

 A timer which counts downwards.

2.6.1 WORKING OF A TIMER

The electronic timer circuit counts the pulses of the oscillator, and makes certain actions happen
when there have been a certain number of pulses. Another part of the circuit could then count
seconds until a minute has passed and then increment the minute counter. Timers can also send
signals to other devices.
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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 CIRCUIT MOUNTING

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3.2 CIRCUIT BOARD
The process of building the components will be done in the plant itself ,carried out by a skilled
technician who understand fully engineering symbols.

3.4 THE TECHNIQUE OF JOINTS

Bell hanger joint will be used to join between two pieces of 1mm2 cable

Solder and insulating tape will be used to complete joining process where necessary.

3.5 METHOD OF JOINT

PROCEDURE

 Strip and clean one end piece for 90mm

 cross conductor at about 25mm for insulation keeping left hand conductor in front

 with pliers grip crossed conductor together to left of point crossing

 Bend two conductors at right angles to crossing

 Twist left hand conductors tightly round right hand one for 6 turns and vice versa.

 Solder whole length at joint

 Tape it with insulating tape.

3.6 PRECAUTIONS
 Use expertise hands for proper soldering technique.

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 do not transfer solder from one joint to another.

1
  Tighten the screws tightly.

3.7 HAND TOOLS

 Wire stripper

 Pliers

 Phase Tester

 Star screw driver

 Soldering iron

 Solder

3.8 PILOT TESTING

After completion of circuit mounting, it's necessary to thoroughly test circuit for fault.

3.9 TROUBLE SHOOTING

This is the Process of isolating fault and correcting it in circuit system to reinstate it functional
state.

PROCEDURE

 Observe fault symptoms of malfunctioning state.

 Use sensor to defective component.

 Applying fault find technique to locate fault.

 after location of fault ,repair fault

 Test after repair for period of time

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 CHAPTER 4

4.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the designed project is implemented.The components used are acquired and the
circuit is built on a breadboard for testing. Then fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB). The
system is made up of many stages and testing is done at each. After all the testings ,the circuit is
fabricated onto a PCB.

4.1 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

Tools used during construction and testing of the system are; sidecutter,breadboard,soldering gun
and wires. The soldering gun is used for making connections on a PCB. The sidecutter is used to
cut the jumper wires to their required length and strip their ends for connection to be easier. Then
the breadboard is used for creation of temporary circuits and carry out experiments with the
circuit diagram.

4.2 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply used in the breadboard is from a 9v dc battery. The positive wire connected to the
top bus on the board and used the negative wire to connect to the lower bus.

4.2.1 SYSTEM TESTING

This involves testing the functionality of the whole system. Inputs are deployed to the system
and output observed. It has a sensor that will enable valves to open so that the pesticides is
sprayed in the zone where foliage is present.

Activities for design and construction of the automatic spray race.

1
 Activity Duration in hours
Writing proposal and research 20

1
Purchasing components 4

Assembling 3

Testing and compiling report 2

Typing and printing 10

Fabrication 5

Presentation 1

4.3 FINDINGS

 The motor can run at a synchronous speed when it used with alternating current.

 Water from the spray can be reused

 The best method of power utilization

 This method is less stressing for livestock

4.1 CONCLUSION
The project objectives were;

i. To design a circuit to implement proposed project

ii. To construct a project model for an automatic spray

iii. To test and obtain projected output

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From the testing results the objectives were achieved. The automatic spray worked efficiently. I
carried out the project and found out that most faults were electrical. To the best of my
knowledge, I gathered a lot of theories and mostly in areas like fault diagnosis and even
technology fields.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
When I implement the project most problems get solved while others are there for future
research. This is due to the fact that there are a lot of myths and misconception in place.

Since this project is implemented mostly in marginalized communities it is difficult to convince

people on new technologies. This will be solved by educating some members so as to educate
others.

REFERENCES

John Bird, (1997). Electrical circuit theory. paris: Newness.

Boxwell, M. (2012). solar installation hand book. rython: greeen stream.

Dr.p.s.BIMBHIRA. (1999 ). Power electronics. Delhi: Romesh chander.

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