PowerFactory 2023

Technical Reference

Common Result Variables for Terminals

and Elements
Harmonics Analysis
F2023

POWER SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

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January 9, 2023
PowerFactory 2023
Revision 1
Contents

Contents

1 General Description 1

2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources 1

2.1 Balanced Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.2 Unbalanced Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources 31

3.1 Balanced Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.2 Unbalanced Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4 Calculation Considering IEC Flicker Sources 63

4.1 Balanced and Unbalanced Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5 Frequency Dependent Mutual Data 65

5.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.2 Harmonic Load Flow and Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.2.1 Balanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.2.2 Unbalanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6 Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data 67

6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6.2 Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6.2.1 Balanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

6.2.2 Unbalanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

7 References 69

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference i

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1 General Description

The Harmonic Load Flow calculation in PowerFactory provides users with a multitude of result
(or ‘monitor’) variables to choose from. The calculation of these variables in PF is described in
this document, for three phase systems, considering harmonic sources defined as ‘IEC’ (see
[3]) and ‘non-IEC’.

2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

2.1 Balanced Calculation

2.1.0.1 Branch Monitor Variables

Table 2.1 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

Table 2.1: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Hz Frequency of harmonic order k

fout Hz Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Command

(parameter name: ifshow)

i(fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic current at frequency of harmonic order k (all p.u.
values are based on Inom )

u(fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic voltage at frequency of harmonic order k (all p.u.
values are based on Unom )

I(fk ) A Complex harmonic current, at frequency of harmonic order k

U (fk ) kV Complex harmonic voltage, at frequency of harmonic order k

Inom , A, p.u. Nominal current of element

inom

Unom , kV, Rated voltage of element

unom p.u.

imax p.u. Maximum current of element

tif (fk ) - Telephone influence factor (according to IEEE) at frequency of harmonic

order k

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 1

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected Output Frequency, fout :

Intermediate variables:

√
S= 3 · U · I∗ Complex power in kVA

Monitor variables:
i = |i| Current magnitude in p.u.

I = i · Inom Current magnitude in A

I1 = I Positive sequence current magnitude in A

I1 = 0 Positive sequence current magnitude in A, for harmonic or-

ders 5, 11, 17, 23,. . .

I2 = I Negative sequence current magnitude in A, for harmonic or-

ders 5, 11, 17, 23,. . .

I2 = 0 Negative sequence current magnitude in A

phiui = φS Angle between voltage and current in deg

phii = φi Current angle, absolute in deg

P = <(S) Active power in kW

Q = =(S) Reactive power in kvar

S = |S| Apparent power in kVA

P
cosphi = S Power factor

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines, transformers
and series compensation:

Losses = Re(S) Losses in kW

loading = imax /inom · 100 Loading in %

The following calculation variable is available for machines (static generator, asynchronous ma-
chine and synchronous machine):

loading = S/Sn · 100 Loading in %, where Sn is the total apparent nominal

power in MVA.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 2

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following variables are calculated con-
sidering all frequencies, fk :

Intermediate variables:

i(fk ) = |i(fk )| Current magnitude in p.u.

√
S(fk ) = 3 · U (fk ) · I(fk )∗ Complex power in kVA

P (fk ) = Re(S(fk )) Active power in kW

Monitor variables:

i(fout )
HD = i(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion, current in %; based on fundamental fre-
quency values

i(fout )
HD = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, current in %; based on nominal current

i(fout )
HF = irms · 100 Harmonic factor, current in %

pPn
Irms = k=1 i(fk )2 · Inom Current, RMS in kA

Irms
irms = Inom Current, RMS in p.u.

1
p
T HD = i(f1 ) · irms2 − i(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %; based on
fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD = inom · irms2 − i(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %; based on
nominal current

1
p
T HF = irms · irms2 − i(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor, current in %

Pn
TP = k=1 P (fk ) Total active power in MW
√
TS = Irms2 · U rms2 · 3 Total apparent
qP power in MVA, where
n 2
U rms = k=1 |u(fk )| · Unom

√
TQ = T S2 − T P 2 Total reactive power in Mvar

TP
T cosphi = TS Total power factor
pPn
IT = k=1 tif (fk )2 · i(fk )2 · Inom IT-product in kA

1
Pn
T AD = i(f1 ) · k=1 [i(fk ) − i(f1 )] · 100 Total arithmetic distortion in %

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 3

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines, transform-
ers, series compensation:
PH
LossesT ot = h≥1 Losses Total losses, including the fundamental in kW, where h
is the harmonic order
PH
LossesHrm = h>1 Losses Harmonic losses in kW

loadingT ot = irmsmax /inom · 100 Total loading in %

2.1.0.2 Bus Monitor Variables

Table 2.2 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

Table 2.2: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Hz Frequency of harmonic order k

fout Hz Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Command

(parameter name: ifshow)

u(fk ) Complex harmonic voltage at frequency of harmonic order k

u(fk ) p.u. Voltage magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k

Unom kV Nominal voltage of the busbar

φinitial deg Initial voltage angle

Z Ω Short-circuit impedance (positive or negative sequence, depending on

the sequence characteristic of the harmonic order). In the balanced
Frequency Sweep, it is the positive sequence impedance.

Z nc Ω Short-circuit impedance without capacitive effects (only available for the

Frequency Sweep calculation)

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

R = Re (Z) Network resistance in Ω

X = Im (Z) Network reactance in Ω

Z = |Z| Network impedance magnitude in Ω

phiz = φZ Network impedance angle in deg

u = |u| Voltage magnitude in p.u.

upc = u · 100 Voltage magnitude in %

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 4

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

u1 = u Voltage magnitude in p.u.

u1 = 0 Voltage magnitude in p.u., for orders 5, 11, 17, 23,. . . ,

u1pc = u1 · 100 Voltage magnitude in %

√
U = u · Unom / 3 Line-ground voltage magnitude in kV

U l = u · Unom Line-line voltage magnitude in kV

phiu = φu Voltage angle in deg

phiurel = φu − φinitial Voltage, relative angle in deg

du = upc − 100 Voltage deviation in %

u2 = u Negative sequence voltage in p.u., for orders 5, 11, 17, 23,

...,

u2 = 0 Negative sequence voltage in p.u.

and the following quantities for the short-circuit impedance without capacitive effects (Znc ). The
quantities are only available for the Frequency Sweep calculation when one of the following
calculation variables is selected for recording, otherwise the value is set to zero.

Rnc = Re (Z nc ) Network resistance (without C) in Ω

Xnc = Im (Z nc ) Network reactance (without C) in Ω

Znc = |Z nc | Network impedance magnitude (without C) in Ω

phiznc = φZ nc Network impedance angle (without C) in deg

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following variables are calculated con-
sidering all frequencies, fk :

Intermediate variables:

u(fk ) = |u(fk )| Voltage magnitude in p.u.

Monitor variables:

pPn
urms = k=1 u(fk )2 RMS value of voltage in p.u.

u(fout )
HD = u(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on fundamental frequency
values

u(fout )
HD = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; Based on nominal voltage, where
unom = 1p.u.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 5

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

u(fout )
HF = urms · 100 Harmonic factor in %

1
p
T HD = u(f1 ) urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %; based on fundamental
frequency values

1
p
T HD = unom urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %; based on nominal volt-
age, where unom = 1 p.u.

1
p
T HF = urms urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in %

U lrms = urms · Unom RMS value of line-line voltage in kV

√
U rms = urms · Unom / 3 RMS value of line-ground voltage in k)

1
Pn
T AD = u(f1 ) ·[ k=1 u(fk ) − u(f1 )]·100 Total arithmetic distortion in %
Pn
uasum = k=1 |u(fk )| Arithmetic voltage sum in p.u.

1
pPn
T IF = urms k=1 tif (fk )2 · u(fk )2 Telephone interference factor
pPn
urmsint = k=2 u(fk )2 RMS value of integer harmonics in p.u.
Pn
uasumint = k=2 u(fk ) Arithmetic sum of integer harmonics in p.u.

T HDint = T HD Total harmonic distortion in %, integer harmonic orders

T HDnint = 0 Total harmonic distortion in %, non-integer harmonic

orders

T ADint = T AD Arithmetic distortion in %, integer harmonic orders

T ADnint = 0 Arithmetic distortion in %, non-integer harmonic orders

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 6

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

2.2 Unbalanced Calculation

2.2.0.3 Branch Monitor Variables

Table 2.3 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

Table 2.3: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Hz Frequency at harmonic order k

fout Hz Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Com-

mand (parameter name: ifshow)

ia (fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic current for phase A, at frequency of harmonic

order k (all p.u. values are based on Inom ). Similar nomenclature
follows for other phases.

ua (fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic voltage in p.u. for phase B, at frequency of

harmonic order k (all p.u. values are based on Unom ). Similar
nomenclature follows for other phases.

I a (fk ) A Complex harmonic current for phase A, at frequency of harmonic

order k. Similar nomenclature follows for other phases.

U a (fk ) kV Complex harmonic voltage for phase A, at frequency of harmonic

order k. Similar nomenclature follows for other phases.

i0 (fk ) p.u. Complex zero sequence current, at frequency of harmonic order

k.

u0 (fk ) p.u. Complex zero sequence voltage, at frequency of harmonic order

k.

i:A(fk ) p.u. Current magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k. Similar

nomenclature follows for other phases.

i0(fk ) p.u. Zero sequence current magnitude at frequency of harmonic or-

der k. Similar nomenclature follows for positive and negative se-
quence currents.

Inom , inom A; p.u. Nominal current of element

Unom , unom kV; p.u. Rated voltage of element

tif (fk ) Telephone influence factor (according to IEEE) at frequency of

harmonic order k.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 7

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

Intermediate variables:

S a = U a · I ∗a Complex power in kVA

S b = U b · I ∗b

S c = U c · I ∗c

S n = U n · I ∗n

Monitor variables:

i:A = |ia | Phase currents in p.u. based on rated current of element

i:B = |ib |

i:C = |ic |

i:N = |in |

I:A = i:A · Inom Phase currents in A

I:B = i:B · Inom

I:C = i:C · Inom

I:N = i:N · Inom

phiui:A = φS a Angle between voltage and current in deg

phiui:B = φS b

phiui:C = φS c

phiui:N = φS n

phii:A = φia Current angle, absolute in deg

phii:B = φib

phii:C = φic

phii:N = φin

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 8

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

P :A = Re (S a ) Active power in kW

P :B = Re (S b )

P :C = Re (S c )

P :N = Re (S n )

Q:A = Im (S a ) Reactive power in kvar

Q:B = Im (S b )

Q:C = Im (S c )

Q:N = Im (S n )

S:A = |S a | Apparent power in kVA

S:B = |S b |

S:C = |S c |

S:N = |S n |

P :A
cosphi:A = S:A Power factor

P :B
cosphi:B = S:B

P :C
cosphi:C = S:C

P :N
cosphi:N = S:N

1
i0 = 3 (i:A + i:B + i:C) Zero sequence current in p.u.

I0 = i0 · Inom Zero sequence current in A

phiu0i0 = φu0 − φi0 Angle between voltage and current in zero se-
quence system in deg

1
Positive sequence current in p.u., where a = 6 120◦


i1 = 3 i:A + a · i:B + a2 · i:C

I1 = i1 · Inom Positive sequence current in A

phiu1i1 = φu1 − φi1 Angle between voltage and current in positive se-
quence system in deg

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 9

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1


i2 = 3 i:A + a2 · i:B + a · i:C Negative sequence current in p.u.

I2 = i2 · Inom Negative sequence current in A

phiu2i2 = φu2 − φi2 Angle between voltage and current in negative se-
quence system in deg
hP i
P sum = Re x=[a,b,c,n] Sx Active power in kW
hP i
Qsum = Im x=[a,b,c,n] S x Reactive power in kvar

P
Ssum = x=[a,b,c,n] Sx Apparent power in kVA

P sum
cosphisum = Ssum Power factor

i2
ubf ac = i1 Unbalance factor

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines:

LossesP h:A = Re(S a ) Losses in kW

LossesP h:B = Re(S b )

LossesP h:C = Re(S c )

LossesP h:N = Re(S n )

P
Losses = x=[A,B,C,N ] LossesP h:x Losses in kW

loadingP h:A = i:Amax /inom · 100 Loading in %

loadingP h:B = i:Bmax /inom · 100

loadingP h:C = i:Cmax /inom · 100

loadingP h:N = i:Nmax /inom · 100

loading = imax /inom · 100 Loading in %

The following calculation variables are available for transformers and series compensation:

Losses = Re(S) Losses in kW

loading = imax /inom · 100 Loading in %

The following calculation variable is available for machines (static generator, asynchronous ma-
chine and synchronous machine):

loading = S/Sn · 100 Loading in %, where Sn is the total apparent nominal

power in MVA.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 10

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following monitor variables are calcu-
lated considering all frequencies fk :

Intermediate variables:

i:A(fk ) = |ia (fk )| Current magnitude in p.u.

i:B(fk ) = |ib (fk )|

i:C(fk ) = |ic (fk )|

i:N (fk ) = |in (fk )|

S a (fk ) = U a (fk ) · I a (fk )∗ Complex power in kVA

S b (fk ) = U b (fk ) · I b (fk )∗

S c (fk ) = U c (fk ) · I c (fk )∗

S n (fk ) = U n (fk ) · I n (fk )∗

P :A(fk ) = Re(S a (fk )) Active power in kW

P :B(fk ) = Re(S b (fk ))

P :C(fk ) = Re(S c (fk ))

P :N (fk ) = Re(S n (fk ))

1
i0(fk ) = 3 (ia (fk ) + ib (fk ) + ic (fk )) Zero sequence current in p.u.

1


i1(fk ) = 3 i:A(fk ) + a · i:B(fk ) + a2 · i:C(fk ) Positive sequence current in p.u.,
where a = 6 120◦

1


i2(fk ) = 3 ia (fk ) + a2 · ib (fk ) + a · ic (fk ) Negative sequence current in p.u.

i0(fk ) = |i0(fk )| Zero sequence current magnitude

in p.u.

i1(fk ) = |i1(fk )| Positive sequence current magni-

tude in p.u.

i2(fk ) = |i2(fk )| Negative sequence current magni-

tude in p.u.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 11

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor variables:

qP
irms:A = k≥1 i:A(fk )2 Phase currents in p.u. based on rated current of element
qP
irms:B = k≥1 i:B(fk )2
qP
irms:C = k≥1 i:C(fk )2
qP
irms:N = k≥1 i:N (fk )2

Irms:A = irms:A · Inom Phase currents in A

Irms:B = irms:B · Inom

Irms:C = irms:C · Inom

Irms:N = irms:N · Inom

i:A(fout )
HD:A = i:A(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on fundamental frequency
values

i:B(fout )
HD:B = i:B(f1 ) · 100

i:C(fout )
HD:C = i:C(f1 ) · 100

i:N (fout )
HD:N = i:N (f1 ) · 100

i:A(fout )
HD:A = inom (f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on nominal current

i:B(fout )
HD:B = inom (f1 ) · 100

i:C(fout )
HD:C = inom (f1 ) · 100

i:N (fout )
HD:N = inom (f1 ) · 100

i:A(fout )
HF :A = irms:A(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic factor in %

i:B(fout )
HF :B = irms:B(f1 ) · 100

i:C(fout )
HF :C = irms:C(f1 ) · 100

i:N (fout )
HF :N = irms:N (f1 ) · 100

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 12

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HD:A = i:A(f1 ) · irms:A2 − i:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %;
based on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD:B = i:B(f1 ) · irms:B 2 − i:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = i:C(f1 ) · irms:C 2 − i:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:N = i:N (f1 ) · irms:N 2 − i:N (f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:A = inom · irms:A2 − i:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %;
based on nominal current

1
p
T HD:B = inom · irms:B 2 − i:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = inom · irms:C 2 − i:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:N = inom · irms:N 2 − i:N (f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :A = irms:A · irms:A2 − i:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor, current in %

1
p
T HF :B = irms:B · irms:B 2 − i:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :C = irms:C · irms:C 2 − i:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :N = irms:N · irms:N 2 − i:N (f1 )2 · 100

P
T P :A = k≥1 P :A(fk ) Total active power in MW
P
T P :B = k≥1 P :B(fk )
P
T P :C = k≥1 P :C(fk )
P
T P :N = k≥1 P :N (fk )

√
T S:A = Irms:A2 · U rms:A2 Total apparent
qP power in MVA, where
2
U rms:A = k≥1 |ua (fk )| · Unom

√
T S:B = Irms:B 2 · U rms:B 2
√
T S:C = Irms:C 2 · U rms:C 2
√
T S:N = Irms:N 2 · U rms:N 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 13

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

√
T Q:A = T S:A2 − T P :A2 Total reactive power in Mvar
√
T Q:B = T S:B 2 − T P :B 2
√
T Q:C = T S:C 2 − T P :C 2
√
T Q:N = T S:N 2 − T P :N 2

T P :A
T cosphi:A = T S:A Total power factor

T P :B
T cosphi:B = T S:B

T P :C
T cosphi:C = T S:C

T P :N
T cosphi:N = T S:N

hP i
1
T AD:A = i:A(f1 ) · k≥1 i:A(fk ) − i:A(f1 ) · 100 Arithmetic distortion in %
hP i
1
T AD:B = i:B(f1 ) · k≥1 i:B(f k ) − i:B(f 1 ) · 100
hP i
1
T AD:C = i:C(f1 ) · k≥1 i:C(fk ) − i:C(f1 ) · 100
hP i
1
T AD:N = i:N (f1 ) · k≥1 i:N (f k ) − i:N (f 1 ) · 100

qP
IT :A = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:A(fk )2 · Inom IT-product in kA
qP
IT :B = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:B(fk )2 · Inom
qP
IT :C = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:C(fk )2 · Inom
qP
IT :N = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:N (fk )2 · Inom

qP
I0rms = k≥1 i0(fk )2 · Inom Zero sequence current, RMS value in
kA

I0rms
i0rms = Inom Zero sequence current, RMS value in
p.u.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 14

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HD0 = i0(f1 ) i0rms2 − i0(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, zero se-
quence); based on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD0 = inom i0rms2 − i0(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, zero se-
quence); based on nominal current

1
p
T HF 0 = i0rms i0rms2 − i0(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in % (current, zero sequence)

qP
I1rms = k≥1 i1(fk )2 · Inom Positive sequence current, RMS value in kA

I1rms
i1rms = Inom Positive sequence current, RMS value in p.u.

1
p
T HD1 = i1(f1 ) i1rms2 − i1(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, positive se-
quence); based on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD1 = inom i1rms2 − i1(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, positive se-
quence); based on nominal current

1
p
T HF 1 = i1rms i1rms2 − i1(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in % (current, positive se-
quence)

qP
I2rms = k≥1 i2(fk )2 · Inom Negative sequence current, RMS value in kA

I2rms
i2rms = Inom Negative sequence current, RMS value in p.u.

1
p
T HD2 = i2(f1 ) i2rms2 − i2(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, nega-
tive sequence); based on fundamental frequency
values

1
p
T HD2 = inom i2rms2 − i2(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, negative
sequence); based on nominal current

1
p
T HF 2 = i2rms i2rms2 − i2(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in % (current, negative se-
quence)

i0(fout )
HD0 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based
i0(f1 )2 +i1(f1 )2 +i2(f1 )2
on fundamental frequency values

i1(fout )
HD1 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %
i0(f1 )2 +i1(f1 )2 +i2(f1 )2

i2(fout )
HD2 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %
i0(f1 )2 +i1(f1 )2 +i2(f1 )2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 15

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

i0(fout )
HD0 = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based on nominal
current

i1(fout )
HD1 = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %

i2(fout )
HD2 = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %

i0(fout )
HF 0 = i0rms · 100 Harmonic factor, zero sequence in %

i1(fout )
HF 1 = i1rms · 100 Harmonic factor, positive sequence in %

i2(fout )
HF 2 = i2rms · 100 Harmonic factor, negative sequence in %

P
T P sum = x=[A,B,C,N ] T P :x Total active power in MW
P
T Qsum = x=[A,B,C,N ] T Q:x Total reactive power in Mvar
p
T Ssum = T P sum2 + T Qsum2 Total apparent power in MVA

T P sum
T cosphisum = T Ssum Total power factor
√
T HDbal = T HD12 + T HD22 Total harmonic distortion in %, excluding zero
sequence
√
T HDtot = T HD12 + T HD22 + T HD02 Total harmonic distortion in %, including zero
sequence

T ADmx = max (T AD:x) Arithmetic distortion in %

x=[A,B,C,N ]

T ADint = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
T ADint:x
 = 
1  P
· i:x(fk ) − i:x(f1 ) · 100

i:x(f1 )
k≥1
integer

T ADnint = max (T ADnint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
T ADnint:x
 = 
1
P
· i:x(fk ) − i:x(f1 ) · 100
 
i:x(f1 )
k≥1
non−integer

T AD 3 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C,N ]
multiples of three

T AD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C,N ]
multiples of two

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 16

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

T HDint = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
1
p
T HDint:x = i:x(f 1 ) · irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDint:x = inom · irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100
s P
(Nominal current) and irms:x = i:x(fk )2
k≥1
integer

T HDnint = max (T HDnint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]

1
p
T HDnint:x = i:x(f1 ) · irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDnint:x = inom · irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100
(Nominal current)
s P
and irms:x = i:x(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

T HD 3 = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C,N ]
multiples of three

T HD 2 = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C,N ]
multiples of two

IT mx = max(IT :x) IT-Product in kA

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines, transformers
and series compensation:
PH P
LossesT ot = h≥1 x=[A,B,C,N ] Losses:x Total losses, including the fundamental in kW,
where h is the harmonic order
PH P
LossesHrm = h>1 x=[A,B,C,N ] Losses:x Harmonic losses in kW

loadingT ot = irmsmax /inom · 100 Total loading in %

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 17

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

2.2.0.4 Bus Monitor Variables

Table2.4 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

Table 2.4: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Hz Frequency of harmonic order k

fout Hz Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Com-

mand (parameter name: ifshow)

ua (fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic voltage, phase A. Similar nomenclature is used

for the other phases.

ula (fk ) p.u. Complex line-line voltage, phase A, where ula (fk ) = ua (fk )−ub (fk ).

ul:A(fk ) p.u. Line-line voltage magnitude, phase A, where

ul:A(fk ) = |ua (fk ) − ub (fk )|. Similar follows for the other phases.

ulna (fk ) p.u. Complex line-neutral voltage, phase A, where

ulna (fk ) = ua (fk ) − un (fk ). Similar follows for the other phases.

uln:A(fk ) p.u. Line-line voltage magnitude, phase A, where

uln:A(fk ) = |ua (fk ) − un (fk )|. Similar follows for the other phases.

u:A(fk ) p.u. Voltage magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k

Unom kV Nominal voltage of the busbar in kV

φinitiala deg Initial voltage angle, phase A. Similar nomenclature is used for other
phases.

Zla Ω Line impedance, phase A. Similar follows for the other phases.

Zlna Ω Line-neutral impedance, phase A. Similar follows for the other

phases.

Za Ω Short-circuit impedance, phase A. Similar nomenclature is used for

other phases.

Z nc,a Ω Short-circuit impedance without capacitive effects, phase A. Similar

nomenclature is used for other phases (only available for the Fre-
quency Sweep calculation).

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

Intermediate variables:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 18

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1
u0 = 3 (ua + ub + uc ) Zero sequence voltage in p.u.

1


u1 = 3 ua + a · ub + a2 · uc Positive sequence voltage in p.u.

1


u2 = 3 ua + a2 · ub + a · uc Negative sequence voltage in p.u.

Monitor variables:

u:A = |ua | Line-ground voltage, magnitude in p.u.

u:B = |ub |

u:C = |uc |

upc:A = u:A · 100 Line-ground voltage, magnitude in %

upc:B = u:B · 100

upc:C = u:C · 100

√
U :A = u:A · Unom / 3 Line-ground voltage magnitude in kV
√
U :B = u:B · Unom / 3
√
U :C = u:C · Unom / 3

phiu:A = φua Voltage angle in deg

phiu:B = φub

phiu:C = φuc

phiurel:A = φua − φinitiala Voltage, relative angle in deg

phiurel:B = φub − φinitialb

phiurel:C = φuc − φinitialc

ul:A = |ula | Line-line voltage magnitude in p.u.

ul:B = |ulb |

ul:C = |ulc |

ulpc:A = ul:A · 100 Line-line voltage magnitude in %

ulpc:B = ul:B · 100

ulpc:C = ul:C · 100

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 19

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

U l:A = ul:A · Unom Line-line voltage magnitude in kV

U l:B = ul:B · Unom

U l:C = ul:C · Unom

phiul:A = φula Line-line voltage angle in deg

phiul:B = φulb

phiul:C = φulc

uln:A = |ulna | Line-neutral voltage magnitude in p.u.

uln:B = |ulnb |

uln:C = |ulnc |

√
U ln:A = uln:A · Unom / 3 Line-neutral voltage magnitude in kV
√
U ln:B = uln:B · Unom / 3
√
U ln:C = uln:C · Unom / 3

phiuln:A = φulna Line-neutral voltage angle in deg

phiuln:B = φulnb

phiuln:C = φulnc

R:A = <(Z a ) Line-ground resistance in Ω

R:B = <(Z b )

R:C = <(Z c )

X:A = =(Z a ) Line-ground network reactance in Ω

X:B = =(Z b )

X:C = =(Z c )

Z:A = |Z a | Line-ground network impedance in Ω

Z:B = |Z b |

Z:C = |Z c |

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 20

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

phiz:A = φZ a Line-ground angle of network impedance in deg

phiz:B = φZ b

phiz:C = φZ c

Rl:A = <(Zla ) Line-line resistance in Ω

Rl:B = <(Zlb )

Rl:C = <(Zlc )

Xl:A = =(Zla ) Line-line network reactance in Ω

Xl:B = =(Zlb )

Xl:C = =(Zlc )

Zl:A = |Zla | Line-line network impedance in Ω

Zl:B = |Zlb |

Zl:C = |Zlc |

phizl:A = φZla Line-line angle of network impedance in deg

phizl:B = φZlb

phizl:C = φZlc

Rln:A = <(Zlna ) Line-neutral resistance in Ω

Rln:B = <(Zlnb )

Rln:C = <(Zlnc )

Xln:A = =(Zlna ) Line-neutral network reactance in Ω

Xln:B = =(Zlnb )

Xln:C = =(Zlnc )

Zln:A = |Zlna | Line-neutral network impedance in Ω

Zln:B = |Zlnb |

Zln:C = |Zlnc |

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 21

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

phizln:A = φZlna Line-neutral angle of network impedance in deg

phizln:B = φZlnb

phizln:C = φZlnc

u0 = |u0| Line-ground zero sequence voltage magnitude in p.u.

√
U 0 = u0 · Unom / 3 Zero sequence voltage magnitude in kV

U 0x3 = 3 · U 0 in kV

phiu0 = φu0 Zero sequence voltage angle in deg

u1 = |u1| Line-ground positive sequence voltage magnitude in p.u.

u1pc = u1 · 100 Line-ground positive sequence voltage magnitude in %

u1r = <(u1) Positive sequence voltage magnitude, real part in p.u.

u1i = =(u1) Positive sequence voltage magnitude, imaginary part in p.u.

√
U 1 = u1 · Unom / 3 Line-ground positive sequence voltage magnitude in kV

phiu1 = φu1 Line-ground positive sequence voltage angle in deg

u2 = |u2| Line-ground negative sequence voltage magnitude in p.u.

√
U 2 = u2 · Unom / 3 Line-ground negative sequence voltage magnitude in kV

phiu2 = φu2 Line-ground negative sequence voltage magnitude in deg

U 1l = u1 · Unom Line-line positive sequence voltage magnitude in kV

U 2l = u2 · Unom Line-line negative sequence voltage magnitude in kV

un = |un | Neutral-ground voltage magnitude in p.u.

√
U n = un · Unom / 3 Neutral-ground voltage magnitude in kV

R0 = <(Z0) Zero sequence resistance in Ω

X0 = =(Z0) Zero sequence network reactance in Ω

Z0 = |Z0| Zero sequence network impedance in Ω

phiz0 = φZ0 Zero sequence network impedance angle in deg

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 22

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

R1 = <(Z1) Positive sequence resistance in Ω

X1 = =(Z1) Positive sequence network reactance in Ω

Z1 = |Z1| Positive sequence network impedance in Ω

phiz1 = φZ1 Positive sequence network impedance angle in

deg

R2 = <(Z2) Negative sequence resistance in Ω

X2 = =(Z2) Negative sequence network reactance in Ω

Z2 = |Z2| Negative sequence network impedance in Ω

phiz2 = φZ2 Negative sequence network impedance angle in

deg

Rn = <(Z n ) Resistance, neutral in Ω

Xn = =(Z n ) Network reactance, neutral in Ω

Zn = |Z n | Network impedance, neutral in Ω

phizn = φZ n Angle of network impedance, neutral in Ω

u2
ubf ac = u1 Unbalance factor

and the following quantities for the short-circuit impedance without capacitive effects (Znc,a/b/c ).
The quantities are only available for the Frequency Sweep calculation when one of the following
calculation variables is selected for recording, otherwise the value is set to zero.

Rnc:A = <(Z nc,a ) Line-ground resistance (without C) in Ω

Rnc:B = <(Z nc,b )

Rnc:C = <(Z nc,c )

Xnc:A = =(Z nc,a ) Line-ground network reactance (without C) in Ω

Xnc:B = =(Z nc,b )

Xnc:C = =(Z nc,c )

Znc:A = Z nc,a Line-ground network (without C) impedance in Ω

Znc:B = Z nc,b

Znc:C = Z nc,c

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 23

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

phiznc:A = φZ nc,a Line-ground angle of network impedance (with-

out C) in deg

phiznc:B = φZ nc,b

phiznc:C = φZ nc,c

R0nc = <(Z0nc ) Zero sequence resistance (without C) in Ω

X0nc = =(Z0nc ) Zero sequence network reactance (without C) in

Ω

Z0nc = |Z0nc | Zero sequence network impedance (without C)

in Ω

phiz0nc = φZ0nc Zero sequence network impedance angle (with-

out C) in deg

R1nc = <(Z1nc ) Positive sequence resistance (without C) in Ω

X1nc = =(Z1nc ) Positive sequence network reactance (without C)

in Ω

Z1nc = |Z1nc | Positive sequence network impedance (without

C) in Ω

phiz1nc = φZ1nc Positive sequence network impedance angle

(without C) in deg

R2nc = <(Z2nc ) Negative sequence resistance (without C) in Ω

X2nc = =(Z2nc ) Negative sequence network reactance (without

C) in Ω

Z2nc = |Z2nc | Negative sequence network impedance (without

C) in Ω

phiz2nc = φZ2nc Negative sequence network impedance angle

(without C) in deg

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following monitor variables are calcu-
lated considering all frequencies, fk :

Intermediate variables:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 24

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1
u0(fk ) = 3 [ua (fk ) + ub (fk ) + uc (fk )] Zero sequence voltage in p.u.

1
 
u1(fk ) = 3 ua (fk ) + a · ub (fk ) + a2 · uc (fk ) Positive sequence voltage in p.u.

1
 
u2(fk ) = 3 ua (fk ) + a2 · ub (fk ) + a · uc (fk ) Negative sequence voltage in p.u.

u0(fk ) = |u0(fk )| Zero sequence voltage magnitude

in p.u.

u1(fk ) = |u1(fk )| Positive sequence voltage magni-

tude in p.u.

u2(fk ) = |u2(fk )| Negative sequence voltage magni-

tude in p.u.

u:A(fk ) = |ua (fk )| Line-ground voltage, magnitude in p.u.

u:B(fk ) = |ub (fk )|

u:C(fk ) = |uc (fk )|

ul:A(fk ) = |ula (fk )| Line-line voltage magnitude in p.u.

ul:C(fk ) = |ulc (fk )|

ul:B(fk ) = |ulb (fk )|

Monitor variables:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 25

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

qP
urms:A = k≥1 u:A(fk )2 RMS value of line-neutral voltage in p.u.
qP
urms:B = k≥1 u:B(fk )2
qP
urms:C = k≥1 u:C(fk )2

√
U rms:A = urms:A · Unom / 3 RMS value of line-neutral voltage in kV
√
U rms:B = urms:B · Unom / 3
√
U rms:C = urms:C · Unom / 3

qP
u0rms = k≥1 u0(fk )2 RMS value of zero sequence voltage in p.u.
√
U 0rms = u0rms · Unom / 3 RMS value of zero sequence voltage in kV
qP
u1rms = k≥1 u1(fk )2 RMS value of positive sequence voltage in p.u.
√
U 1rms = u1rms · Unom / 3 RMS value of positive sequence voltage in kV

U 1lrms = u1rms · Unom RMS value of positive sequence line-line voltage in kV

qP
u2rms = k≥1 u2(fk )2 RMS value of negative sequence voltage in p.u.
√
U 2rms = u2rms · Unom / 3 RMS value of negative sequence voltage in kV

U 2lrms = u2rms · Unom RMS value of negative sequence line-line voltage in kV

u:A(fout )
HD:A = u:A(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on fundamental frequency
values

u:B(fout )
HD:B = u:B(f1 ) · 100

u:C(fout )
HD:C = u:C(f1 ) · 100

u:A(fout )
HD:A = unom :A · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on nominal voltage, where
unom = 1 p.u.

u:B(fout )
HD:B = unom :B · 100

u:C(fout )
HD:C = unom :C · 100

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 26

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

u:A(fout )
HF :A = urms:A · 100 Harmonic factor in %

u:B(fout )
HF :B = urms:B · 100

u:C(fout )
HF :C = urms:C · 100

u0(fout )
HD0 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence
u0(f1 )2 +u1(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2
in %; based on fundamental fre-
quency values

u1(fout )
HD1 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive se-
u0(f1 )2 +u1(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2
quence in %

u2(fout )
HD2 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative se-
u0(f1 )2 +u1(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2
quence in %

u0(fout )
HF 0 = u0rms · 100 Harmonic factor, zero sequence in %

u1(fout )
HF 1 = u1rms · 100 Harmonic factor, positive sequence in %

u2(fout )
HF 2 = u2rms · 100 Harmonic factor, negative sequence in %

u0(fout )
HD0 = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based on nominal
voltage, where unom = 1 p.u.

u1(fout )
HD1 = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %

u2(fout )
HD2 = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %

1
p
T HD:A = u:A(f1 ) urms:A2 − u:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %;
based on fundamental frequency
values

1
p
T HD:B = u:B(f1 ) urms:B 2 − u:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = u:C(f1 ) urms:C 2 − u:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:A = unom :A urms:A2 − u:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %;
based on nominal voltage, where
unom = 1 p.u.

1
p
T HD:B = unom :B urms:B 2 − u:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = unom :C urms:C 2 − u:C(f1 )2 · 100

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 27

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HF :A = urms:A urms:A2 − u:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in %

1
p
T HF :B = urms:B urms:B 2 − u:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :C = urms:C urms:C 2 − u:C(f1 )2 · 100

qP
ulrms:A = k≥1 ul:A(fk )2 RMS value of line-line voltage in
p.u.
qP
ulrms:B = k≥1 ul:B(fk )2
qP
ulrms:C = k≥1 ul:C(fk )2

U lrms:A = ulrms:A · Unom RMS value of line-line voltage in kV

U lrms:B = ulrms:B · Unom

U lrms:C = ulrms:C · Unom

hP i
1
T AD:A = u:A(f1 ) · k≥1 u:A(f k ) − u:A(f 1 ) · 100 Arithmetic distortion in %
hP i
1
T AD:B = u:B(f1 ) · k≥1 u:B(fk ) − u:B(f1 ) · 100
hP i
1
T AD:C = u:C(f1 ) · k≥1 u:C(fk ) − u:C(f 1 ) · 100
P
uasum:A = k≥1 u:A(fk ) Arithmetic voltage sum in p.u.
P
uasum:B = k≥1 u:B(fk )
P
uasum:C = k≥1 u:C(fk )

qP
1
T IF :A = urms:A k≥1 tif (fk )2 · u:A(fk )2 Telephone interference factor
qP
1
T IF :B = urms:B k≥1 tif (fk )2 · u:B(fk )2
qP
1
T IF :C = urms:C k≥1 tif (fk )2 · u:C(fk )2

urmsint = max (urmsint : x) RMS value of integer harmonics in p.u., where

x=[A,B,C]
s P
urmsint : x = u : x(fk )2
k≥1
integer

urmsnint = max (urmsnint : x) RMS value of non-integer harmonics in p.u., where

x=[A,B,C]
s P
urmsnint : x = u : x(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 28

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HD0 = u1(f1 )2 +u0(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2 u0rms2 − u0(f1 )2 Total harmonic distortion in %
(voltage, zero sequence)

1
p
T HD1 = u1(f1 )2 +u0(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2 u1rms2 − u1(f1 )2 Total harmonic distortion in %
(voltage, positive sequence)

1
p
T HD2 = u1(f1 )2 +u0(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2 u2rms2 − u2(f1 )2 Total harmonic distortion in %
(voltage, negative sequence)
√
T HDbal = T HD12 + T HD22 Total harmonic distortion in %, excluding zero se-
quence
√
T HDtot = T HD12 + T HD22 + T HD02 Total harmonic distortion in %, including zero se-
quence

T ADmx = max (T AD:x) Arithmetic distortion in %

x=[A,B,C]

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 29

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
2 Calculation Considering Only Non-IEC Harmonic Sources

T ADint = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]  
1  P
T ADint:x = · u:x(fk ) − u:x(f1 ) · 100

u:x(f1 )
k≥1
integer

T ADnint = max (T ADnint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]  
1
P
T ADnint:x = · u:x(fk ) − u:x(f1 ) · 100
 
u:x(f1 )
k>1
non−integer

T AD 3 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders: multiples of three

x=[A,B,C]

T AD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders: multiples of two

x=[A,B,C]

T HDint = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]
1
p
T HDint:x = u:x(f 1 ) · urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDint:x = unom :x · urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Nominal voltage) and

s P
urms:x = u:x(fk )2
k≥1
integer

T HDnint = max (T HDnint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]
1
p
T HDnint:x = u:x(f 1 ) · urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDnint:x = urms:x · urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Nominal voltage) and

s P
urms:x = u:x(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

T HD 3 = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders: multiples of

x=[A,B,C]
three

T HD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders: multiples of

x=[A,B,C]
two

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

T IF mx = max (T IF :x) Total interference factor, for harmonic orders

x=[A,B,C]

uasummx = max (uasum:x) Arithmetic voltage sum in p.u.

x=[A,B,C]

uasumint = max (uasumint:x) Arithmetic sum of integer harmonics in p.u., where

x=[A,B,C]
P
uasumint:x = u:x(fk )
k≥2
integer

uasumnint = max (uasumnint:x) Arithmetic sum of integer harmonics in p.u., where

x=[A,B,C]
P
uasumnint:x = u:x(fk )
k>2
non−integer

3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

3.1 Balanced Calculation

3.1.0.5 Branch Monitor Variables

Table 3.1 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

Table 3.1: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Frequency of harmonic order k

fout Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Command

(parameter name: ifshow)

i(fk ) Complex harmonic current at frequency of harmonic order k (all p.u.

values are based on Inom )

u(fk ) Complex harmonic voltage at frequency of harmonic order k (all p.u.

values are based on Unom )

I(fk ) Complex harmonic current in A, at frequency of harmonic order k

U (fk ) Complex harmonic voltage in kV, at frequency of harmonic order k

Inom , Nominal current of element in A, in p.u.

inom

Unom , Rated voltage of element in kV, in p.u.

unom

tif (fk ) Telephone influence factor at frequency of harmonic order k

PowerFactory calculates monitor variables for the Harmonic Analysis command (balanced cal-
culation) in the following manner provided that at least one harmonic source in the network is

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 31

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

defined as ‘IEC’ (TypHmccur parameter name: i usym).

Per IEC source (subscript m ≥ 1) and per frequency (fk ), the quantities shown in Table 3.2 are
available for the calculation of branch monitor variables:

Table 3.2: Nomenclature

Complex voltage Complex current

um (fk ) im (fk )

For non-IEC sources (subscript m = 0), the quantities shown in Table 3.3 are available as a
lumped representation of all non-IEC sources, for the calculation of branch monitor variables:

Table 3.3: Nomenclature

Complex voltage Complex current

u0 (fk ) i0 (fk )

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

Intermediate variables:

qP
α N α
u= m=0 |um | Voltage magnitude in kV according to IEC-61000-3-6

Monitor variables:

qP
α N α
i= m=0 |im | Current magnitude in p.u., according to IEC-61000-3-6

I = i · Inom Current magnitude in A

I1 = I Positive sequence current magnitude in A

I1 = 0 Positive sequence current magnitude in A, for harmonic

orders 5, 11, 17, 23,. . . ,

I2 = I Negative sequence current magnitude in A, for har-

monic orders 5, 11, 17, 23,. . . ,

I2 = 0 Negative sequence current magnitude in A

phiui (N/A) Angle between voltage and current in deg

phii (N/A) Current angle, absolute in deg

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 32

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

PN
P = ku · ki · m=0 Re(um · i∗m ) Activepower in kW, where
qP 2
α
α N
m=0 |um |
ku = u2tot q 2
α
PN
α PN
m=0 |im |
utot (fk ) = m=0 |um | ki = i2tot

PN
itot (fk ) = m=0 |im |

S =u·i Apparent power in kVA

√
Q= S2 − P 2 Reactive power in kvar

P
cosphi = S Power factor

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines, transform-
ers, series compensation:

Losses = Re(S) Losses in kW

loading = imax /inom · 100 Loading in %

The following calculation variable is available for machines (static generator, asynchronous ma-
chine and synchronous machine):

loading = S/Sn · 100 Loading in %, where Sn is the total apparent nominal

power in MVA.

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following variables are calculated con-
sidering all frequencies, fk :

Intermediate variables:

qP
α N α
i(fk )= m=0 |im (fk )| Current magnitude in p.u., according to
IEC-61000-3-6
qP
α N α
u(fk )= m=0 |um (fk )| Voltage magnitude in p.u., according to
IEC-61000-3-6
PN
P (fk ) = ku(fk ) · ki(fk ) · m=0 Re(um (fk ) · im (fk )∗ ) Active power in kW, where
q 2
α
α PN
m=0 |um (fk )|
ku(fk ) = utot (fk )2

PN
utot (fk ) = m=0 |um (fk )|
q 2
α
α PN
m=0 |im (fk )|
ki(fk ) = itot (fk )2

PN
itot (fk ) = m=0 |im (fk )|

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 33

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor variables:

i(fout )
HD = i(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion, current in %; based on fundamental fre-
quency values

i(fout )
HD = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, current in %; based on nominal current

i(fout )
HF = irms · 100 Harmonic factor, current in %
qP
Irms = k≥1 i(fk )2 · Inom Current, RMS in kA

Irms
irms = Inom Current, RMS in p.u.

1
p
T HD = i(f1 ) · irms2 − i(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %; based on fundamental
frequency values

1
p
T HF = irms · irms2 − i(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor, current in %

1
p
T HD = inom · irms2 − i(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %; based on nominal cur-
rent
P
TP = k≥1 P (fk ) Total active power in MW
√
TS = Irms2 · U rms2 · 3 Total apparent
qP power in MVA, where
2
U rms = k≥1 u(fk ) · Unom

√
TQ = T S2 − T P 2 Total reactive power in Mvar

TP
T cosphi = TS Total power factor
qP
IT = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i(fk )2 · Inom IT-product in kA
hP i
1
T AD = i(f1 ) · k≥1 i(fk ) − i(f1 ) ·100 Arithmetic distortion in %

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines, transformers
and series compensation:
PH
LossesT ot = h≥1 Losses Total losses, including the fundamental in kW, where h
is the harmonic order
PH
LossesHrm = h>1 Losses Harmonic losses in kW

loadingT ot = irmsmax /inom · 100 Total loading in %

3.1.0.6 Bus Monitor Variables

Table 3.4 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 34

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Table 3.4: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Hz Frequency of harmonic order k

fout Hz Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow command

(parameter name: ifshow)

u(fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic voltage at frequency of harmonic order k

u(fk ) p.u. Voltage magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k

Unom kV Nominal voltage of the busbar

φinitial deg Initial voltage angle

Z Ω Short-circuit impedance (positive or negative sequence, depending on

the sequence characteristic of the harmonic order). In the balanced
Frequency Sweep, it is the positive sequence impedance.

PowerFactory calculates monitor variables for the Harmonic Analysis command (balanced cal-
culation) in the following manner provided that at least one harmonic source in the network is
defined as ‘IEC’ (TypHmccur parameter name: i usym).

Per IEC source (subscript m ≥ 1) and per frequency (fk ), the relevant quantities shown in
Table 3.5 are available for the calculation of bus monitor variables:

Table 3.5: IEC sources: given quantities

Complex voltage
um (fk )

For non-IEC sources (subscript m = 0), the quantities shown in Table 3.6 are available as a
lumped representation of all non-IEC sources, for the calculation of bus monitor variables:

Table 3.6: Non-IEC sources: given quantities

Complex voltage
u0 (fk )

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

Monitor variables:

R = Re (Z) Resistance in Ω

X = Im (Z) Network reactance in Ω

Z = |Z| Network impedance magnitude in Ω

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 35

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

phiz = φZ Network impedance angle in deg

qP
α N α
u= m=0 |um | Voltage magnitude in p.u., according to IEC-61000-3-6

upc = u · 100 Voltage magnitude in %

u1 = u Voltage magnitude in p.u.

u1 = 0 Voltage magnitude in p.u., for harmonic orders 5, 11, 17,

23,. . . ,

u1pc = u1 · 100 Voltage magnitude in %

√
U = u · Unom / 3 Line-ground voltage magnitude in kV

U l = u · Unom Line-line voltage magnitude in kV

phiu (N/A) Voltage angle in deg

phiurel (N/A) Voltage, relative angle in deg

du = upc − 100 Voltage deviation in %

u2 = u Negative sequence voltage in p.u., for orders 5, 11, 17, 23,. . . ,

u2 = 0 Negative sequence voltage in p.u.

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following variables are calculated con-
sidering all frequencies, fk :

Intermediate variables:

qP
α N α
u(fk )= m=0 |um (fk )| Voltage magnitude in p.u., according to IEC-61000-3-6

Monitor variables:

qP
urms = k≥1 u(fk )2 RMS value of voltage in p.u.

u(fout )
HD = u(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on
fundamental frequency values

u(fout )
HD = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on
nominal voltage, where unom = 1p.u.

u(fout )
HF = urms · 100 Harmonic factor in %

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 36

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HD = u(f1 ) urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %; based
on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD = unom urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %; based
on nominal voltage, where
unom = 1p.u.

1
p
T HF = urms urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in %

1
p
T HF = urms urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in %

U lrms = urms · Unom RMS value of line-line voltage in kV

√
U rms = urms · Unom / 3 RMS value of line-ground voltage in kV
hP i
1
T AD = u(f1 ) · k≥1 u(fk ) − u(f1 ) · 100 Arithmetic distortion in %

1
p
T HF = urms urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in %
Pn
uasum = k=1 u(fk ) Arithmetic voltage sum in p.u.

1
pPn
T IF = urms k=1 tif (fk )2 · u(fk )2 Telephone interference factor
sP
urmsint = 2 RMS value of integer harmonics in p.u.
k ≥ 2 u(fk )
integer
P
uasumint = k ≥ 2 u(fk ) Arithmetic sum of integer harmonics in
integer p.u.

1
p
T HDint = u(f1 ) urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %, integer
orders, (Fundamental frequency val-
ues)

1
p
T HDint = unom urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %, inte-
ger orders (nominal voltage), where
unom = 1p.u.
s P and
urms = u(fk )2
k≥1
integer

1
p
T HDnint = u(f1 ) urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %, non-
integer orders, (Fundamental fre-
quency values)

1
p
T HDnint = unom urms2 − u(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %, non-
integer orders (nominal voltage),
where unom
s =P 1p.u. and
urms = u(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 37

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

 
1  P
T ADint = · u(fk ) − u(f1 ) · 100 Arithmetic distortion in %, integer or-

u(f1 )
k≥1 ders
integer

 
1
P
T ADnint = · u(fk ) − u(f1 ) · 100 Arithmetic distortion in %, non-integer
 
u(f1 )
k≥1 orders
non−integer

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 38

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

3.2 Unbalanced Calculation

3.2.0.7 Branch Monitor Variables

Table 3.7 provides the basic nomenclature used throughout this section.

Table 3.7: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Frequency at harmonic order k

fout Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Command

(parameter name: ifshow)

ia (fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic current for phase A, at frequency of harmonic order
k (all p.u. values are based on Inom ). Similar nomenclature follows for
other phases.

ua (fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic voltage for phase B, at frequency of harmonic order
k (all p.u. values are based on Unom ). Similar nomenclature follows for
other phases.

I a (fk ) A Complex harmonic current for phase A, at frequency of harmonic order

k. Similar nomenclature follows for other phases.

U a (fk ) kV Complex harmonic voltage for phase A, at frequency of harmonic order

k. Similar nomenclature follows for other phases.

i0 (fk ) p.u. Complex zero sequence current, at frequency of harmonic order k.

u0 (fk ) p.u. Complex zero sequence voltage, at frequency of harmonic order k.

i:A(fk ) p.u. Current magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k. Similar nomen-

clature follows for other phases.

i0(fk ) p.u. Zero sequence current magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k.

Similar nomenclature follows for positive and negative sequence cur-
rents.

Inom , A, p.u. Nominal current of element

inom

Unom , kV, Rated voltage of element

unom p.u.

tif (fk ) - Telephone influence factor (according to IEEE) at frequency of harmonic

order k.

PowerFactory calculates monitor variables for the Harmonic Analysis command (unbalanced
calculation) in the following manner provided that at least one harmonic source in the network
is defined as ‘IEC’ (TypHmccur parameter name: i usym).

Per IEC source (subscript m ≥ 1) and per frequency (fk ), the quantities shown in Table 3.8 are

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 39

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

available for the calculation of branch monitor variables:

Table 3.8: IEC sources: given quantities

Complex phase voltages Complex phase currents

ua,m (fk ) ia,m (fk )
ub,m (fk ) ib,m (fk )
uc,m (fk ) ic,m (fk )
un,m (fk ) in,m (fk )

For non-IEC sources (subscript m = 0), the quantities shown in Table 3.9 are available as a
lumped representation of all non-IEC sources, for the calculation of branch monitor variables:

Table 3.9: Non-IEC sources: given quantities

Complex phase voltage Complex phase current

ua,0 (fk ) ia,0 (fk )
ub,0 (fk ) ib,0 (fk )
uc,0 (fk ) ic,0 (fk )
un,0 (fk ) in,0 (fk )

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

Intermediate variables:

qP
α N α
u:A = m=0 ua,m Phase voltage magnitudes in p.u. according to IEC-61000-3-6
qP
α N α
u:B = m=0 ub,m
qP
α N α
u:C = m=0 uc,m
qP
α N α
u:N = m=0 un,m

Monitor variables:

qP
α N α
i:A= m=0 ia,m Phase current magnitudes in p.u. according to IEC-61000-
3-6
qP
α N α
i:B= m=0 ib,m
qP
α N α
i:C= m=0 ic,m
qP
α N α
i:N= m=0 in,m

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 40

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

I:A = |i:A| · Inom Phase currents in A

I:B = |i:B| · Inom

I:C = |i:C| · Inom

I:N = |i:N | · Inom

phiui:A (N/A) Angle between voltage and current in deg

phiui:B (N/A)

phiui:C (N/A)

phiui:N (N/A)

phii:A (N/A) Current angle, absolute in deg

phii:B (N/A)

phii:C (N/A)

phii:N (N/A)

PN
P :A = m=0 Re(ua,m · i∗a,m ) Active power in kW
PN
P :B = m=0 Re(ub,m · i∗b,m )
PN
P :C = m=0 Re(uc,m · i∗c,m )
PN
P :N = m=0 Re(un,m · i∗n,m )

S:A = u:A · i:A Apparent power in kVA

S:B = u:B · i:B

S:C = u:C · i:C

S:N = u:N · i:N

√
Q:A = S:A2 − P :A2 Reactive power in kvar
√
Q:B = S:B 2 − P :B 2
√
Q:C = S:C 2 − P :C 2
√
Q:N = S:N 2 − P :N 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 41

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

cosphi:A (N/A) Power factor

cosphi:B (N/A)

cosphi:C (N/A)

cosphi:N (N/A)

qP
α N α
i0 = m=0 i0,m Zero sequence current in p.u., where
i0,m = 13 (ia,m + ib,m + ic,m )

I0 = i0 · Inom Zero sequence current in A

phiu0i0 (N/A) Angle between voltage and current in zero se-

quence system in deg
qP
α N α
i1 = m=0 i1,m Positive sequence current in p.u., where
i1,m = 13 (ia,m + a · ib,m + a2 · ic,m ) and a = 6 120◦

I1 = i1 · Inom Positive sequence current in A

phiu1i1 (N/A) Angle between voltage and current in positive

sequence system in deg
qP
α N α
i2 = m=0 i2,m Negative sequence current in p.u. where
i2,m = 13 (ia,m + a2 · ib,m + a · ic,m ) and a = 6 120◦

I2 = i2 · Inom Negative sequence current in A

phiu2i2 (N/A) Angle between voltage and current in negative

sequence system in deg

P sum = P :A + P :B + P :C + P :N Active power in kW

Qsum = Q:A + Q:B + Q:C + Q:N Reactive power in kvar

P p
Ssum = x=[A,B,C,N ] P :x2 + Q:x2 Apparent power in kVA

P sum
cosphisum = Ssum Power factor

i2
ubf ac = i1 Unbalance factor

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 42

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines:

LossesP h:A = Re(S a ) Losses in kW

LossesP h:B = Re(S b )

LossesP h:C = Re(S c )

LossesP h:N = Re(S n )

P
Losses = x=[A,B,C,N ] LossesP h:x Losses in kW

loadingP h:A = i:Amax /inom · 100 Loading in %

loadingP h:B = i:Bmax /inom · 100

loadingP h:C = i:Cmax /inom · 100

loadingP h:N = i:Nmax /inom · 100

loading = imax /inom · 100 Loading in %

The following calculation variables are available for transformers and series compensation:

Losses = Re(S) Losses in kW

loading = imax /inom · 100 Loading in %

The following calculation variable is available for machines (static generator, asynchronous ma-
chine and synchronous machine):

loading = S/Sn · 100 Loading in %, where Sn is the total apparent nominal

power in MVA.

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following monitor variables are calcu-
lated considering all frequencies fk :

Intermediate variables:

qP
α N α
i:A(fk ) = m=0 ia,m (fk ) Phase current magnitudes in p.u. according to IEC-
61000-3-6
q P
N α
i:B(fk ) = [α] m=0 ib,m (fk )
q PN α
i:C(fk ) = [α] m=0 ic,m (fk )
q P
N α
i:N (fk )= [α] m=0 in,m (fk )

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 43

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

q PN α
u:A(fk ) = [α] m=0 ua,m (fk ) Phase voltage magnitudes in p.u. according to IEC-
61000-3-6
q P
N α
u:B(fk ) = [α] m=0 ub,m (fk )
q PN α
u:C(fk ) = [α] m=0 uc,m (fk )
q P
N α
u:N (fk ) = [α] m=0 un,m (fk )
q PN α
i0(fk ) = [α] m=0 i0,m (fk ) Zero sequence current in p.u. where
i0,m (fk ) = 31 (ia,m (fk ) + ib,m (fk ) + ic,m (fk ))
and a = 6 120◦
q PN α
i1(fk ) = [α] m=0 i1,m (fk ) Positive sequence current in p.u. where
i1,m (fk ) = 31 (ia,m (fk ) + a · ib,m (fk ) + a2 · ic,m (fk ))
and a = 6 120◦
q PN α
i2(fk ) = [α] m=0 i2,m (fk ) Negative sequence current in p.u. where
i2,m (fk ) = 31 (ia,m (fk ) + a2 · ib,m (fk ) + a · ic,m (fk ))
and a = 6 120◦

PN
P :A(fk ) = m=0 Re(ua,m (fk ) · ia,m (fk )∗ ) Active power in kW
PN
P :B(fk ) = m=0 Re(ub,m (fk ) · ib,m (fk )∗ )
PN
P :C(fk ) = m=0 Re(uc,m (fk ) · ic,m (fk )∗ )
PN
P :N (fk ) = m=0 Re(un,m (fk ) · in,m (fk )∗ )

Monitor variables:

qP
irms:A = k≥1 i:A(fk )2 Phase currents in p.u. based on rated current of
element
qP
irms:B = k≥1 i:B(fk )2
qP
irms:C = k≥1 i:C(fk )2
qP
irms:N = k≥1 i:N (fk )2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 44

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Irms:A = irms:A · Inom Phase currents in A

Irms:B = irms:B · Inom

Irms:C = irms:C · Inom

Irms:N = irms:N · Inom

i:A(fout )
HD:A = i:A(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on
fundamental frequency values

i:B(fout )
HD:B = i:B(f1 ) · 100

i:C(fout )
HD:C = i:C(f1 ) · 100

i:N (fout )
HD:N = i:N (f1 ) · 100

i:A(fout )
HD:A = inom (f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on
nominal current

i:B(fout )
HD:B = inom (f1 ) · 100

i:C(fout )
HD:C = inom (f1 ) · 100

i:N (fout )
HD:N = inom (f1 ) · 100

i:A(fout )
HF :A = irms:A(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic factor in %

i:B(fout )
HF :B = irms:B(f1 ) · 100

i:C(fout )
HF :C = irms:C(f1 ) · 100

i:N (fout )
HF :N = irms:N (f1 ) · 100

1
p
T HD:A = i:A(f1 ) · irms:A2 − i:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %;
based on fundamental frequency val-
ues

1
p
T HD:B = i:B(f1 ) · irms:B 2 − i:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = i:C(f1 ) · irms:C 2 − i:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:N = i:N (f1 ) · irms:N 2 − i:N (f1 )2 · 100

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 45

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HD:A = inom · irms:A2 − i:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion, current in %;
based on nominal current

1
p
T HD:B = inom · irms:B 2 − i:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = inom · irms:C 2 − i:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:N = inom · irms:N 2 − i:N (f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :A = irms:A · irms:A2 − i:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor, current in %

1
p
T HF :B = irms:B · irms:B 2 − i:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :C = irms:C · irms:C 2 − i:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :N = irms:N · irms:N 2 − i:N (f1 )2 · 100

P
T P :A = k≥1 P :A(fk ) Total active power in MW
P
T P :B = k≥1 P :B(fk )
P
T P :C = k≥1 P :C(fk )
P
T P :N = k≥1 P :N (fk )

√
T S:A = Irms:A2 · U rms:A2 Total apparent
qPpower in MVA, where
2
U rms:A = k≥1 u:A(fk ) · Unom

√
T S:B = Irms:B 2 · U rms:B 2
√
T S:C = Irms:C 2 · U rms:C 2
√
T S:N = Irms:N 2 · U rms:N 2

√
T Q:A = T S:A2 − T P :A2 Total reactive power in Mvar
√
T Q:B = T S:B 2 − T P :B 2
√
T Q:C = T S:C 2 − T P :C 2
√
T Q:N = T S:N 2 − T P :N 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 46

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

T P :A
T cosphi:A = T S:A Total power factor

T P :B
T cosphi:B = T S:B

T P :C
T cosphi:C = T S:C

T P :N
T cosphi:N = T S:N

hP i
1
T AD:A = i:A(f1 ) · k≥1 i:A(fk ) − i:A(f1 ) · 100 Arithmetic distortion in %
hP i
1
T AD:B = i:B(f1 ) · k≥1 i:B(fk ) − i:B(f1 ) · 100
hP i
1
T AD:C = i:C(f1 ) · k≥1 i:C(f k ) − i:C(f 1 ) · 100
hP i
1
T AD:N = i:N (f1 ) · k≥1 i:N (f k ) − i:N (f 1 ) · 100

qP
IT :A = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:A(fk )2 · Inom IT-product in kA
qP
IT :B = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:B(fk )2 · Inom
qP
IT :C = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:C(fk )2 · Inom
qP
IT :N = k≥1 tif (fk )2 · i:N (fk )2 · Inom
qP
I0rms = k≥1 i0(fk )2 · Inom Zero sequence current, RMS value in kA

I0rms
i0rms = Inom Zero sequence current, RMS value in p.u.

1
p
T HD0 = i0(f1 ) i0rms2 − i0(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, zero se-
quence); based on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HF 0 = i0rms i0rms2 − i0(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in % (current, zero sequence)

1
p
T HD0 = inom i0rms2 − i0(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, zero se-
quence); based on nominal current
qP
I1rms = k≥1 i1(fk )2 · Inom Positive sequence current, RMS value in kA

I1rms
i1rms = Inom Positive sequence current, RMS value in p.u.

1
p
T HD1 = i1(f1 ) i1rms2 − i1(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, positive se-
quence); based on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD1 = inom i1rms2 − i1(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, positive se-
quence); based on nominal current

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 47

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HF 1 = i1rms i1rms2 − i1(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in % (current, positive se-
quence)
qP
I2rms = k≥1 i2(fk )2 · Inom Negative sequence current, RMS value in kA

I2rms
i2rms = Inom Negative sequence current, RMS value in p.u.

1
p
T HD2 = i2(f1 ) i2rms2 − i2(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, negative se-
quence); based on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD2 = inom i2rms2 − i2(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in % (current, negative se-
quence)l; based on nominal current

1
p
T HF 2 = i2rms i2rms2 − i2(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in % (current, negative se-
quence)

i0(fout )
HD0 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based on
i0(f1 )2 +i1(f1 )2 +i2(f1 )2
fundamental frequency values

i1(fout )
HD1 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %
i0(f1 )2 +i1(f1 )2 +i2(f1 )2

i2(fout )
HD2 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %
i0(f1 )2 +i1(f1 )2 +i2(f1 )2

i0(fout )
HD0 = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based on
nominal current

i1(fout )
HD1 = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %

i2(fout )
HD2 = inom · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %

i0(fout )
HF 0 = i0rms · 100 Harmonic factor, zero sequence in %

i1(fout )
HF 1 = i1rms · 100 Harmonic factor, positive sequence in %

i2(fout )
HF 2 = i2rms · 100 Harmonic factor, negative sequence in %

P
T P sum = x=[A,B,C,N ] T P :x Total active power in MW
P
T Qsum = x=[A,B,C,N ] T Q:x Total reactive power in Mvar
p
T Ssum = T P sum2 + T Qsum2 Total apparent power in MVA

T P sum
T cosphisum = T Ssum Total power factor

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 48

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

√
T HDbal = T HD12 + T HD22 Total harmonic distortion in %, excluding zero se-
quence
√
T HDtot = T HD12 + T HD22 + T HD02 Total harmonic distortion in %, including zero se-
quence

T ADmx = max (T AD:x) Arithmetic distortion in %

x=[A,B,C,N ]

T ADint = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
T ADint:x
 = 
1  P
· i:x(fk ) − i:x(f1 ) · 100

i:x(f1 )
k≥1
integer

T ADnint = max (T ADnint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
T ADnint:x
 = 
1
P
· i:x(fk ) − i:x(f1 ) · 100
 
i:x(f1 )
k>1
non−integer
T AD 3 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders: mul-
x=[A,B,C,N ]
tiples of three

T AD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders: mul-

x=[A,B,C,N ]
tiples of two

T HDint = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
1
p
T HDint:x = i:x(f 1)
· irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDint:x = inom · irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Nominal current)
s P and
irms:x = i:x(fk )2
k≥1
integer

T HDnint = max (T HDnint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C,N ]
1
p
T HDnint:x = i:x(f 1)
· irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDnint:x = inom · irms:x2 − i:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Nominal current) and

s P
irms:x = i:x(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

T HD 3 = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C,N ]
multiples of three

T HD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C,N ]
multiples of two

IT mx = max(IT :x) IT-Product in kA

Calculation variables: The following calculation variables are available for lines, transform-
ers, series compensation:
PH P
LossesT ot = h≥1 x=[A,B,C,N ] Losses:x Total losses, including the fundamental in kW,
where h is the harmonic order
PH P
LossesHrm = h>1 x=[A,B,C,N ] Losses:x Harmonic losses in kW

loadingT ot = irmsmax /inom · 100 Total loading in %

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 50

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

3.2.0.8 Bus Monitor Variables

Table 3.10 provides the nomenclature used in this section.

Table 3.10: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

fk Hz Frequency of harmonic order k

fout Hz Output frequency specified by user in Harmonic Load Flow Command

(parameter name: ifshow)

ua (fk ) p.u. Complex harmonic voltage, phase A. Similar nomenclature is used for
the other phases.

ula (fk ) p.u. Complex line-line voltage, phase A, where

ula (fk ) = ua (fk ) − ub (fk )

ul:A(fk ) p.u. Line-line voltage magnitude, phase A, where

ul:A(fk ) = |ua (fk ) − ub (fk )|. Similar follows for the other phases.

ulna (fk ) p.u. Complex line-neutral voltage, phase A, where

ulna (fk ) = ua (fk ) − un (fk ). Similar follows for the other phases.

uln:A(fk ) p.u. Line-line voltage magnitude, phase A, where

uln:A(fk ) = |ua (fk ) − un (fk )|. Similar follows for the other phases.

u:A(fk ) p.u. Voltage magnitude at frequency of harmonic order k

Unom kV Nominal voltage of the busbar

Zla Ω Line impedance, phase A. Similar follows for the other phases.

Zlna Ω Line-neutral impedance, phase A. Similar follows for the other phases.

Za Ω Short-circuit impedance, phase A. Similar nomenclature is used for

other phases.

PowerFactory calculates monitor variables for the Harmonic Analysis command (unbalanced
calculation) in the following manner provided that at least one harmonic source in the network
is defined as ‘IEC’ (TypHmccur parameter name: i usym).

Per IEC source (subscript m ≥ 1) and per frequency (fk ), the relevant quantities shown in
Table 3.11 are available for the calculation of bus monitor variables:

Table 3.11: IEC sources: given quantities

Complex phase voltage

ua,m (fk )
ub,m (fk )
uc,m (fk )

For non-IEC sources (subscript m = 0), the quantities shown in Table 3.12 are available as a

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 51

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

lumped representation of all non-IEC sources, for the calculation of bus monitor variables:

Table 3.12: Non-IEC sources: given quantities

Complex phase voltage

ua,0 (fk )
ub,0 (fk )
uc,0 (fk )

Monitor Variables for Output Frequency The following monitor variables are calculated for
user-selected output frequency, fout :

Intermediate variables:

q PN α
u:A= [α] m=0 ua,m Line-ground voltage, magnitude in p.u., according to IEC-
61000-3-6
q PN α
u:B= [α] m=0 ub,m
q PN α
u:C= [α] m=0 uc,m
q P
N α
u:A= [α] m=0 ua,m Line-ground voltage, magnitude in p.u., according to IEC-
61000-3-6
q PN α
u:B= [α] m=0 ub,m
q PN α
u:C= [α] m=0 uc,m

upc:A = u:A · 100 Line-ground voltage, magnitude in %

upc:B = u:B · 100

upc:C = u:C · 100

√
U :A = u:A · Unom / 3 Line-ground voltage magnitude in kV
√
U :B = u:B · Unom / 3
√
U :C = u:C · Unom / 3

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor variables:

phiu:A (N/A) Voltage angle in deg

phiu:B (N/A)

phiu:C (N/A)

phiurel:A (N/A) Voltage, relative angle in deg

phiurel:B (N/A)

phiurel:C (N/A)

q P
N α
ul:A = [α] m=0 ula,m Line-line voltage magnitude in p.u.
q PN α
ul:B = [α] m=0 ulb,m
q P
N α
ul:C = [α] m=0 ulc,m

ulpc:A = u:A · 100 Line-line voltage magnitude in %

ulpc:B = u:B · 100

ulpc:C = u:C · 100

U l:A = u:A · Unom Line-line voltage magnitude in kV

U l:B = u:B · Unom

U l:C = u:C · Unom

phiul:A (N/A) Line-line voltage angle in deg

phiul:B (N/A)

phiul:C (N/A)

q P
N α
uln:A = [α] m=0 ulna,m Line-neutral voltage magnitude in p.u.
q PN α
uln:B = [α] m=0 ulnb,m
q P
N α
uln:C = [α] m=0 ulnc,m

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

√
U ln:A = uln:A · U nom/ 3 Line-neutral voltage magnitude in kV
√
U ln:B = uln:B · U nom/ 3
√
U ln:C = uln:C · U nom/ 3

phiuln:A (N/A) Line-neutral voltage angle in deg

phiuln:B (N/A)

phiuln:C (N/A)

U pht:A = uln:A · U nom Phase technology dependent voltage magnitude in

kV

U pht:B = uln:B · U nom

U pht:C = uln:C · U nom

R:A = <(Z a ) Line-ground resistance in Ω

R:B = <(Z b )

R:C = <(Z c )

X:A = =(Z a ) Line-ground network reactance in Ω

X:B = =(Z b )

X:C = =(Z c )

Z:A = |Z a | Line-ground network impedance in Ω

Z:B = |Z b |

Z:C = |Z c |

phiz:A = φZ a Line-ground angle of network impedance in deg

phiz:B = φZ b

phiz:C = φZ c

Rl:A = <(Zla ) Line-line resistance in Ω

Rl:B = <(Zlb )

Rl:C = <(Zlc )

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Xl:A = =(Zla ) Line-line network reactance in Ω

Xl:B = =(Zlb )

Xl:C = =(Zlc )

Zl:A = |Zla | Line-line network impedance in Ω

Zl:B = |Zlb |

Zl:C = |Zlc |

phizl:A = φZla Line-line angle of network impedance in deg

phizl:B = φZlb

phizl:C = φZlc

Rln:A = <(Zlna ) Line-neutral resistance in Ω

Rln:B = <(Zlnb )

Rln:C = <(Zlnc )

Xln:A = =(Zlna ) Line-neutral network reactance in Ω

Xln:B = =(Zlnb )

Xln:C = =(Zlnc )

Zln:A = |Zlna | Line-neutral network impedance in Ω

Zln:B = |Zlnb |

Zln:C = |Zlnc |

phizln:A = φZlna Line-neutral angle of network impedance in deg

phizln:B = φZlnb

phizln:C = φZlnc

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

q PN α
u0= [α] m=0 |u0m | Line-ground zero sequence voltage
magnitude in p.u.,
where u0m = 13 ua,m + ub,m + uc,m
√
U 0 = u0 · Unom / 3 Zero sequence voltage magnitude in kV

U 0x3 = 3 · U 0 in kV

phiu0 (N/A) Zero sequence voltage angle in deg

q PN α
u1= [α] m=0 |u1m | Line-ground positive sequence voltage magnitude in p.u.,
according to IEC-61000-3-6 where
u1m = 13 (ua,m + a · ub,m + a2 · uc,m ) and a = 6 120◦
√
U 1 = u1 · Unom / 3 Line-ground positive sequence voltage magnitude in kV

phiu1 (N/A) Line-ground positive sequence voltage angle in deg

q PN α
u2= [α] m=0 |u2m | Line-ground negative sequence voltage magnitude in p.u.,
according to IEC-61000-3-6 where
u2m = 13 (ua,m + a2 · ub,m + a · uc,m ) and a = 6 120◦
√
U 2 = u2 · Unom / 3 Line-ground negative sequence voltage magnitude in kV

phiu2 (N/A) Line-ground negative sequence voltage angle v

u1pc = u1 · 100 Line-ground positive sequence voltage magnitude in %

U 1l = u1 · Unom Line-line positive sequence voltage magnitude in kV

U 2l = u2 · Unom Line-line negative sequence voltage magnitude in kV

q PN α
un= [α] m=0 |unm | Neutral-ground voltage magnitude in p.u.
√
U n = un · Unom / 3 Neutral-ground voltage magnitude in kV

R0 = <(Z0) Zero sequence resistance in Ω

X0 = =(Z0) Zero sequence network reactance in Ω

Z0 = |Z0| Zero sequence network impedance in Ω

phiz0 = φZ0 Zero sequence network impedance angle in deg

R1 = <(Z1) Positive sequence resistance in Ω

X1 = =(Z1) Positive sequence network reactance in Ω

Z1 = |Z1| Positive sequence network impedance in Ω

phiz1 = φZ1 Positive sequence network impedance angle in deg

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

R2 = <(Z2) Negative sequence resistance in Ω

X2 = =(Z2) Negative sequence network reactance in Ω

Z2 = |Z2| Negative sequence network impedance in Ω

phiz2 = φZ2 Negative sequence network impedance angle in deg

Rn = <(Z n ) Resistance, neutral in Ω

Xn = =(Z n ) Network reactance, neutral in Ω

Zn = |Z n | Network impedance, neutral in Ω

phizn = φZ n Angle of network impedance, neutral in Ω

u2
ubf ac = u1 Unbalance factor

Monitor Variables Considering All Frequencies: The following monitor variables are calcu-
lated considering all frequencies, fk :

Intermediate variables:

q P
N α
u:A(fk )= [α] m=0 ua,m (fk ) Line-ground voltage, magnitude in p.u., according to
IEC-61000-3-6
q PN α
u:B(fk )= [α] m=0 ub,m (fk )
q P
N α
u:C(fk )= [α] m=0 uc,m (fk )
q P
N α
u0(fk )= [α] m=0 |u0m (fk )| Zero sequence voltage magnitude in p.u. where
u0(fk ) = 13 ua,m (fk ) + ub,m (fk ) + uc,m (fk )

q P
N α
u1(fk )= [α] m=0 |u1m (fk )| Positive sequence voltage in p.u. where
u1m (fk ) = 13 (ua,m (fk ) + a · ub,m (fk ) + a2 · uc,m (fk ))
and a = 6 120◦
q P
N α
u2(fk )= [α] m=0 |u2m (fk )| Negative sequence voltage in p.u. where
u2m (fk ) = 13 (ua,m (fk ) + a2 · ub,m (fk ) + a · uc,m (fk ))
and a = 6 120◦
q P
N α
ul:A(fk ) = [α] m=0 ula,m (fk ) Line-line voltage magnitude in p.u.
q PN α
ul:B(fk ) = [α] m=0 ulb,m (fk )
q P
N α
ul:C(fk ) = [α] m=0 ulc,m (fk )

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

Monitor variables:

qP
urms:A = k≥1 u:A(fk )2 RMS value of line-neutral voltage in p.u.
qP
urms:B = k≥1 u:B(fk )2
qP
urms:C = k≥1 u:C(fk )2

√
U rms:A = urms:A · Unom / 3 RMS value of line-neutral voltage in kV
√
U rms:B = urms:B · Unom / 3
√
U rms:C = urms:C · Unom / 3

qP
u0rms = k≥1 u0(fk )2 RMS value of zero sequence voltage in p.u.
√
U 0rms = u0rms · Unom / 3 RMS value of zero sequence voltage in kV

qP
u1rms = k≥1 u1(fk )2 RMS value of positive sequence voltage in p.u.

√
U 1rms = u1rms · Unom / 3 RMS value of positive sequence voltage in kV

U 1lrms = u1rms · Unom RMS value of positive sequence line-line voltage in

kV

qP
u2rms = k≥1 u2(fk )2 RMS value of negative sequence voltage in p.u.

√
U 2rms = u2rms · Unom / 3 RMS value of negative sequence voltage in kV

U 2lrms = u2rms · Unom RMS value of negative sequence line-line voltage in

kV

u:A(fout )
HD:A = u:A(f1 ) · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on fundamental fre-
quency values

u:B(fout )
HD:B = u:B(f1 ) · 100

u:C(fout )
HD:C = u:C(f1 ) · 100

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

u:A(fout )
HD:A = unom :A · 100 Harmonic distortion in %; based on nominal voltage,
where unom = 1p.u.

u:B(fout )
HD:B = unom :B · 100

u:C(fout )
HD:C = unom :C · 100

u:A(fout )
HF :A = urms:A · 100 Harmonic factor in %

u:B(fout )
HF :B = urms:B · 100

u:C(fout )
HF :C = urms:C · 100

u0(fout )
HD0 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based on
u0(f1 )2 +u1(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2
fundamental frequency values

u1(fout )
HD1 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %
u0(f1 )2 +u1(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2

u2(fout )
HD2 = √ · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %
u0(f1 )2 +u1(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2

u0(fout )
HD0 = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion, zero sequence in %; based on
nominal voltage

u1(fout )
HD1 = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion, positive sequence in %

u2(fout )
HD2 = unom · 100 Harmonic distortion, negative sequence in %

u0(fout )
HF 0 = u0rms · 100 Harmonic factor, zero sequence in %

u1(fout )
HF 1 = u1rms · 100 Harmonic factor, positive sequence in %

u2(fout )
HF 2 = u2rms · 100 Harmonic factor, negative sequence in %

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

1
p
T HD:A = u:A(f1 ) urms:A2 − u:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %; based
on fundamental frequency values

1
p
T HD:B = u:B(f1 ) urms:B 2 − u:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = u:C(f1 ) urms:C 2 − u:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:A = unom :A urms:A2 − u:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic distortion in %; based
on nominal voltage, where
unom = 1p.u.

1
p
T HD:B = unom :B urms:B 2 − u:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HD:C = unom :C urms:C 2 − u:C(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :A = urms:A urms:A2 − u:A(f1 )2 · 100 Total harmonic factor in %

1
p
T HF :B = urms:B urms:B 2 − u:B(f1 )2 · 100

1
p
T HF :C = urms:C urms:C 2 − u:C(f1 )2 · 100

qP
ulrms:A = k≥1 ul:A(fk )2 RMS value of line-line voltage in p.u.
qP
ulrms:B = k≥1 ul:B(fk )2
qP
ulrms:C = k≥1 ul:C(fk )2

U lrms:A = ulrms:A · Unom RMS value of line-line voltage in kV

U lrms:B = ulrms:B · Unom

U lrms:C = ulrms:C · Unom

hP i
1
T AD:A = u:A(f1 ) · k≥1 u:A(fk ) − u:A(f1 ) · 100 Total arithmetic distortion in %
hP i
1
T AD:B = u:B(f1 ) · k≥1 u:B(f k ) − u:B(f1 ) · 100
hP i
1
T AD:C = u:C(f1 ) · k≥1 u:C(fk ) − u:C(f 1 ) · 100

P
uasum:A = k≥1 u:A(fk ) Arithmetic voltage sum in p.u.
P
uasum:B = k≥1 u:B(fk )
P
uasum:C = k≥1 u:C(fk )

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3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

qP
1
T IF :A = urms:A k≥1 tif (fk )2 · u:A(fk )2 Telephone interference factor
qP
1
T IF :B = urms:B k≥1 tif (fk )2 · u:B(fk )2
qP
1
T IF :C = urms:C k≥1 tif (fk )2 · u:C(fk )2

urmsint = max (urmsint:x) RMS value of integer harmonics in

x=[A,B,C]
p.u., where s
P
urmsint:x = u:x(fk )2
k≥1
integer

urmsnint = max (urmsnint:x) RMS value of non-integer harmonics in

x=[A,B,C]
p.u., where s P
urmsnint:x = u:x(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

1
p
T HD0 = u1(f1 )2 +u0(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2 u0rms2 − u0(f1 )2 Total harmonic distortion in % (voltage,
zero sequence)

1
p
T HD1 = u1(f1 )2 +u0(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2 u1rms2 − u1(f1 )2 Total harmonic distortion in % (voltage,
positive sequence)

1
p
T HD2 = u1(f1 )2 +u0(f1 )2 +u2(f1 )2 u2rms2 − u2(f1 )2 Total harmonic distortion in % (voltage,
negative sequence)
√
T HDbal = T HD12 + T HD22 Total harmonic distortion in %, exclud-
ing zero sequence
√
T HDtot = T HD12 + T HD22 + T HD02 Total harmonic distortion in %, includ-
ing zero sequence

T ADmx = max (T AD:x) Arithmetic distortion in %

x=[A,B,C]

T ADint = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]
T ADint:x
 = 
1  P
· u:x(fk ) − u:x(f1 ) · 100

u:x(f1 )
k≥1
integer

T ADnint = max (T ADnint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]
T ADnint:x
 = 
1
P
· u:x(fk ) − u:x(f1 ) · 100
 
u:x(f1 )
k>1
non−integer

T AD 3 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C]
multiples of three

T AD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Arithmetic distortion in %, harmonic orders:

x=[A,B,C]
multiples of two

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
3 Calculation Considering IEC Harmonic Sources

T HDint = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]
1
p
T HDint:x = u:x(f 1)
· urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDint:x = unom :x · urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Nominal voltage) and

s P
urms:x = u:x(fk )2
k≥1
integer

T HDnint = max (T HDnint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, where

x=[A,B,C]
1
p
T HDnint:x = u:x(f 1)
· urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Fundamental frequency values) or

1
p
T HDnint:x = unom :x · urms:x2 − u:x(f1 )2 · 100

(Nominal voltage) and

s P
urms:x = u:x(fk )2
k>1
non−integer

T HD 3 = max (T HDint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders: multi-

x=[A,B,C]
ples of three

T HD 2 = max (T ADint:x) Total harmonic distortion in %, harmonic orders: multi-

x=[A,B,C]
ples of two

T IF mx = max (T IF :x) Total interference factor, for harmonic orders

x=[A,B,C]

uasummx = max (uasum:x) Arithmetic voltage sum in p.u.

x=[A,B,C]

uasumint = max (uasumint:x) Arithmetic sum of integer harmonics in p.u., where

x=[A,B,C]
P
uasumint:x = u:x(fk )
k≥2
integer

uasumnint = max (uasumnint:x) Arithmetic sum of integer harmonics in p.u., where

x=[A,B,C]
P
uasumnint:x = u:x(fk )
k>2
non−integer

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
4 Calculation Considering IEC Flicker Sources

4 Calculation Considering IEC Flicker Sources

PowerFactory calculates monitor variables for the Flicker Assessment calculation within the
Harmonic Load Flow command if at least one flicker source is identified in the network. Such
sources may include asynchronous machines (ElmAsm), doubly-fed asynchronous machines
(ElmAsmsc) and static generators (ElmGenstat).

The calculation of flicker sources in the network is always based on the fundamental frequency.
Quantities are computed for busbars only. Table 4.1 provides the nomenclature used in this
section; detailed derivation of these quantities can be found in [1].

Table 4.1: Nomenclature

Name Unit Description

ψk deg Network impedance angle, as seen by WTG k

va m/s Annual average wind speed in m/s

c(ψk ,va ) Flicker coefficient for continuous operation of the WTG

Sn VA Rated apparent power of WTG

Sk VA Short-circuit apparent power of grid

N wt - Number of WTGs connected to PCC

i - The ith WTG

N10 - Maximum number of switching operations within a 10-minute period

N120 - Maximum number of switching operations within a 120-minute period

kf - Flicker step factor

ku - Voltage change factor

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4 Calculation Considering IEC Flicker Sources

4.1 Balanced and Unbalanced Calculations

4.1.0.9 Bus Monitor Variables

qP
1 Nwt 2
PstΣ c = Sk · i=1 (ci (ψk ,va ) · Sn,i ) Short-term flicker disturbance factor
(continuous operation of the WTG)
qP
1 Nwt 2
PltΣ c = Sk · i=1 (ci (ψk ,va ) · Sn,i ) Long-term flicker disturbance factor
(continuous operation of the WTG)
hP i0.31
18 Nwt
PstΣ s = Sk · i=1 N10,i · (kf,i (ψk ) · Sn,i )3.2 Short-term flicker disturbance factor
(switching operation of the WTG)
hP i0.31
8 Nwt
PltΣ s = Sk · i=1 N120,i · (kf,i (ψk ) · Sn,i )3.2 Short-term flicker disturbance factor
(switching operation of the WTG)

Sn
d = 100 · ku (ψk ) · Sk Relative voltage change due to the
switching operation of a single WTG
in % (Note: only maximum for entire
network reported)

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
5 Frequency Dependent Mutual Data

5 Frequency Dependent Mutual Data

The Frequency Dependent Mutual Data element is used to represent mutual impedances be-
tween buses.

5.1 Definition

A Frequency Dependent Mutual Data element can be defined by selecting two buses, right-
clicking and selecting Define... Freq. Dep. Mutual Data from the context-sensitive menu. The
element dialog will then be displayed, with both buses assigned. No additional inputs are re-
quired. These elements are used to represent mutual impedances between buses. Impedance-
related calculation variables are available for bus 1-2 and bus 2-1.

5.2 Harmonic Load Flow and Frequency Sweep

5.2.1 Balanced

Table 5.1: Calculation variables

Name Unit Description

bus1 Node 1
bus2 Node 2
R 12 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 1 - Node 2
X 12 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 1 - Node 2
Z 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2
phiz 12 deg Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, Angle
R 21 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 2 - Node 1
X 21 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 2 - Node 1
Z 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1
phiz 21 deg Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, Angle

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5 Frequency Dependent Mutual Data

5.2.2 Unbalanced

Table 5.2: Calculation variables

Name Unit Description

bus1 Node 1
bus2 Node 2
R 12 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 1 - Node 2
X 12 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 1 - Node 2
Z 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2
phiz 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, Angle
R 21 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 2 - Node 1
X 21 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 2 - Node 1
Z 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1
phiz 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, Angle
R0 12 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 1 - Node 2, 0-Sequ.
X0 12 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 1 - Node 2, 0-Sequ.
Z0 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, 0-Sequ.
phiz0 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, Angle., 0-Sequ.
R0 21 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 2 - Node 1, 0-Sequ.
X0 21 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 2 - Node 1, 0-Sequ.
Z0 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, 0-Sequ.
phiz0 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, Angle., 0-Sequ.
R1 12 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 1 - Node 2, 1-Sequ.
X1 12 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 1 - Node 2, 1-Sequ.
Z1 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, 1-Sequ.
phiz1 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, Angle., 1-Sequ.
R1 21 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 2 - Node 1, 1-Sequ.
X1 21 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 2 - Node 1, 1-Sequ.
Z1 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, 1-Sequ.
phiz1 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, Angle., 1-Sequ.
R2 12 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 1 - Node 2, 2-Sequ.
X2 12 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 1 - Node 2, 2-Sequ.
Z2 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, 2-Sequ.
phiz2 12 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 1 - Node 2, Angle., 2-Sequ.
R2 21 Ω Coupling Resistance Node 2 - Node 1, 2-Sequ.
X2 21 Ω Coupling Reactance Node 2 - Node 1, 2-Sequ.
Z2 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, 2-Sequ.
phiz2 21 Ω Coupling Impedance Node 2 - Node 1, Angle., 2-Sequ.

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
6 Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data

6 Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data

The Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data element is used to represent equivalent
impedances and admittances between buses.

6.1 Definition

A Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data element (ElmEquivalent) can be defined by

right-clicking on multiple buses and selecting Define... Freq. Dep. Network Equivalent Data
from the context-sensitive menu. The element dialog will then be displayed, with the bus/es as
an entry in the table. No additional inputs are required. The purpose of this element is to provide
a means to access the frequency dependent network equivalent self- and mutual impedances
and admittances of the selected buses. It is available for use in the Frequency Sweep and the
calculation results are the impedance and admittance matrices that represent the equivalent
system of user-selected buses. In addition, a radiality factor (RF) can be calculated, as defined
in [2].

6.2 Frequency Sweep

Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data elements are used to represent self-impedances
and admittances of buses, and mutual impedances and admittances between buses. Impedance-
and admittance related calculation variables are available in matrix form, representing the equiv-
alent defined by the selected buses. These matrices must be accessed using a zero-based
index, and the buses are ordered in the matrices in the order that they appear in the equiva-
lent element table. Assuming that two buses have been selected, an example configuration of
results is:

Z:0:0:r The real part of the self-impedance in Ω at the first bus (index ‘0’) defined in the
equivalent element.
Z:0:1:mag The magnitude of the mutual impedance in Ω between the first (index ‘0’) and
second buses (index ‘1’) defined in the equivalent element.
Y:1:1:phi The angle of the self-admittance in deg of the second bus (index ‘1’) defined in
the equivalent element.

The selection of a single “Oscillating generator” and a single “Influencing device” is only required
for the calculation of the radiality factor.

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Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (Harmonics Analysis)
6 Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent Data

6.2.1 Balanced

Table 6.1: Calculation variables

Name Unit Description

buses Nodes
Z:r Ω Equivalent impedance matrix, Real Part
Z:i Ω Equivalent impedance matrix, Imaginary Part
Z:phi deg Equivalent impedance matrix, Angle
Z:mag Ω Equivalent impedance matrix, Magnitude
Z:phirad rad Equivalent impedance matrix, Angle
Y:r S Equivalent admittance matrix, Real Part
Y:i S Equivalent admittance matrix, Imaginary Part
Y:phi deg Equivalent admittance matrix, Angle
Y:mag S Equivalent admittance matrix, Magnitude
Y:phirad rad Equivalent admittance matrix, Angle
RF Radiality factor

6.2.2 Unbalanced

Table 6.2: Calculation variables

Name Unit Description

buses Nodes
Z:r Ω Equivalent impedance matrix, Real Part
Z:i Ω Equivalent impedance matrix, Imaginary Part
Z:phi deg Equivalent impedance matrix, Angle
Z:mag Ω Equivalent impedance matrix, Magnitude
Z:phirad rad Equivalent impedance matrix, Angle
Y:r S Equivalent admittance matrix, Real Part
Y:i S Equivalent admittance matrix, Imaginary Part
Y:phi deg Equivalent admittance matrix, Angle
Y:mag S Equivalent admittance matrix, Magnitude
Y:phirad rad Equivalent admittance matrix, Angle
RF Radiality factor

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7 References

7 References

[1] IEC 61400 Part 21: Measurement and Assessment of Power Quality Characteristics of Grid
Connected Wind Turbines, 2001.
[2] M. S. Annakkage, C. Karawita, and U. D. Annakkage. Frequency scan-based screening
method for device dependent sub-synchronous oscillations. IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, 31(3):1872–1878, 2016.

[3] Standards Australia. AS/NZS61000.3.6:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits

- Assessment of emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power systems (IEC
61000-3-6:1996).

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