SYLLABUS FOR THE POST OF ENGINEER-MECHANICAL IN E-2 GRADE

1. Elements of Mechanical Engineering

• Force System: Law of Parallelogram of forces, Lami’s theorem. Principle of
Transmissibility of forces. Moment of a force. Couple, Varignon’s theorem. Resolution
of a force into a force and a couple. Resultant and equilibrium of coplanar force system.
Determination of reactions. Free body diagrams. Concept of Centre of Gravity, Centroid
and Area Moment of Inertia, Perpendicular axis theorem and Parallel axis theorem.

• Plane Truss: Perfect Deficient and Redundant Truss. Assumptions and Analysis of Plane
Truss by Method of joints and Method of section.
Beams: Types of beams., Shear force and bending moment in Statically Determinate
Beams. Shear force and bending moment diagrams. Relationships between load, shear
and bending moment.

• Simple stress and strain: Normal and shear stresses. One Dimensional Loading;
members of varying cross section, bars in series. Tensile Test diagram for ductile and
brittle materials. Elastic Constants. Strain energy.
Bending (Flexural) Stresses: theory of pure bending, neutral surface and neutral axis,
stresses in beams.

Engineering Materials: Importance of engineering materials, classification, mechanical

properties and applications of Ferrous, Nonferrous and composite materials.

• Basic Concepts and Definitions of Thermodynamics: Introduction and definition of

thermodynamics. Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches. System, surrounding and
universe. Concept of continuum. Thermodynamic equilibrium. Thermodynamic
properties, path, process and cycle. Quasi static process. Energy and its forms. Work
and heat.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: Temperature and it’s measurement.
First law of thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics. Internal energy and
enthalpy. First law
analysis for non-flow processes. Steady flow energy equation; Boilers, Condensers,
Turbine, Throttling process. Pumps etc.

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• Second law: Thermal reservoir, Kelvin Planck statement. Heat engines. Efficiency;
Clausius’ statement Heat pump, Refrigerator. Coefficient of Performance. Carnot cycle,
Carnot theorem and it’s corollaries. Clausius inequality. Concept of Entropy.
Properties of Pure Substances: P-v, T-s and h-s diagram, dryness fraction and steam
tables. Rankine Cycle.
Internal Combustion Engines: Classification of I.C. Engines, working principle and
comparison between 2 Stroke and 4 stroke engine, difference between SI and Cl
engines. P- V and T-s diagrams of Otto and Diesel cycles, comparison of efficiency.

2. Fluid Mechanics
• Introduction: Fluid and continuum, physical properties of fluids, rheology of fluids.
Fluid Statics: Pressure-density-height relationship, manometers, pressure on plane and
curved surfaces, centre of pressure, buoyancy, stability of immersed and floating bodies,
fluid masses subjected to linear acceleration and uniform rotation about an axis.

• Kinematics of Fluid Flow: Continuum and free molecular flows, steady and unsteady,
uniform and non-uniform, laminar and turbulent flows, rotational and irrotational flows,
compressible and incompressible flows, subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows, sub-
critical, critical and supercritical flows, one, two and three dimensional flows, ideal
and real flow.
System versus control volume approach, fundamentals of flow visualization,
streamlines, streak lines and path lines, continuity equation in Cartesian and polar co-
ordinate system, rotation and circulation, stream function and potential function, flow
nets.
Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude: Rayleigh’s method, Buckingham’s Pi
theorem, important dimensionless numbers and their significance, geometric,
kinematics and dynamic similarity, model studies, distorted and undistorted models.

• Potential flow: source, sink, doublet and half-body, free and forced vortex flow.
Dynamics of Fluid Flow: Euler’s Equation of motion along a streamline and its
integration, Bernoulli’s equation and its applications- Pitot tube, orifice meter, venturi
meter and bend meter, Hot-wire anemometer and LDA, flow through orifices,

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 mouthpieces, notches and weirs, aeration of nappe, momentum equation and its
application to pipe –bends, flow through nozzles.

• Laminar Flow: Relation between shear and pressure gradient in laminar flow,
introduction to Navier-Stokes equations, Reynolds experiment, equation of motion for
laminar flow through pipes, flow between parallel plates, Kinetic energy and
Momentum correction factors.
Turbulent Flow: Types of turbulent flow, isotropic, homogenous turbulence, scale and
intensity of turbulence, measurement of turbulence, eddy viscosity, Prandtl’s mixing
length concept and velocity distribution in turbulent flow over smooth and rough
surfaces.
Flow through Pipes: Major and minor losses, energy and hydraulic grade lines,
combination of pipes, flow through siphon pipes, pipe network, power transmission
through pipes, surge tanks, water hammer.

• Theory of Boundary Layer: Boundary layer thickness, boundary layer over a flat plate,
application of Von-Karman integral momentum equation, laminar sub-layer, boundary
layer separation and its control.
Forces on Submerged Bodies: Drag and lift, drag on a sphere and on a cylinder,
development of lift on a circular cylinder and an aerofoil, Magnus effect.
Compressible Flow: Thermodynamic relations, basic equations of compressible flow,
expression for velocity of sound wave in a fluid.

3. Strength Of Materials
• Stresses in Beams: Review of pure Bending. Direct and shear stresses in beams due to
transverse and axial loads, composite beams.
Curved Beams: Bending of beams with large initial curvature, position of neutral axis
for rectangular, trapezoidal and circular cross sections, stress in crane hooks, stress in
circular rings subjected to tension or compression.

• Unsymmetrical Bending: Properties of beam cross-section, slope of neutral axis, stress

and deflection in unsymmetrical bending, determination of shear center and flexural

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 axis (for symmetry about both axis and about one axis) for I-section and channel
section.
Deflection of Beams: Equation of elastic curve, cantilever and simply supported beams,
Macaulay’s method, area moment method Fixed beams. Castigliano’s Theorem.

• Helical and Leaf Springs: deflection of springs by energy method, helical springs under
axial load and under axial twist (respectively for circular and square cross sections)
axial load and twisting moment acting simultaneously both for open and closed coiled
springs, laminated springs.

• Columns and Struts: Combined bending and direct stress, middle third and middle
quarter rules. Struts with different end conditions, Euler’s theory and experimental
results, Ranking Gardon Formulae, Examples of columns in mechanical equipments
and machines.

• Thin cylinders & spheres: Hoop and axial stresses and strain. Volumetric strain. Thick
cylinders: Radial, axial and circumferential stresses in thick cylinders subjected to
internal or external pressures, Compound cylinders Stresses due to interference fits.

4. Materials Science
• Introduction: Importance of materials, historical perspective, Future aspects of
engineering materials.
Crystal Structure: Brief description of BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination
number and atomic packing factors. Bravais lattices, Miller indices, crystal
imperfections-point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon,
Ficks laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
Ferrous and non- ferrous materials: Properties, Composition and uses of Grey cast iron,
malleable iron, SG iron and steel, copper alloys-brasses and bronzes, Aluminium alloys.

• Mechanical Behaviour: Stress-strain diagram showing ductile and brittle behaviour of

materials, mechanical properties in plastic range, yield strength off set yield strength,
ductility, ultimate tensile strength, toughness, Plastic deformation of single crystal by
slip and twinning, Hardness Tests.

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 Fracture, Creep and Fatigue: Fracture: Type I, Type II and Type III. Creep: Description
of the phenomenon with examples. Three stages of creep, creep properties, stress
relaxation. Fatigue: Types of fatigue loading with examples, Mechanism of fatigue,
fatigue properties, fatigue testing and S-N diagram.

• Solidification: Mechanism of solidification, Homogenous and Heterogeneous

nucleation, crystal growth, cast metal structures. Phase Diagram I: Solid solutions
Hume Rothery rule, substitutional and interstitial solid solutions, intermediate phases,
Gibbs phase rule.
Phase Diagram: Construction of equilibrium diagrams involving complete and partial
solubility, lever rule. Iron carbon equilibrium diagram description of phases,
solidification of steels and cast irons, invariant reactions.

• Heat Treating of Metals: TTT curves, continuous cooling curves, annealing and its
types. Normalizing, hardening, tempering, mastempering, austempering, hardenability,
surface hardening methods like carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding, flame hardening and
induction hardening, age hardening of aluminium- copper alloys. Comparative study of
microstructure of various Ferrous, nonferrous metals and alloys.

• Composite materials: Definition, classification, types of matrix materials &

reinforcements, fundamentals of production of FRP's and MMC's advantages and
application of composites.
Ceramics: Structure types and properties and applications of ceramics. Mechanical/
Electrical behavior and processing of Ceramics.
Plastics: Various types of polymers/plastics and its applications. Mechanical behaviour
and processing of plastics, Future of plastics. Introduction to Smart materials & Nano-
materials and their potential applications.

5. Engineering Thermodynamics
• Fundamental Concepts and Definitions: Introduction and definition of
thermodynamics, Dimensions and units, Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches,
Systems, surroundings and universe, Concept of continuum, Control system boundary,

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 control volume and control surface, Properties and states, Thermodynamic properties,
Pressure and its measurement, Thermodynamic path, process and cycle,
Thermodynamic equilibrium, Reversibility and irreversibility, Quasi static process,
Energy and its forms, Work and heat, Gas laws, Ideal gas
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature and its
measurement, Temperature scales.

• Properties of steam and thermodynamics cycles: Pure substance, Property of steam,

Triple point, Critical point, Sub-cooled liquid, Saturation states, Superheated states,
Phase transformation process of water, Graphical representation of pressure, volume
and temperature, P-T & P-V diagrams, T-s and h-s diagrams, use of property diagram,
Steam-Tables & Mollier charts, Dryness fraction and its measurement, processes
involving steam in closed and open systems. Simple Rankine cycle.

• Availability and Irreversibility: Available and unavailable energy, Availability and

Irreversibility, Second law efficiency, Helmholtz and Gibb’s function.
Thermodynamic relations: Mathematical conditions for exact differentials. Maxwell
Relations, Clapeyron Equation, Joule-Thompson coefficient and Inversion curve.
Coefficient of volume expansion, Adiabatic and Isothermal compressibility. Real gas,
Law of corresponding states, Dalton’s law, Amagat’s law, Property of mixture of gases.

• Fuels and Combustion: Combustion analysis, Heating Values and its measurement, Air
requirement, Air/Fuel ratio, Standard heat of reaction and effect of temperature on
standard heat of reaction, heat of formation, Chemical Equilibrium, adiabatic flame
temperature.

6. Manufacturing Science and Engineering

• Importance of manufacturing towards technological and social economic development.
Classification of manufacturing processes. Survey of manufacturing processes.
Manufacturing processes for common items, Concepts of Manufacturing Systems.

• Casting: Basic principle & survey of casting processes. Types of patterns and
allowances. Types and properties of moulding sand. Elements of mould and design

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 considerations, Gating, Riser, Runner, Core. Solidification of casting, Sand casting,
defects & remedies and inspection. Cupola furnace. Die Casting, Centrifugal casting.
Investment casting, CO2 casting and Stir casting etc.

• Metal Forming Processes: Elastic & plastic deformation, yield criteria. Hot working vs
cold working. Analysis (equilibrium equation method) of Forging process for load
estimation with sliding friction sticking friction and mixed condition for slab and disc.
Work required for forging, Hand, Power, Drop Forging. Analysis of Wire/strip drawing
and maximum-reduction, Tube drawing, Extrusion and its application. Condition for
Rolling force and power in rolling. Rolling mills & rolled-sections. Design, lubrication
and defects in metal forming processes.

• Sheet Metal working: Presses and their classification, Die & punch assembly and press
work methods and processes. Cutting/Punching mechanism, Blanking vs Piercing.
Compound vs Progressive die. Flat-face vs Inclined-face punch and Load (capacity)
needed. Analysis of forming process like cup/deep drawing. Bending & spring-back.

• Powder Metallurgy: Powder metallurgy manufacturing process. The need, process,

advantage and applications. Introduction to rapid prototyping and tooling.
Manufacturing of Plastic components: Review of plastics, and its past, present & future
uses. Injection moulding. Extrusion of plastic section. Welding of plastics. Future of
plastic & its applications.

• Metal Cutting : Mechanics of metal cutting. Geometry of tool and nomenclature. ASA
system Orthogonal vs. oblique cutting. Mechanics of chip formation, types of chips.
Shear angle relationship. Merchant’s force circle diagram. Cutting forces, power
required. Cutting fluids/lubricants. Tool materials. Tool wear and tool life.
Machinability. Dynamometer. Brief introduction to machine tool vibration and surface
finish. Economics of metal cutting.

• Metal Joining (Welding) : Survey of welding and allied processes. Gas welding and
cutting, process and equipment. Arc welding : Power sources and consumables. TIG &
MIG processes and their parameters. Resistance welding - spot, seam projection etc.

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 Other welding processes such as atomic hydrogen, submerged arc, electroslag, friction
welding. Soldering & Brazing. Thermodynamic and Metallurgical aspects in welding
and weld, Shrinkage/residual stress in welds. Distortions & Defects in welds and
remedies. Weld decay in HAZ.

• Introduction to Un-conventional Machining and Welding : Need & benefits, application

and working principle of EDM, ECM, LBM, EBM, USM. AJM, WJM. Similarly, non-
conventional welding applications such as LBW, USW, EBW, Plasma-arc welding,
Diffusion welding, Explosive welding/cladding.

7. Applied Thermodynamics
• Gas power cycles: Air Standard cycles: Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Dual and Stirling cycles,
P-V and T-s diagrams, description, efficiencies and mean effective pressures,
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and dual cycles.
I.C. Engines: Testing of two stroke and four stroke SI and CI engines for performance
related numerical problems, heat balance, Willian’s line method, Morse test.

• Vapour Power cycles and compressors: Simple steam power cycle, Rankine cycle,
actual vapour cycle processes, mean temperature of heat addition, effect of pressure and
temperature on Rankine cycle, Reheat cycle, Regenerative cycle, Feed water heaters,
Binary vapour cycle, Combined cycles,
Process heat and by-product power: Cogeneration plant, single stage reciprocating air
compressor, volumetric efficiency and multistage compression

• Boilers: Classification and working of boilers, boiler mountings and accessories,

draught and its calculations, air preheater, feed water heater, superheater, boiler
efficiency, equivalent evaporation boiler trial and heat balance.
Condenser: Classification of condensers, air leakage, condenser performance
parameters.

• Steam and Gas Nozzles: Flow through convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles,
variation of velocity, area and specific volume, choked flow, throat area, nozzle

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 efficiency, effect of back pressure, shock waves, Rayleigh line and Fanno lines, effect
of friction on nozzle, super saturated flow.
Steam Turbines: Classification of steam turbines, Impulse and Reaction turbines,
Staging, Stage and Overall efficiency, Reheat factor, Bleeding, Velocity diagram of
simple and compound multistage impulse and reaction turbines and related
calculations, work done, efficiencies of reaction, Impulse reaction turbines, state point
locus, Losses in steam turbines, Governing of turbines, Comparison with steam engine.

• Gas Turbine: Gas turbine classification, Brayton cycle, Principles of gas turbine, Gas
turbine cycles with intercooling, reheat and regeneration and their combinations, Stage
efficiency, Polytropic efficiency. Deviation of actual cycles from ideal cycles
Jet Propulsion: Introduction to the principles of jet propulsion, Turbojet and turboprop
engines and their processes, Principle of rocket propulsion, Introduction to Rocket
Engine.

8. Kinematics Of Machines
• Introduction: Aims & scope of the course & basic concepts of Mechanisms. Basic
definitions, Difference between structure & Machine, Links & their types, Types of
constrained motion, Kinematic pair & their classification, Grubler’s mobility criteria,
Inversion of a kinematic chain and applications, Hooks joint, Devis and Ackermann
steering mechanism. An introduction to approximate and exact straight line mechanism.

• Graphical (vector) method for velocity and acceleration of various mechanisms e.g.
slider crank and four bar, Coriolis acceleration. Instantaneous centre method,
Kennedy’s theorem and Klien’s construction.

• Transmission drives: Belt, Rope and Chain drives: Types and materials, Fundamentals
of Power transmission Phenomena of slip & creep, centrifugal and initial tensions, Tight
side and slack side tensions, Conditions of max. Power transmission.

• Brakes and Clutches: Types of braking systems, force and torque analysis for block,
band and brake and block brake, disc brakes. Friction clutches: types, uniform pressure
and uniform wear theory.

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• Theory of gearing: Classification of gears and terminology, Law of gearing, systems of
gear teeth, gear profiles, Interference, and efficiency of gears, epicyclical gear train,
Compound gear train, Torque analysis and various applications of complex gear trains.

9. Machine Design
• Introduction: Definition, Design requirements of machine elements, Design procedure,
Standards in design, Selection of preferred sizes, Indian Standards designation of
carbon & alloy steels, Selection of materials for static and fatigue loads.
Design against Static Load: Modes of failure, Factor of safety, Principal stresses,
Stresses due to bending and torsion, Theory of failure.

• Design against Fluctuating Loads: Cyclic stresses, Fatigue and endurance limit, Stress
concentration factor, Stress concentration factor for various machine parts, Notch
sensitivity, Design for finite and infinite life, Soderberg, Goodman & Gerber criteria
Riveted Joints : Riveting methods, materials, Types of rivet heads, Types of riveted
joints, Caulking and Fullering, Failure of riveted joint, Efficiency of riveted joint,
Design of boiler joints, Eccentric loaded riveted joint.

• Shafts: Cause of failure in shafts, Materials for shaft, Stresses in shafts, Design of shafts
subjected to twisting moment, bending moment and combined twisting and bending
moments, Shafts subjected to fatigue loads, Design for rigidity.

• Keys and Couplings : Types of keys, splines, Selection of square & flat keys, Strength
of sunk key, Couplings- Design of rigid and flexible couplings
Mechanical Springs: Types, Material for helical springs, End connections for
compression and tension helical springs, Stresses and deflection of helical springs of
circular wire, Design of helical springs subjected to static and fatigue loading.

• Power Screws: Forms of threads, multiple threads, Efficiency of square threads,

Trapezoidal threads, Stresses in screws, Design of screw jack.
• Spur Gears : Tooth forms, System of gear teeth, contact ratio, Standard proportions of
gear systems, Interference in involute gears, Backlash, Selection of gear materials, Gear

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 manufacturing methods, Design considerations, Beam strength of gear tooth, Dynamic
tooth load, Wear strength of gear tooth, Failure of gear tooth, Design of spur gears,
AGMA and Indian standards.

• Helical Gears: Terminology, Proportions for helical gears, Beam strength and wear
strength of helical gears, herringbone gears, crossed helical gears, Design of helical
gears.
Worm Gears: Types of worms, Terminology, Gear tooth proportions, Efficiency of
worm gears, Heat dissipation in worm gearing, Strength and wear tooth load for worm
gears, Design of worm gearing.

• Sliding Contact Bearing: Types, Selection of bearing, Plain journal bearing,

Hydrodynamic lubrication, Properties and materials, Lubricants and lubrication,
Hydrodynamic journal bearing, Heat generation, Design of journal bearing, Thrust
bearing-pivot and collar bearing, Hydrodynamic thrust bearing.

• Rolling Contact Bearing: Advantages and disadvantages, Types of ball bearing, Thrust
ball bearing, Types of roller bearing, Selection of radial ball bearing, Bearing life,
Selection of roller bearings, Dynamic equivalent load for roller contact bearing under
constant and variable loading, Reliability of Bearing, Selection of rolling contact
bearing, Lubrication of ball and roller bearing, Mounting of bearing.

• I.C Engine Parts: Selection of type of I.C engine, General design considerations, Design
of Cylinder and cylinder head; Design of piston, piston ring and gudgeon pin; Design
of connecting rod; Design of centre crankshaft.

10. Heat & Mass Transfer

• Introduction to Heat Transfer: Concepts of the mechanisms of heat flows; Conduction,
convection and radiation; Effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of materials;
Introduction to combined heat transfer mechanism.
Conduction: One-dimensional general differential heat conduction equation in the
rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems; Initial and boundary
conditions.

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 Steady State one-dimensional Heat conduction: Composite Systems in rectangular,
cylindrical and spherical coordinates with and without energy generation; Thermal
resistance concept; Analogy between heat and electricity flow; Thermal contact
resistance; Critical thickness of insulation.

• Forced Convection: Basic concepts; Hydrodynamic boundary layer; Thermal boundary

layer.
Natural Convection: Physical mechanism of natural convection; Buoyant force;
Empirical heat transfer relations for natural convection over vertical planes and
cylinders, horizontal plates and cylinders, and sphere; Combined free and forced
convection.

• Thermal Radiation: Basic radiation concepts; Radiation properties of surfaces; Black

body radiation Planck’s law, Wein’s displacement law, Stefan Boltzmann law,
Kirchoff’s law; Gray body; Shape factor; Black-body radiation; Radiation shields;
Radiation combined with conduction and convection; Absorption and emission in
gaseous medium; Solar radiation; Green house effect.

• Heat Exchanger: Types of heat exchangers; Fouling factors; Overall heat transfer
coefficient; Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) method; Effectiveness-
NTU method; Compact heat exchangers.
Condensation and Boiling: Introduction to condensation phenomena; Heat transfer
relations for laminar film condensation on vertical surfaces and on outside & inside of
a horizontal tube; Effect of non-condensable gases; Dropwise condensation; Heat pipes;
Boiling modes, pool boiling; Hysteresis in boiling curve; Forced convective boiling.

11. Fluid Machinery

• Introduction: Classification of Fluid Machines & Devices, Application of momentum
and momentum equation to flow through hydraulic machinery, Euler’s fundamental
equation.
Impact of jet: Introduction to hydrodynamic thrust of jet on a fixed and moving surface
(flat & curve), Effect of inclination of jet with the surface.

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 Hydraulic Turbines : Classification of turbines, Impulse turbines, Constructional
details, Velocity triangles, Power and efficiency calculations, Governing of Pelton
wheel.

• Reaction Turbines: Francis and Kaplan turbines, Constructional details, Velocity

triangles, Power and efficiency calculations, Degree of reaction, Draft tube, Cavitation
in turbines, Principles of similarity, Unit and specific speed, Performance
characteristics, Selection of water turbines.

• Centrifugal Pumps: Classifications of centrifugal pumps, Vector diagram, Work done

by impellor, Efficiencies of centrifugal pumps, Specific speed, Model testing,
Cavitation & separation and their control, Performance characteristics.

• Positive Displacement Pumps: Reciprocating pump theory, Slip and coefficient of

discharges, Indicator diagram, Effect and acceleration, Work saved by fitting air
vessels, Comparison of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps, Positive rotary pumps,
Gear and Vane-pumps, Performance characteristics.

• Other Machines: Hydraulic accumulator, Special duty pumps, Intensifier, Hydraulic

press, Lift and cranes, Theory of hydraulic coupling and torque converters,
Performance characteristics.
Water Lifting Devices: Hydraulic ram, Jet pumps, Air lift pumps.

12. Industrial Engineering

• Introduction, engineering economy and costing, cost analysis, methods of depreciation,
productivity concepts and measurements, job evaluation, methods of job evaluation,
merit rating, wage incentive plan, types of wage incentive plans.

• Work measurement, time study, pre-determined motion and time study (PMTS), work
sampling, method study, micro motion study, principles of motion economy.

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• Plant location, Types of Layout, Principles of Facility Layout, Objective Functions,
Steps in PPC, Planning, Routing, Scheduling, Loading, Despatching, Effectiveness of
PPC.

• High Volume Production Systems- Transfer Devices, Feeder classification,

Construction and Applications, Automated Flow lines, Analysis of Automated Flow
lines for Reliability and Efficiency, Assembly Systems, Robot Technology, Flexible
Manufacturing Systems (FMS).

13. Power Plant Engineering

• Introduction: Power and energy, sources of energy, review of thermodynamic cycles
related to power plants, fuels and combustion calculations. Load estimation, load
curves, various terms and factors involved in power plant calculations. Effect of
variable load on power plant operation, Selection of power plant units.
Power plant economics and selection : Effect of plant type on costs, rates, fixed
elements, energy elements, customer elements and investor’s profit; depreciation and
replacement, theory of rates. Economics of plant selection, other considerations in plant
selection.

• Steam power plant : General layout of steam power plant, Power plant boilers including
critical and super critical boilers. Fluidized bed boilers, boilers mountings and
accessories, Different systems such as coal handling system, pulverizers and coal
burners, combustion system, draft, ash handling system, Dust collection system, Feed
water treatment and condenser and cooling towers and cooling ponds, Turbine auxiliary
systems such as governing, feed heating, reheating, flange heating and gland leakage.
Operation and maintenance of steam power plant, heat balance and efficiency, Site
selection of a steam power plant

• Hydro electric station : Hydrology, Principles of working, applications, site selection,

classification and arrangements, hydroelectric plants, run off size of plant and choice
of units, operation and aintenance, hydro systems, interconnected systems.

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• Electrical system : Generators and generator cooling, transformers and their cooling,
bus bar, etc. Instrumentation Purpose, classification, selection and application,
recorders and their use, listing of various control rooms.
Non Conventional Power Plants : Introduction to non-conventional power plants (Solar,
wind, geothermal, tidal, Fuel cell based power plants etc.
Pollution : Pollution due to power generation.

14. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

• Refrigeration: Introduction to refrigeration system, Methods of refrigeration, Carnot
refrigeration cycle, Unit of refrigeration, Refrigeration effect & C.O.P.
Air Refrigeration cycle: Open and closed air refrigeration cycles, Reversed Carnot
cycle, Bell Colemanor Reversed Joule air refrigeration cycle, Boot strap refrigeration,
Regenerative, Reduced ambient, Dry air rated temperature (DART).

• Vapour Compression System: Single stage system, Analysis of vapour compression

cycle, Use of T-Sand P-H charts.

• Vapour Absorption system: Working Principal of vapour absorption refrigeration

system, Comparison between absorption & compression systems, Elementary idea of
refrigerant absorbent mixtures.
Refrigerants: Classification of refrigerants, Nomenclature, Desirable properties of
refrigerants, Common refrigerants, Secondary refrigerants and CFC free refrigerants.

• Air Conditioning: Introduction to air conditioning, Psychometric properties and their

definitions, Psychometric chart, Different Psychometric processes, Thermal analysis of
human body, Effective temperature and comfort chart, Cooling and heating load
calculations, Selection of inside & outside design conditions, Heat transfer through
walls & roofs, Infiltration & ventilation, Internal heat gain, Sensible heat factor ( SHF),
By pass factor, Grand Sensible heat factor ( GSHF), Apparatus dew point(ADP).

• Refrigeration Equipment & Application: Elementary knowledge of refrigeration & air

conditioning equipment, Elementary knowledge of transmission and distribution of air
through ducts and fans.

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