Computer: - Computer is an electronic device which we can store raw information or set of data to give useful information in

particular order.

Computer is dividing in to two parts:-

I. Hardware II. Software

The computer consists of the following features:-

Input devices: - Data are interred into the computer system by means of input devices. We enter programs and data into the computer
system through input devices.

Input devices are following:-

1. Keyboard: -Keyboard is like a type writer but there are some additional keys that handle and control function.
The key board has six categories of keys:-
1. Alphabetic Keys:-These keys are used to type in words A to Z.
2. Numerical Keys:-These keys are used to type in words number 0 to 9.
3. Arithmetic Keys:-These keys are used in math.
4. Logical keys:-These keys are used in logical sedition. < >?
5. Functional keys:-These are used to perform a set of operations by a single key. This save time when we writing a lung
program F1 to F12.
6. Special keys: - These keys are used special purpose.

MOUSE: - Mouse is used specially for GUI. It contains one to three buttons. This is used as a pointing device. The user rolls on a
smooth surface the curser movement on the screen is controlled by mouse. One can point to any place on screen make selections and
click on option. The mouse can be used either individually or in combination with a keyboard so that there is enhancement in input
operation. Position of cursor using a mouse by easier than typing for non typists.

Typing of Mouse: - I. Mechanical Mouse: - Has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can roll in all directions its underside that
can roll in all directions. Mechanical sensors within the mouse detect the direction that ball is rolling and move the screen pointer
accordingly.

II, Optical Mouse: - Optical Mouse same as a Mechanical Mouse but uses optical sensors to detect motion of the ball.

III. Cordless Mouse: - Cordless is an advanced technique based mouse in which it doesn’t require a wire to connect it with cpu. It
communicates with computer through frequency technique. It consists of two main transmitter and receiver. Transmitter happens to be
in mouse to control its speed and click movement through electronic magnetic signal where as receiver signals and transfers these
signals to mouse drive and os. Receiver can also be connected in mother board in a card form and in some computer it comes inbuilt.

Joystick: - This is one of the popular input devices. Which is used for playing video games? As the joystick is moved in the socket the
movements are converted into binary instructions with the help of electrical contacts at the base of joystick. The position and speed
with which the joystick is moved is controlled by a lever. A joystick is similar to a mouse the cursor stops moving as soon as we stop
moving the mouse with a joystick the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick is pointing.

Track Ball: - This is similar to joystick, the difference is that track ball uses hard sphere instead of handle for cursor control. This
hard ball can be rotated by hand in any direction. The sphere speed and direction of rotation is translated into digital signals which
controls the cursor. Trackball is a common device used in CAD/CAM.

It is preferred in designing because its movement is mostly sufficient to move the graphical cursor and does not
require any movement of equipment’. This makes it easier for designers to work for graphical, drawings and is more suitable to their
style of working. The trackball is also used in ultra sound machine.

Light Pen: - The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric, circuit; there by indicating x y coordinates to the computer. Light pens
are generally used by graphics designers, illustrators and drafting engineers to select or modify text or data on a screen. A is mostly
use in mobile, pocket computers.
Touch Screen: - A touch screen is an input device that allows users to operate a pc by simply touching the display screen. A touch
screen can be used with most pc system as other input devices such as track ball touch pads. A touch screen input system is made up
of a touch screen, a controller card, and a software driver.

Digital Camera: - Digital camera which is becoming famous day by day is an important and useful input device. It is and input device
which digitizer the image, compresses it and stores it in a special disk or memory card. With the development of internet and
multimedia there usage has been increased. Various production studios along with various application software’s use it to manipulate
the graphics and animations.

Scanners: - Scanners are direct data entry device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital file
allowing the computer to read and display the scanned object. The technique used in special scanner for the recognition of marks
characters involves a light source and sensor. The main part of scanner available today are flatted scanner, sheet fed scanner and hand
held scanner.

Optical Scanners: - Optical Scanners uses light source to recognize the character the characters and marks optical scanners are
following:-

Optical Mark Reader: - The OMR is a device which can detect the presence or Absence of mark on a paper. Light is incident onto
the paper and the reflected light is detected. The presence of a mark is detected due to intensity of light being reflected from the mark.
OMR used in objective type question paper in examination population surveys etc.

Optical Character Reader: - OCR devices can read Printed characters directly no special ink is required. They can read type written
pages computer output or even hand written documents.

Bar Code Reader: - This is bit more sophisticated type of optical recognition where the data is in form of thin black bars and spaces.
This is usefully seen on back of some books as well as on some products like greeting cards etc. These lines known as bar codes or
product codes which are arranged so as to represent data such as name of manufacturer type of production and optical bar reader
recognizers and interprets these bars depending on the width of lines and then the price and product are then matched by the computer.

MICR: - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition devices were developed to assist banking industry in processing the tremendous
(vR;f/kd) volume of human readable cheques being written every day. Bank identification number, cheque number, account number
and amount are printed using special magnetic ink which is processed using MICR reader.

Voice Recognition Devices: - The human need for easy and faster way of input is giving rise to very friendly input system which
takes input using human voice that is when one sports it takes the input. There devices are in stage of experimenting and development
where various problem like speech should be independent of person where even the individual’s voice is different it should take input.
The input device uses microphone which converts human speech into electric signals which are matched with already existing
dictionary at patterns when matched is found it gives appropriate output.

CPU: - This is the main part of the computer system. We can call it the heart of the system. It is called center because all the other
units are attached to it. It is brain the computer. The cpu contain the following components:-

Mother Board: - It is a microcomputer circuit board that contains slots for connecting peripherals like ram modules, cpu and adapter
cards. Motherboards also have electronic circuitry for handling such takes I/O signals from those peripheral devices. A mother board
is the backbone of a computer system. The power of PC highly depends on the peripherals that its motherboard supports.

Connectors: - Here is where cables connect to the mother board for things like hard floppy drives and CD ROM drives.

Keyboard & Mouse plugs: - This is where the keyboard & mouse attaches to the back of the computer.

Memory slots: -Mother board has two long slots for a Ram. Mother board can handle a different Ram like SDR,DDRI,DDRII speed
of Ram is 1gb,2gb,4gb.

PCI Slots: -The mother board gas different slots for the never PCI boards for peripherals like video cards sound cards, Internal
Modem.

Power Connection: - There is where the power supply connects to the mother board.
Processor Sockets: - Processor sockets is the place where the processor plugs into the mother board. When processor is installed we
can’t see it because on top of it is a heat sink fan to keep the processor cool. Hot processor make mistakes different size.

Microprocessor: - A microprocessor consists of all the logic circuitry placed on one single chip. A microprocessor has alu, control
unit and registers on a single chip. A microprocessor consists of millions of transistors on a small are called chip. The chip is also
known as interested circuit. Intel of USA is the largest manufacturing company of microprocessors.

I. ALU: - The ALU performs all the arithmetic calculations and takes logic decisions. This unit can do subtraction addition
addition etc.
II. Control Unit: - This controls and coordinates the activities of all other units of computer system. The control unit also
controls the flow of data between the microprocessor and peripherals (including memory). The control first reads the
instructions given by the user one by one. It then understands each instruction. After understanding the message included
in each instruction. It sends control signals to various parts of the computer system.
III. Register: - Registers are special memory unit inside the cpu which help speeding up the of data transfer with the cpu.
Each register can receive data, store temporarily and pass it on as and when directed by the cu. A cpu can have a number
of registers. There are some registers which are common to all the computers. There are:-

Memory Address Register: - It holds the address of the memory location.

Memory Buffer Register: - It holds the contents of the word read from or to be written to the primary memory.

Program Counter: - It holds the address of the instruction to execute next.

Memory: - Memory unit is where all data intermediate and final results are stored. The memory can receive, hold and deliver data
when instructed to do so it contains the instruction that the computer need to execute a program memory is divided into two
categories:-

Primary Memory: - Primary is two types:- I. ROM II. RAM

ROM: - Rom is nonvolatile that is when our computer goed off the data on these chips is no lost.

Different types of RAM are following:-

I. PROM: - PROM stands for programmable Read Only Memory. The most basic type of rom chip is supplied by the
computer manufactures as part of the computer system and it can’t be changed and altered by the user. In PROM
programmed only once.
II. EPROM: - Some Programmable ROMs can be erased and programmed with special devices are called as Erasable
PROM. The erasure is done with help of a device which user Ultra Violet Rays.
III. EEPROM: - Further advancement in technology has resulted into development of EEPROM which are electrically
EPROM. These EEPROMs can be erased simply by applying electrical pulses of certain (fuf”pr)voltage levels.

RAM: - In RAM when the machine is switched on the memory which is available for we to use is Random Access Memory. We can
read from and write to any location within RAM by specifying the relevant (leCu/k) address. ROM is volatile. This means that when
our computer goes off all the data is lost. It is temporary memory.

There are two types of RAM:-

I. Static Ram: - Static Ram is made up of cells which capable of storing the binary information indefinitely. Static Ram
can retain data’s long as the power is available to it and are generally somewhat faster than Dynamic Ram.
II. Dynamic Rams: - Dynamic Ram has the property that the data stored it is lost after every few microseconds.

Secondary Memory:- Secondary Memory stores data not currently being used and

Operates more slowly but it is capable of storing large volumes of data.

Some Secondary storage devices are:-

Hard Disk:- A hard disk like a long play record and is made of smooth metal or plastic which is coated with magnetic material. Data is
organize in a set of concentric (ftldk dsUnz fcUnq ,d gks) ring called tracks. Each track is the retrieved in blocks the tacks are there for
divided into sectors. In one sector 512 bytes are stored Hard Disk drives can store much data than floppy disk drive and can access and
transmit it faster.

Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk is a random storage device in which we can store data for future use it is known as floppy because it made
of flexible material. They are enclosed in a protective jacket (plastic paper) to reduce fraction and static ( fLFkj ).The disk jacket has
four openings I. Hub II. Data access area III. Write protect notch IV. Indexhole.

The round opening in the center of floppy is called hub. Floppy is placed into disk drive after placing it in disk drive must close disk
door is called data access area. The data is stored in the disk spins (?kweuk) in its Jacket the read/write heads are clambed on the
surface in the data access area which is the exposed ([kqyk NksM+uk) part of the disk. There is a write protect notch in the upper write
corner of the disk. If the notch is covered with a tape then data can only read but we cannot feed or record inside the floppy. It is
security measure index hole is positioned in the jacket. It recognizes the starting sector of any track. These track divided into sectors.
A disk is divided into 8 or 9 sectors in one sectors1 kb characters can be store. Floppy is provided in different size such as 5 ¼’’ 3 ½ ‘’
8’’.

Magnetic Tape:- Relatively inexpensive storage media known as magnetic types are sometime used as back up . A standard 2400 feet
tape can store about 90 million char and can be read data speed of 16000 char peasecod .we can store data permanently, using their
magnetic types.

Optical Storage Device:-

I. CD-R:- CDROM stands for compact disk read only memory. It is device that reads information stored an plastic
compact disks. It is called compact because. It can store large amount of information. One CD can hold 700 mb data.
Most CDs are read only which means we cannot save data to the disk.
II. CD-RW: - Compact Disc Rewritable is a rewritable optical disc format. A cd read/write is very much similar to a write
one read many disk. The difference is that the user can erase the preview. Content and write it and write on it multiple
times.
III. DVD:- Digital Versatile Disk is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage including movies
with high video and sound quality. One DVD can hold 4 gb to 17 gb data. The advantage of DVDs are there for self
evident a bug storage capacity that enables users to archive large amount of data on a single, light weight, removable,
reliable, easily.

Output Devices:- Output means display the results on the output unit. The devices through which we get processed information or the
final output are known as the output.

Output devices produce two types of output:-

I. Softcopy Device:- When computer display devices are readily available and information must be quickly accessible it is
best produced as softcopy.

The main softcopy device is monitor:-

Monitor:- Monitor are also called video display unit. It is the must commonly used output device with the personal
computer. At the simplest level monitor can be divided to two categories:-

I. Monochrome B&W Monitor :- A Monochrome monitor as like a black & white monitor TV screen. Which can
display two color (dark and light).
II. Color Monitor:- A color monitor can display output in multiple color. There are known as RGB monitor. The
quality of display on the monitor depends on two features :-
I. Pixel:- A monitor is composed(fLFkj “kkUr)by very small dots which are called pixel.
II. Resolution:- Resolution refers to the density of pixel or the screen. Resolution is normally expressed in
terms of numbers of row and number of columns available on the screen.

There are two types of monitors:-

 I. Analog or CRT Monitor:- CRT is known as Cathode Ray Tube. A CRT works by moving an electron beam back and
forth across the back of the screen. Each time it makes pass across the screen it light up phosphors dots on the inside of
the glass tube there by illuminating active portion of these.
II. Digital or LCD Monitor: - This Monitor is like the display in display watches and calculator where Liquid crystal
Display technology is used. Hence there is a flat panel and does not have a picture tube. It works on the principle that
when high voltage is applied, the crystals line up in such a way that it blocks the light passing through them and in a
absence of light is seen as the characters on the screens. LCD panels are a lot better than CRT, LCD display use two
basic techniques for producing color passive matrix is the less expensive of the two technologies. The other technology
called thin film transistor(TFT) .

Characteristics of a monitor:-

I. The size is an important faster in determining the quality of the image being shown on the monitor. The computer screen
is divided into very tiny dot known as pixels. The greater the number of pixel on the screen, the sharper is the image, and
the quality is also enhanced. The size of the monitor indicates the size of the phosphors coated screen on which electron
by three electron guns. Red, green, and blue. The monitor are available in different size like 12 inch, 14 inch, 15 inch, 17
inch and 21 inch.
II. Resolution:- Resolution of a monitor is determined by number of pixel per unit area of the screen. The more than number
of pixels, the higher is the resolution of the monitor. The greater is the resolution; the clearest is the image on the screen.
The resolution of certain monitor is indicated below:- 14 inch= 640 x 480

15 inch= 800 x 600

17 inch = 1024 x 768

21 inch = 1280 x 1024

III. Refresh Rate: - Normally, the electrons hit the phosphors on the CRT and the phosphors glows certain intensities. Once
the phosphors on the CRT screen have been hit with on electron, it will only glow for a short period of times, because of
this the CRT must be refreshed. The process of re-hitting of electron on the phosphors coated screen denotes the refresh
rate of the minute. The refresh rate of the monitor should be high. If the video card refresh rate is not set high enough,
the user may encounter a flicker or a steady line scrolling form the tip to the bottom on the screen.
IV. Dot Pitch:- The dot pitch is a measurement; measured in millimeters, which is the amount of space between the
phosphors on a computer monitor screen. The smaller the number of dot pitches, the sharper is the image on the screen.

Hardcopy Device:- When computer display devices are not readily available and information has same value over time. It is best
produced as hard copy. Hardcopy device produce output on the paper.

Hardcopy Device divide into two parts:- I. Printer II. Plotter

Printer: - Printers are hardware devices that allow the user to create a hard copy of a file.

Printers are of two types:-

I. Impact Printers:- An impact printer makes contact with the paper. There printer hammer on paper and called head to
print each character.

In Impact printers are following printers:-

I. Dot Matrix Printer:- Dot Matrix Printers are also called serial printers we developed with two objectives greater
speed and more flexibility. Dot Matrix Printers printer are character printers, which print one character at a time. Dot
Matrix Printers print area set of dots. There printers have a single printing head. The print head use pins 9,18 or 32
which impact the ribbon on top of the paper. Dot Matrix Printer to print many special characters, different sizes of
print and the ability to print graphics. Dot Matrix Printers are fast and cheap but their print quality is relatively poor.
The speed of Dot Matrix Printers is 1 to 3 page per minute.
II. Daisy Wheel Printer:- This type of printers has plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of each character stand out
in relief. To print a character the printer rotates the disk until, the desired letter is facing the paper. Then a hammer
 strikes the disk, forcing the character to hit an ink ribbon, leaving an impression of the character on the paper. The
user has to change the daisy wheel to print different fonts. These are noisy and slow, printing from 10 to about 50
characters per second.
III. Line Printer:- Line printer contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time. Line printer are
very fast, but produce low quality print. A fast line printer can print as many as 3000 characters per minute. The
disadvantages of line printers are that they cannot print graphics, the print quality is low, and they are very noisy.
IV. Non Impact Printers:- Non Impact Printers do not make of hammer to print. Main Non Impact Printers are
following:-
A. Inkjet Printer:- Inkjet Printers work in much the same as dot matrix printer. Inkjet Printers uses one more
nozzles in the print head that emit (QSaduk ;k fudkyuk) a steady(fu;fer fLFkj) stream(NksVh unh) of tiny (NksVk)
ink drops. The speed of inkjet printers up to about 270 cps and they produce less noise.
B. Laser Printer:- Laser Printer are Non Impact type printer. These printer use laser beam, Toner or some other
light source to produce an image on a Photosensitive drum. The computer controls the laser beam to turn it on
and off when it is sent back and forth across the drum. An image is produced following the raster scan principle.
The laser exposed area attract toner. There after the drum transfer the toner to the paper. The paper then moves
to a fusing station where the toner is permanently fused on the paper with hit. After this the drum is discharged
and cleaned now the drum is ready for processing the next page. Laser printers are produce high quality output.
Laser printers are expensive and require periodic (le;vurjky ) maintenance. In these day laser printer are very
popular. These printers are print are 10 page print in one minute. Per page cost of printing is 50 paisa.
II. Plotter: - Plotter is an output device used to produce hard copies of graphs and designs from a computer. They draw lines
using a pen multicolor plotters use different colored pens to draw different colors. They are used in engineering
applications.

Plotters are three types:-

A. Drum Plotters: - It is a type of pen plotter that wraps the paper around a drum with a pin feed attachment. The drum turns to
produce one direction of the plot and the pens move to provide the other.
B. Flatbed Plotter: - As the name implies, it plot on papers that are spread and fixed over a rectangular flatted table. In this the
pen holding mechanism(cukoV) is designed to provide all the movements and normally paper remain static. The size of this
surface determines (lekIr gksuk) the maximum size of the drawing.
C. Electrostatic Plotter: - A Plotter that uses an electrostatic of printing. Liquid toner models use a positively changed toner that
is attached to paper. This is negatively charged by passing by a line of electrodes (tiny wire). Newly electros tic plotters focus
light on to a changed drum using lasers of LEDs.

Classification of Computer Based on size:-

I. Micro Computers:- Micro computer are the smallest computers, which are generally used by a single person at a time. Micro
computer are also called personal computer. Storage capacity are used as homes, schools business and other areas price of
these computer are very less. Apple, zx80, PC-AT/286, 386,486, PI, PII, PIII, PIV etc.
II. Mini Computer:- There are small general purpose system. There are smaller to main frame. They are five times faster than
microcomputer. CPU speed of 500 instructions per second. These computers are characterized by their main memory size.
There are used in business. Exam:- IBM6000,
III. Main Frame Computer: - There are called main frames due to their large size. Main Frame Computers are very big in size.
There are very large computer with a very high capacity of main storage. They can process large amount of data very quickly.
There are used by big companies, banks, government department. Exam:- IBM 4300.
IV. Super Computer: - Super Computer are designed to process complex scientific jobs. These computer are the fastest, most
expensive and most powerful. They are processing large amount of the data and solving very complicated problems. They are
used in the fields of weather forecasting (igys ls vuqeku), rocketing, weapons, research and development. Exam:- Super
Computer, Param 1000.

Classification of Computer Based on Application:-

 I. Analog Computer:- These computer operate by measuring quantities. These computer process the information which is
physical and continues in nature. They represent number by a physical quantity. Analog computers are special purpose
machine which perform a particular task and are used in the field of science. There computer are used in industries like
electronic power plant and chemical plants, speedometers, watches, thermometer.
II. Digital Computer :- These computer operate by counting. It represent daa as a numbers and operate on them
mathematically besides calculations it can perform logical operation complaining two numbers and deciding which on is
greater and smaller. These computers used for engineering, mathematics, statically operation, research, and accounts.
Exam:- Desk Computer, Electronic Computer.
III. Hybrid Computer:- Hybrid Computer are combination of analog and accuracy of digital computer. They operated by
counting as well as measuring. They are used for special problem in which input data divided from measurement is
converted into digital data.

Personal Computers are classified into following types:-

I. Desktop:- As the name specifies, desktop computers are those PC,s which have to be placed on desk. These computers
consists have one cpu. One pair of input devices and one output device. These computers are used in business and at
homes for day to day work. They have a large memory for storage. The computers are also called micro computers.
II. Laptop:- The laptop computer is small in size. They can be placed on one’s lap while working. They are smaller in size
than a desktop but have similar performance and storage capacity as a desktop. These computers are known as mobile pc
since any user can work with them during journey or outside office. These computers are largely used by business
personal. Who have to extensively travel during their business schedule.
III. Palmtop:- These types of PC’s are smallest in size. They can be hand held. They are also called Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA). They are used as address books, Scheduling systems, Notepads and Cellular Phone.

Video Standard:-

Examples of Video Standards are following:-

I. CGA: - Color Graphics Adapter is a full form of CGA. It is created in 1981 by IBM (International Business Machine)
company. It can support 16 colors and has a low resolution of 320 x 200.
II. VGA:- It means Video Graphic Array. It is created by IBM in 1987. All most computers are used VGA card. It can
support up to 256 colors and has a resolution of 640 x 480.
III. SVGA: - It means Super Video Graphic Array. It is advance version of VGA. This has excellent result resolution of
graphics and text representation SVGA normally refers to a resolution of 800 x 600 pixel.
IV. XGA: - It means Extended Graphical Adapter. It is uses in 15 inch and 17 inch monitors. It is refers to a resolution of
1024 x 768 pixel. It supports 256 colors.

Sound Card: - Sound Card is a device which enables producing and transmitting sound of different frequencies from the computers. It
is located in the cpu box of the computer. It is connected with the speakers, which produces ‘beeps’ when the computer operate the
sound card enables the speaker to emit different types of sounds in any multimedia application. It also enables recording of various
kind of sounds to the computer system. In modern computers sound card is located in the slots available in the mother board inside the
cpu.

Speakers: - Speakers is an output device which emits sounds of various types using sound card located inside the cpu. A speaker can
also be used as an output device in voice recognition and response system. It enables playing different kind of music on the computer.
It also enhance support to different multimedia applications. Where voice is the key input data.

Windows: - Window is an operating system. The Microsoft Company introduces the window package b based on GUI .The GUI is
stands for graphical user inter face. It means that user invokes any option through a small picture and any pointing devices windows
provide an easy to open two programs at a time. This operating system is very user friendly and it has menu and icon driven interface.

Part of the Windows 98 are following:-

I. Desktop: - The background of the screen is called desktop. Desktop is the overall work area while we are in windows. It
appears on computer screen when we first start our computer. We can add any number of icons representing programs,
documents shortcuts printers. The important features of the MS Windows desktop are folders, the task bar and shortcuts.
 There are few permanent folders like my computer and recycle bin which appears as icon on the desktop. We can
arrange our folders, files and shortcuts on the desktop according to our choice.
II. Task Bar: - A horizontal bar position of the bottom of the desktop area is called task bar. It control four parts.
i. Start Button:- At the left end of task bar a button appears with label start. It is used to start each windows programmed.
When we click the start button we see a button that contains everything. We need to begin using windows. If we want to
start a program point to program.
A. Program: - When the mouse is moved to the programs, it is highlighted and another window is opened. It contains the names
of the application such as accessories, internet explorer, Notepad, word pad. The program group provides the primary means
of starting an application.
B. Documents: - The document group provides a list of last 15 documents that have been recently opened by the user directly
from the windows.
C. Settings:- The settings group provides the means of adjusting many aspects of the computer system. We can also add, delete
and manage printers through settings.
D. Find:- The find group allow to locate files or folders on the internet or in the hard disks.
E. Help:- The help enables to learn about the computer and find answers to questions that we may have.
F. Run:- This option provides a command line in which we can type a path and a programs or a folder to run the program or to
open folder.
ii. Quick launch tool bar:- It is a set of four button for internet accessing.
iii. Task Manager: - The largest part the task bar which is used to manage the programmed.
iv. System Tray: - It is the area of task bar at task bar at the right end which displays some information about system like
system, date & time printer activations and sound.
III. Icon:- Small pictures or symbols on represent the programs files folders.
IV. Folders: - It contains files program and other folders. It is just like directory of DOS.
V. Pointer: - It is symbol with various types which represent the mouse movement.

This operating system has various versions namely:-

Windows95, Windows98, Windows NT, Windows2000, Windows XP

Windows95 and 98 are the operating system suitable for single user systems, whereas the Windows NT is a multiuser operating
system Millennium edition and XP edition are with lot of sophisticated feature windows comes with simple but useful word
processing, graphics and many more utilities.

Features of MS Windows:-

I. Multimedia Support: - Windows provides multimedia support if user has multimedia equipment, he can easily connect to
the windows based system.
II. Personalizing the windows:- Windows comes with flexibility where one can personalized customer as per his own
requirements may it be screen may it be options be it means or the task bar anything on windows can be customized to
suit the specific needs of a user.
III. Screen Savers: - Windows support screen savers ie. Whenever as no one is using the system specific time the windows
screen saver which is used to hide the work which is ongoing from others assuming(dYiuk djuk) the user has gone for
some other works.
IV. Plug & Play: - Windows gives features where any new device is connected to it one can just plug it and it starts working.
It gives an easies method for installing various devices from these feature windows comes internet compatible and has
various feature which support internet application development tools in an efficient manner.
V. In windows files and folders show like an icon.

Advantages of MS Windows: -

I. Ms Windows is easier to learn and use than DOS and UNIX.

II. It can run 16 bit and 32 bit applications with very fast speed and in an efficient (izHkkoh) manner.
III. Ms Windows and its application run under pc’s protected mode. The pc protected mode means irregular programs cannot
utilize the memory and other resources.
 IV. Ms Windows is a multithreaded and preemptive (,d ls T;knk dk;Z) multitasking operating system. Multithreaded means. It
can run multiple applications. The preemptive multitasking means program running in the background do not affect the
interactive program that we are running in the foreground.
V. It is support long file name rather than the limited eight letters with extension of three letters file name as used by DOS.
VI. It provides a big facility of plug & play. It allows user to simply plug a new board such as a video, audio or network card
into the computer.
VII. Ms Windows integrate (VqdM+ks esa caVk gqvk) virtually all our computer tasks and resources like network
communication ( Email, Faxing) applications multimedia features system administration ad printing facility.

Microsoft Widows has been developed for targeting the needs and demands of home and small business users. Windows has many
versions which include Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP.

Various versions of Windows are following: -

Windows 95:- Windows 95 is the operating system. Earlier versions required MS DOS. Windows 95 combines and improves upon the
functions that earlier version of windows and MS DOS provided windows 95 has a new look that is designed. Windows 95 does the
following things:-

I. Create link between the user and the complete.

II. Handles it internal functions such as:-
i. Managing the computer memory.
ii. Coordinating input and output devices.

Windows: - Windows98 is updated version of windows 95. Win 98 is a Graphics User Interface operating system. Which has two
interfaces one is the interface between the user and applications and other is the interface between the applications and the computers
devices and files. Win 98 is a class of graphical software called GUI. Win 98 also supports the popular TCP/IP Protocol for accessing
system having internet.

Windows 2000: - Windows 2000 were launched to support those users who have shifted from desktop systems to highly portable
computers. It ensures portability of services being offered by GUI operating system. Windows has remote access services which helps
windows 2000 network log on and connect just as they do from their desktop machine, sharing data and resources supplied by network
services, printers, fax modems and other workstations windows 2000 workstation can interface easily with must existing local,
metropolitan and wide area network like windows NT, Lan manager windows for work groups, netware and many other complex
network systems.

Windows XP: - The name XP stand for e when the experience. Windows XP features friendly new screen simplified menus and a
whole lot more windows. Xp makes personal computing easy and enjoyable. It has features like power performance a bright new look,
and plenty of help when the user needs it. In windows we can shares files, photos, music even a printer and internet connection all on a
network that is private and secure with windows XP. We get the proven (izekf.kr fd;k gqvk) dependability of window 2000 enhanced
for high speed performance and even greater reliability. It enables parallel processing and real time processing of events in the
computer system. It is an excellent example of multiprogramming multiprocessing operating system. Windows XP has one central file
that contains(j[kuk) all the settings for our system. Since the system depends on this file. It is hidden from the user and is automatically
backed up. During an install or during the installation of new hardware devices the registry is updated but before the update takes
place windows XP backs up the registry.

Widows Vista: - Windows vista is one of the latest version of windows operating system released on jan 30,2007 windows vista
provides much more inviting than it predecessors. It has all new look complete with stylish graphical visualizations easier to navigate
menus enhanced personalization capabilities. The windows vista starter is the most basic version aimed for majority of users.

Vista also new graphic feature the window Aero, GUI, new application such as window calendar, windows, DVD maker and
some new games including chess and more secure version of internet explorer and new version of windows media player.

Window Vista offers a wide variety of new and improved features are following:-
 1. Windows Aero: - The desktop look has been changed a new interface and visual style window aero has been provided to
make it more easier to use and pleasant (lqgkouk)look.
2. Detailed Icons: - The icons displayed in a folders when using windows explorer are somewhat bigger and more meaningful.
3. New look for control panel: - The look of the control panel and many other commonly accessed configuration utilities
changed.
4. Improved Security: - Several security enhancement have been added in it.
5. New Multimedia Features: - Windows media player, windows photo gallery, windows media center have all been
redesigned and are provided new life.
6. Better communication facilities.
7. Batter search and organization tool.
8. Provided better backup and restore facility.

My Computer: - My computers icon is in the upper left corner of desktop. The my computer on the desktop opens a view into
resources of the local computers, Double clicking on it invokes round at literally everything in the computer, hardware and software.
My computer is a special type of folder and it is an integral part of the windows. All the main resources are stored in my computer
folder. We can double click on my computer icon from desktop it will display a my computer windows which will further display all
drivers printer, folder and a control panel folder in the my computer.

Recycle Bin; - The recycle is the reserved space on hard disk to store the deleted data. When we delete a file or folder or document or
drag and object to the recycle bin. The file/folder document or about the automatically moves to the reserve space.

There are two different type of window:-

A. Application Window: - The window which contains the programs we are currently working and running is called an
application window. This is also called parent window. The title bar of this window displays the name of the program we are
currently working with.
B. Document Window: - A window in the application window is called the document window once the application window is
open, we can open a new document window from it.

Suppose we are working with Ms Word and we have opened a document window. Now if we want to open a new
window, we can open it by simply clicking at new option in the file menu bar. This window could be called a document
window.

Explain the accessories: - We can accesses the ms windows accessories by clicking the start button, a start menu will
appear. Now move the mouse pointer to the program menu and select the accessories command, click the accessories
command. We will see an accessories window which further has numbers of folders in it. It has following icon.
I. Word Pad: - With word pad we can create and edit simple text documents or documents with complex formatting
and graphics. We can link or embed information from other documents into a word pad document. We can save our
word pad files as a text file. These formats provide greater flexibility when working with other programs.
II. Note Pad: - Note Pad is basic text editor that we can use to create simple document. The most common use for note
pad is to view or edit text files, but many users find note pad a simple tool for creating web pages. Because note pad
supports only very basic formatting, we cannot accidently saw special formatting in document that needs to remain
pure text. This is especially useful when creating HTML documents for a web page because special character or
other formatting may not appear in our published web page or may even cause errors.
III. MS Paint: -MS Paint is a drawing tool. We can use to create simple or elaborate (foLrkj iwoZd) drawing. These drawings can be
either black and white or color and easy be saved as bitmap files. We can print our drawing use it. For our desk top background,
or paste it into contain document. We can even use ms paint to view and edit scanned photos. We can also use paint to work with
pictures such as .bmp file. We can paste a paste a paint picture into another document. We have created or use it as our desk top
background.
IV. Clipboard: - Clipboard is a built utility that adds the process of copying information between applications. Using the clipboard
can mark a portion of text or graphics in one application window and drop it into another application window. It is temporary
 storage area to which we can “clip” a small amount of the information. The information stays on the clipboard until we delete it
replace it or exit windows.
V. Calculator: - We can use calculator to perform any of the standard operation for which we would normally use a handheld
calculator. Calculator performs basic arithmetic, such as addition such as logarithms and factorials.
VI. Character Map: - We can use character map to view the character that are available in a selected font, character map display the
character set. We can copy individual character or a group of character to the clipboard and paste them in to any program that can
display them we can even copy character by dragging them from character map directly into a open document.ng some setting
like adjusting screen display

Control Panel: - The control panel is required to customize windows environment by doing some setting like adjusting screen display and
its color setting hardware installation increasing/decreasing the speed of mouse set/reset password , set key repeat rate, enhance the font
size etc. Control is the windows application used for maintence of computer system. In the control panel, the user can do the following
operations.

• Add new hardware that is plug & play.

• Add/remove programs (installing or uninstalling software).
• Setting the date and time.
• Customizing screen display.
• To set the font.
• To set keyboard, mouse, joystick, modem and printers.
• To set multimedia and sound.
• To set the passwords.
• To set the system properties.
• To set the power of computer system.
Creation a new slide in ms point, the following procedure is use: -
I. Click on the option new from file menu and a new.
II. Choose the option blank presentation in new presentation in new presentation dialog box shown and click ok.
III. The new slide dialog box is displayed as shown.
IV. Choose any format from the options provided in “Apply slide layout” and click ok.

A new slide has the following component: -

Title place holder: - Used to hold the title of a slide.

Text place holder: - Used hold any text description that has to be displayed on a slide.

Object place holder: - Used to hold graphs and other objects that have to be displayed on a slide.

Feature of Ms Word: -

1. Saving and retrieving of d document: - In documents should be easily saved be a disk and retrieved for editing formatting
and printing.
2. Cut, Copy and paste of text: - This feature makes editing of document very easy. Text can be moved or copied from one
place to another easily.
3. Printing Facility: - A word processor should have facility to print the document. In addition it should also contain features to
preview a document before printing.
4. Spell check: - The feature allows checking the spelling of a given word or the entire(iwjk) document.
5. Thesaurus: - This feature provides helps to give words which have similar meanings, thus saving the user’s time in
searching the dictionary.
6. Bold, Italic, Underline: - A word processor should have the facility to bold, italic and underline the text in the document so
that certain set of words of lines can be highlighted.
7. Button view of mistakes: - The text with mistakes is underlined so that we can easily correct them. The spelling mistakes are
underlined by a red jagged line and gremial mistake are underlined with green jagged line in word case of ms word.
8. Rulers: - A word processor should have rulers so that measure the exact space requirements of a particular document. The
size specification is very important in real world application.
 9. Word Wrap facility: - The property of automatically shifting to the next line when the line of text increases that of size
specification is known as word wrapping.
10. Bullet and numbering facility: - A word processor should have an ability to add bullets and numbering to document.
11. Support for macro and styles: - A good word processor should support macros that is facility to create run and edit macros
it should also to able to add predefined styles to the document.
12. Insert Picture, Graphs, Page numbers, Symbol, Date and time: - A word processor facility to insert Picture, Graphs, Page
numbers, Symbol, Date and time in the document inserting thee can give a better view of the document.
13. Different font types sizes: - A word process should provide a facility to use different font types and sizes.
14. Document formatting: - A word processor facility to set the page numbering, line spacing and character spacing.
15. Find & Replace: - A word processor is the facility to search particular text or lines form the entire document and replace it
with a new text as per the requirement.

Various parts of word window are following:-

1. Title Bar: - On the top of every window which contain title of window. It tell which application package and document are
currently running.
2. Menu Bar: - Just below the title bar a horizontal bar is called menu bar which contains various menus.
3. Standard tool bar: - Tool bars are very helpful in quickly executing commands window having to go through menus. The
standard tool bar contains icons for basic functions like opening files, saving files, printing files, cut, copy and paste etc.
4. Formatting tool bar: - This contains icons fives changing the appearance of the entered text. The icons are for changing
fonts, font styles, font sizes, text alignment.
5. Ruler bar: - It helps to make changes margins and indents and help in creating documents as per the dimension required.
6. Vertical Scroll Bar: - Use the vertical scroll bar to move backward and forward in our document.
7. Horizontal bar: - Use the horizontal scroll bar to move from side to side in our document.
8. Status Bar: - Status bar display page number, line number, words etc.
9. Cursor: - It is also called the insertion point. It denotes the place where text graphics or any other item will be placed. When
we type, over write or insert them.
10. Mouse Pointer: - The mouse symbol can move anywhere on the screen with the help of mouse. It is used to place the cursor at
any desired place of used to select any command either form the menu or from the tool bar.

Macro: - A macro is a series of commands that we can group together as a single commands make every day task simple and easier.
A macro is like a dos batch file because it contains a list of commands. A macro is first recorded and saved with a name and a shortest
key. When we record that macro, we perform a series of steps. There are recorded when we play the macro these steps are performed
exactly as we recorded them.

Macro can be assigned to menus, shortest keys or toolbars for easy access. With the new macro toolbar we can edit a macro
we have recorded or written.

Record a macro in MS Word: - The following steps need to performed while recording a macro in ms word: -

1. On the tool menu, point to macro and then click record new macro.
2. A dialog box will appear in this there would be many boxes. In the macro name box type a name for the macro

In store macro in box click the template or document in which we want to store the macro. In the description box type a
description for the macro.

If we don’t want to assign macro to a toolbar a menu or shortcut keys click ok to begin the recording.

To assign a macro to toolbar or menu click toolbar in the command box click the macro are recording and drag, it to the
toolbar or menu. We want to assign to it, Click close to begin recording the macro.

To assign a macro the shortcut keys click keyboard. In the command box click the macro we are recording. In the
press new short cut keys box, type the key sequence and then click assign. Click close to begin recording the macro. The
macro will now be recorded.

Run a Macro: - To run a macro in MS Word perform the following steps: -

 i. On the tools menu point to macros and then click macro.
ii. In the macro name box click the name of the macro we want to run.
iii. Click run the macro’s action will be performed. In tool menu we delete any macro and edit in any macro.

Mail Merge: -Mail Merge is an imported feature of MS Word not only that it is also required for word processing in MS Office. Ms
Word is mainly used for typing or sending a letter. A letter may be in form of a Notice, Circular, invitation etc. In such kind of letter
subject remains same but addresses may different. For exam if we want to send an invitation to hundred people then instead of typing
it for hundred times with different name we can solve this problem by using the feature of mail merge. In mail merge we can attach
the file of letter which is main document with the file of addresses which is data source. Thus we can get hundred invitation with
different addresses.

Mail Merge: - Mail Merge is a feature of MS Word that allows users to send the same letter or document to different persons with
different address. It basically helps us to merge the address database with a form of letter to create individual letters. Thus it saves
time when we want to send the same letter to a large number of people.

Mail Merge features lets we quickly produce personalized letters, envelops and mailing labels for each person on the mailing
list. The merging of the main letter with the data source to print the required output or mail merging is an exclusive feature of MS
Word.

Process of Mail Merge: - In the process of mail merge two main document and data file get merged. In main document letter subject
detail and address are main fields and in data file records regarding address remain available. So it become clear that to merge a mail a
user need two file that is main document and data source.

i. Display of mail merge helper: - To get mail merge helps we will have to click “mail merge’ in tool menu.
ii. Create main document; - First of all a document is created. To create a document ‘create” button is to be clicked under
main document menu. Many option are being printed after clicking create “Form letter” is to be aped (pquko) under
these options. Thus we will get a new window. By clicking to this active window we will be able to type. Letter in this
window and to create a new document in this window we will have to click on “new document”.
III. Create Data Source: - After creating main document now we need a data source and to create this we will have to
follow following steps: -
i. Click “get data” under data source this will show many option.
ii. To create new data source “Create data source” is to be clicked and if a data source is already there we will hae to click
“Open data source”.
iii. By clicking “Create data source” we will get a list of different fields. We can choose fields from this list and the field.
Which is not required may also be remove. A new field may be added by clicking “add field”.
iv. Create data source dialog box may be closed by clicking ok button and after that file must be saved. Just after saving this
file a new box will be displayed in which records may be entered by clicking “edit data source” after pressing this button
data form dialog box will be displayed which allows we to enter the data. To get back in main document we will have to
click ok button which will display a tool bar at the button.

Typing letter and inserting fields in document. First of all a letter should by typed after that field may e inserted.
To insert fields “insert merge field” button on mail merge tool bar should be clicked. By clicking this a pull down list
will be displayed through which we can get fields to insert.

Merge Document: - After creating both document we can merge them merge button on mail merge tool bar is to be clicked this will
display merge dialog box. Again merge button is pressed. By clicking this button ms word will merge both documents in which matter
is same and address are different.

Spell Checker in Ms Word: - The spell checker is used to check the spelling and to remove the error from a document. The various
steps applied are as follows: -

i. Open the document by clicking the open button from the standard tool bar.
ii. To be spell checking from the whole document, we can either press F7 function from the keyboard or click the speller
check button from the standard toolbar or select the spelling command from the tools menu.
iii. Now Ms Word will start checking the spelling of each word from top to bottom one by one. If there is a mistake of
spelling or there is a word that is not in the dictionary then it will display a dialog box which has dictionary. If the word
 is a correct word, we can click ignore once button or press Alt + I button from the keyboard to ignore this word from
spell checking. If the word is used many times in document then removing this problem of ignoring it again and again.
We can click ignore all button. Now if the word comes again, spell checker will automatically ignore it. Now support
there is a word in document which is misplaced word then Ms Word spelling dialog box will give suggestions in the
suggestion box. Now if we want to replace the word with another word then click the change button. When Ms Word
spell checker checks the whole document and at the end of document it displays a message box “The spelling check is
complete”.

Explain working with grammar checker in Ms Word: - Grammatical error can be checked by using the grammar facility provided by
the Ms Word. To remove the grammatical error, move the mouse pointer or cursor to the beginning of the document. Now select the
grammar command from the tool menu. A grammar dialog box is shown. This dialog box has two boxes sentence and suggestion.
Grammar checking will check the grammatical error as well as it checks the spellings. If there is any grammatical error or spelling
mistake, word will write the incorrect word in the sentence box and gives its correct suggestion box. If we want to accept the
suggestion and then check the change button otherwise click the ignore button and click the next sentence button to check the next
incorrect word having grammatical error, word will give suggestions about grammatical error based on some grammar rule entered in
it. When it checks the whole document it will display readability statistics. The readability statistics provide information about the
number if words, characters, paragraphs sentences, average word sentence average sentence per paragraph and average word sentence
average sentence per paragraph and average character word in document.

Thesaurus: - Thesaurus is used to type an alternate word in place of any word typed in the document. It will display the meanings of
the word actually of the word if we open our document and move the cursor to a word to see its synonyms then we can use thesaurus
for this purpose. For this we can select the thesaurus command from the tool menu or press the shift + F7 key combination from the
keyboard. The thesaurus dialog box will be displayed as shown. The thesaurus dialog box displays the meaning of the word in the
meaning box and some synonyms in the synonyms box if we want to change the selected word with any synonyms words, then select
the request synonyms word and click the replace button. If we want to exit from the dialog box then click the cancel button.

Word Count: - This gives the count of the pages, words characters, paragraph and lines. The footnotes ad endnote can also be included
for the same select tools menu and click to the word count. The dialog box is shown and shows the word count.

Auto Text: - Text graphics and other documents which are be frequently stored, retrieved or insured can be done a special technique
called auto text, word count with a number built in auto text entries that are divided into different categories for example if we are
working on a letter, word can offer letter specific auto text entries such as greetings and closings, To make auto text entries: -

i. Select the text which we want to create the auto text entries
ii. Choose tools – Auto Text- The auto text dialog box appears as shown inter the name for the auto text to be made.
iii. Enter the text in the selection Area with the desired paragraph alignment and indentation.
iv. Choose the add button to make the setting permanently.

Auto Correct: - Ms Word has a feature called auto correct which automatically corrects the spelling mistakes and formatting the
errors, replaces character we enter with specific words, formats and insert correct plural forms of auto correct entries. Also user can
customize the present auto correct option or add the error that we commonly make to the list of auto correct entry. To set auto correct-
choose tools- auto correct. The auto correct dialog box appears. Enter the name to be replaced in the replace box.

Enter the text to be replaced with the box.

Choose the add button. Choose ok when finished with auto correct option.

Page formatting in Ms Word: - The following types of page formatting can be done in word.

Margins and page breaks: -Margins define the white space which appear on the left and the right side of the document Ms Word
supports facilities to set margins for the entire document or for each page margins are classified as: -

Right Margin, Left margin, Top margin, Bottom margin.

Setting Margins to a document: - Margins can be set a document in following choose file menu and click the page setup, drag
margin using ruler in page layout view.
Page Breaks: - Page breaks are the places in a document which one page and a new page begin. Many things effect where page break.
Factor includes the size of paper, margin setting paragraph and section break. To insert a page break move cursor to the place of the
break chooses insert-break.

The page break dialog box appears as shown: -

Click ok and the page break appear at required position.

Insert a page break press ctrl + enter. Page break will in sorted at the place of the cursor.

Setting Indents: - We can set indents in more than one way. Again the quickest way is with the ruler, but we can also use the
paragraph dialog box and keyboard keys.

Indents control the horizontal placement of test in line and paragraph. The most common type of indent is the left half inch indent at
the beginning of a paragraph press the tab key at this start of a paragraph creates the indent and all subsequent paragraph in the
document are indented by a half inch without any further effort from we can set top, bottom, left, right margins for the page, Again
word starts we off with default margins, but we can see our own margins whenever we want any indents we set are relative to the
margins not to the edge of the page. We can set both positive indents and negative indents.

Setting Alignment: - Word provides the standard four kinds of paragraph alignment. There alignment are left, right, centre and
justified alignment, in format bar create alignment.

Creating tables in Ms Word: - Word has an excellent feature for alignment called tables. This feature is useful to organize complex
column information. This can be used to create financial reports, catalogs, accounts etc. Tables consist of rows and columns. The text
can be typed in the cells. The size, shape and appearance of a cell are controllable features. We can also convert a text to table and a
table back to text. It also supports importing and exporting data onto a spreadsheet.

To create a table using insert table button: -

• Move the cursor to the place where the table is to be inserted.

• Choose insert table button from the standard tool bar.
• Drag the mouse to highlight the desired number of rows and columns in the table menu.
• Release the button an empty table is inserted.

In create a table using table menu: -

• Choose insert table from table menu after setting the cursor at the desired location.
• Insert table dialog box appears.
• Set the number of rows and columns.
• If column width is set to auto then the width of the column will be equal to the width of the text stored in it.
• Choose ok button.

Initially all the columns have the same width. Entering text is similar to entering text in any word document. The cell borders
are assumed as the margins and hence word wrapping with in cell is done automatically rows will increase in height
depending on the text.

Adding a row at the end of a table: -

Place the cursor anywhere in the then last cell and then press the tab key. Word will insert a new row.

Inserting a row in the middle if the table: -

Move the cursor to a document in the table just below the row when the new row is tho be insert. Choose insert rows from the
table menu. The insert row option is enabled on creation of a table.

Word will insert a new row. Thus row has the same style as that of the cells above it.
 Deleting Rows: - Select the rows which are to be deleted choose delete row option from the table menu. Both the rows and
the cells contents will be a deleted. The delete row option is enabled on creation of a table.

Inserting a column in the middle of a table: -

Move the cursor in the table just right to the column where we want o insert a new column.

Choose insert column from the table menu. The inserted column option is enabled on creation of a table.

The column that is inserted can be set to a desired width deleting column.

Select the column which is to be deleted.

Choose delete column option from the table menu. Both the column and the cell contents will be deleted. The delete column
option is enabled & on creation of a table.

Introduction of Ms Excel: - Ms Excel is the spreadsheet program of office is used for programming calculating user data. Excel is an
integrated electronic work so that is also called spread sheet. Excel allows user to create spread sheet much like paper ledgers that
perform automatic calculations. Each excel file is a workbook that can hold many worksheets. The work sheet is a grid of columns and
rows. The letters and number of the columns and rows are displayed in gray buttons across the top and row is called a cell. Cells can
contain text numbers or mathematical formula.

An excel document is a workbook and each workbook is made of worksheets. By default a new workbook contains three
worksheets. We can also add or delete sheets, A workbook or a worksheet is an electronic sheet that is used to store the different type
of information entered by user. A computer entered information automatically according to user requirement and displays the result
on the computer with the use of electronic sheet, there is no need of paper sheet or ledge pencil or pen, eraser, calculator manually. It
performs well kind of calculations and results can be displayed in the form of various types of graphs. Each worksheet contains 65536
rows and 256 columns. These are numbered from a to iv the first 26 columns are numbered A to Z nest 26 columns AA to AZ, the
next 26 column BA to BZ.

Anatomy of Ms. Excel window: - When we open excel window as shown. Various part of excel window are following: -

Title Bar: - I t contains the title of the excel workbook containing its name. It also shows minimize, maximize, restore and close
button. It also has a control box on the extreme left corner of the title bar which helps to control size of the screen.

Menu Bar: - It contains a number of menu options like file, but view, insert, format, tool, data, window, help etc. each containing a
pop down menus containing large number of commands.

Tool Bar: - A toolbar is a collection of tool or icons displayed convenient to use some common toolbars are standard formatting,
query and pivot chart drawing, clipboard forms, control tool box, web word art etc. Every tool bar has a number of tools buttons on it
which perform different types of functions.

Formula Bar: - It shows the information such as contents of the formula entered in the current cell, the number, text entered. It also
shows we the cell address in the name box. The formula bar is present below the tool bar. In which a formula is applied is called a
formula bar. In this bar we enter any formula.

Scroll Bar: - There are basically two type of scroll bars Vertical & horizontal. Using these we can move up & down, left and right.

Status Bar: - The status bar displays the name of command at the left and right side of the status bar. It gives an indication about the
status of operations in program such as copying cells, opening, saving file etc.

The various features of Ms Excel are: -

1. Data entry using keyboard using the tab key we can move between different cells.
2. Worksheet can be saved and retrieved for further editing.
3. The data stored in the cells can be formatted using various formatting options. Which helps it to distinguish the data stored in
a workbook?
 4. Allows mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Besides this various other
formulations can be used.
5. Automatic recalculation is done when we change the previous entries.
6. Creating charts helps us to visually represent the data stored.
7. Results calculated are reliable, efficient and accurate.
8. Huge amount of data can be stored in a workbook. Each workbook has a number of worksheets which further contains
number of cells.
9. The feature of macros helps us to combine a series of actions to automate our workbook. We can also create of shortcuts for
several operations.
10. It passes features to protect a sheet and a workbook.
11. Improved security and user confidence, developers can sign their Visual Basic for applications macro to identify who
authored them and to ensure then they are virus free.
12. A large range of functions have been added. They speed up the calculations. Besides some basic functions such as sum,
count. Median, mode many more functions have been added that can operate on pivot table.
13. The page break preview permits the user to move page breaks by dragging them.
14. It has a powerful feature of goal seek which helps to tell that new the values of a particular cell should be changed so that
value which is assign to some other cell is achieved.
15. It has a facility to share workbook so multiple user can open aof a workbook on the network and edit it simultaneously.

Application of a spread sheet program: -

1. Financial Modeling: - Financial models are based by changing input variables, the financial model design in excel builds a
new set of results. The results can present in tabular form or in graphical form.
2. Scientific & Engineering: - Ms Excel provide many state and mathematical functions which are used extensively scientific
and engineering application.
3. Presentation Graphics: - Excel is a powerful, flexible graphical presentation tool. Various types of graphs and chart can be
drawn in excel.
4. Data Base Management: -Excel is very good in manipulate data bases. It is very simple to edit, sort, enter and filter
database in excel.
5. Home Budget: - We can use excel to keep track of the household expenses. The program show percentage of each paycheck
that goes to rent, electricity and gas etc. we can see which expenses increase and decrease each month.
6. Miscellaneous Application: - Excel has application in all aspects of our daily life.

Graphs and Charts: - Charts are the simplest way to present data sheets. It is a very easy to understand trends (>qduk)pattern(vkdkj)
of numeric data by viewing these data in graphic form, rather than understanding columns of numbers in worksheet. Charts are very
effective in business presentations and reports.

A typical chart includes the following element: -

I. Axes: - Two dimensional chart have x-axis(the horizontal axis) and a y- axis( the vertical axis). The three dimensional
chart has z-axis(the depth axis).
II. Titles: - A chart can have a chart title and a title for each axis.
III. Legend: - The legend indentifies each data series.
IV. Data Series: - A data series is one of the sets of data from which the chart is drawn. A pie chart has only one data series,
but most of the chart can have two or more data series.
V. Gridlines: - Lines drowns across the chart from the axis for visual reference.
VI. Categories: - The item by which the data series is separated.

Types of charts: -

I. Area Charts: - The area chart is good for showing how much different data series contribute to a whole. These
charts use connected points to map each series and the space between the series is file in with a color of pattern.
II. Bar charts: - This chart is used to show performance against benchmarks. Each data point is marked by a
horizontal bar that extends to the left or right at the basing.
III. Column Charts: - These are similar to bar charts but use vertical bar instead of horizontal bars. These are used
for showing sales figures rainfall etc.
 IV. Line Charts: - These are good for showing changes in data or changes in data series over line. For example
plotting temperature change or change in price index. The data points in each data series are connected by a line.
V. Pie Chart: - A single data series is divided into pie slices showing the relative contribution of the various data
points. Pie charts are great for showing market share, survey results etc.
VI. Doughnut Chart: - There are like pie charts, but there can show more than one data series. We can use a single
doughnut chart instead of two pie charts instead of two pie charts to show charts.
VII. X-Y or Scatter Chart: - There are used to plot the result of surveys or experiments. They can plot a series of
data pairs against XY coordinates. The result is same as that of a line chart but without its lines.
VIII. Bubble Chart: - These charts use bubbles of different size to show one data series. They are difficult to read.

Pivot Table: -The user needs pivot table to create cross tabulated data. It is required usually for budgets and other large documents.
When we create a pivot table, We create pivot table fields. Field act as qualifiers, showing only a summary of the data that fits user’s
criteria, it does not contains the entire contents of the database field. To create the pivot table, we select the database we want to use,
and then choose data pivot table. The pivot table wizard opens. Select Ms Excel list or database and click on next button. Now select
the data range to choose for the worksheet. Now after deciding the fields to be included, we can decide where the pivot table will be
place on the workbook. The filed headers appear as buttons along the right hand side. Drag the field buttons into the row area if we
want each value of that field to be listed in a separate row of the field. Similarly drag the field button into the column. Drag the field
button which needs to be across tabulated into the data area, change sum of field name, in order to change to some other functions
double click on the field name in the data area click on the pivot table starting cell box, select the cell where we want the pivot table to
appear. The pivot table appears on the sheet starting at the designated cell.

Goal Seek: - A method for finding the input value that a formula needs to return a given result. When goal seeking. Ms Excel varies
the value in a specific cell unit a formula that’s dependent on that cell return the result we want. To perform this task, from the tools
menu use the goal seek command when we want to find a specific value for a particular cell by adjusting the value of only on other
cell.

Now let us consider an exam. Suppose we enter the values 23, 24, 56,78 in A1, B1, C1 and D1 cell. We apply formula
=sum(a1:d1) in the cell E1. The value displayed in cell E1 would be 191.

Now suppose we want to calculate value of cell A1 when we assume sum takes a value . We will do this through goal seek.
The following steps will be performed.

1. Select the cell in which formula is being is applied. That cell will be highlighted.
2. Click at Goal Seek command in the tools menu. A Goal Seek dialog box will be displayed on the screen. A moving dashed
item will appear around the selected cell we can also select a new cell by first deleting the entry and clicking at collapse
dialog button in the set cell box. As a result a dialog box will be displayed on the screen. On selecting the cell, moving
dashed lines would appear around the selected cell. Now click on expand dialog button on the goal seek dialog box’s set cell
option and return back to cell. The cell in the set cell box should have a formula in it.
3. Now write the new value we want for the cell in To value: Text Box.
4. Click on by changing cell box and writing the name of cell or select the cell whose value we want should change
automatically to get the required result in the cell on which formula is applied.
5. Click on the ok button in the dialog box. The changes would be seen in worksheet and dialog box will disappear.

Power Point: - Power Point is the component of Ms Office that is used to create professional quality presentations. A
presentation is a structured delivery of information power point can be used to work on slide organize presentation contents with
outlines and generates speakers notes and audience handouts. Power point presentation program is being widely used by business
people, educators, students, consultants and trainers.

Ms Power point is a tool by which we can use to communicate our ideas through visual aids that appear to be
designed professionally get they are easy to produce. With power point we can create a variety of media, including black and
white overheads, color speaker’s, 35 mm slides and on screen electronic slide show. In addition we can also purpose speaker
notes and print outlines and handouts for our audience.

Power point presentation program is being widely used by business people, educators, student consultant and
trainers.
 Features of power point are following: -

I. Quick easy and high impact visual: - Power point’s auto content wizards and templates and templates not only help to
design the Ms power point presentation but also help in generating catching slides that are organized, consistent and
professional.
II. Sound Effects: - We can apply various animations and sound effects along with our presentations various inbuilt sound
effects are provided internally by power point. Besides this we can also add new sound effects.
III. Fact filled presentation with plenty of graphs and charts: Power point graph organization chart and table modal can help
to create elaborate visual that depict numeric information detail the structure of an organization and make comparison
among ideas. We can also add more auto shapes. Also various graphics and objects can be inserted.
IV. We can apply various format settings to the text typed in the slides. Besides this the side transaction features helps to
make the slide show presentations more interesting.
V. On line help is available. The latest development made in Ms Power Point can easily be downloaded.
VI. In some latest versions a feature is added improve the security and user confidence.
VII. Templates: - The template includes a number of slide styles with varying columns and designs. These inbuilt slides give
us predefined layout and designs for our presentation to which we can add our own material.
VIII. Presentations with better look can be creating with the improved assistant we can use. Also it uses very little space. Also
tips and advice are available. It also has auto fit text that doesn’t fit in text place holder then it automatically fits it.
IX. It has projector wizard which automatically sets and restores the correct screen. Resolution for the projection system that
you are using.
X. It has laptop support. Also it has featuring which disable any screen saver or power saving mod. Which we are giving
any presentation, presenting unwanted interruptions.

Slide: - A slide show is an electronic presentation which can be run on a computer screen

Create a new presentation: - We can create presentation by using wizard or a template.

Power Point Views: - Power Point gives five screen layouts for constructing our presentation in addition to the slide show. We
can select the page view by clicking the buttons just above the formatting tool bar and the button of the page.

I. Normal View: - This screen is split a three sections showing the presentation outline on the left side in the main window
and notes on the bottom.
II. Slide View: - The slide view displays each slide on the screen and is helpful for adding image form adding, text and
adding back ground styles.
III. Outline View: - Use the outline view to organize and develop the content of your presentation. We can type all of the
text of your presentation and rearrange bullet points, paragraphs and slides.
IV. Slide Sorter View: - A small image of each slide is displayed in slide sorter view. Slides can easily by order and sorted
from this screen.
V. Slide Show View: - Slide show button to view the full screen slide show. Use the slide show view when we want to
view our slides as the will look in our final presentation.

The various components of slide that are use for reference purpose are: -

I. Handouts: - When we make presentations in addition to the slide that are produced we request handouts to be given to
the audience. Handouts are compressed version of the slides of our presentation.
II. Speaker’s Notes: - During the presentation a set of notes is required to aid the presenter power point allows we to create
(speaker notes) which is small image of the slides along with some explanatory notes.
III. Out lines: - Outline is a summarized version of our slides, which display only titles and main text. This can be used to
organize the flow of our presentation.

Anatomy of MS Power Point: - Various part of power point windows are following: -

I. Title Bar: - It is the top most bar of the power point window. It contains a control box which is located on the
extreme left corner. It helps to minimize, resize, maximize and close. It also contains the name of the presentation.
 II. Menu Bar: - Like menu bar of other application programs. It contains file, edit, view, insert, format, tolls, slide
show window and help. To open any menu either click on it or press alt+ underlined character in each menu name.
III. Tool Bar: - Tool Bar is the collection of buttons that we can click on to activates some of the most common
command in power point. Some of the common toolbars used are:-
i. Standard tool bar: - It contains button which helps previous and print file cutting, copying, pasting text and
objects, undoing and redoing.
ii. Formatting Toolbar: - It contains tools that are common to many window applications. Various buttons present in
it help in formatting. It contains buttons which help to choose a font, font size, bold, italic, underline and to set
shadow to the selected text. It also contains buttons to align the text to the left, right or center. We can also apply
bullets and numbering.

Similarly various other toolbars available are animation effects, clipboard, drawing, outline, picture,
reviewing, tables and borders, visual basic, web and word art. User can display additional toolbars or close
unwanted bars using view menu.

IV. Status: - The bottom most part of the power point screen displays a number of the slides on which we are currently
working. This is the status bar. The middle part of the status provides the name of the template on which
presentation based. We can double click on it to change the presentation template design. The third portion shows an
option of spell check in our file.
V. View Buttons: - Below the outline a group of five buttons called view buttons. The different view buttons are
normal view, outline view slide view, slide sorter view and slide show view. The horizontal and vertical scroll bars
helps to move through various portions of our presentations.
VI. Rulers and Guidelines: - If disabled we can enable it from view menu by clicking at the respective options. When
enabled a check mark appears along with it. These are useful when we want to plan the use of space on the slide and
for text and object placement. Guides consists of two intersecting line. Each of them can be moved independently.
We can move them so that at the point of intersection, we can place the object. We can reposition each line by
dragging it.

Creating a new presentation: - We can create a new presentation by using a number of options in the dialog box. That appears
we start power point. We can create a new presentation using – starting with auto content wizard auto content wizard is the quick
way to create the presentation. It presents a list on variety of subjects from which any style can be picked. The presentation will
be created by auto content wizard based on how we answer the wizard questions. When the wizard is finished, we will have a
sample outline that we can modify to fit the information we need to important to our presentation. The following steps to create
the presentation through auto content wizard: -

I. Click on the new command in the file menu. A dialog fox would be displayed on the screen. In power point we can
select the same from the task pane on the right hand side.
II. Click on the auto content wizard option and click on the ok button. The dialog box would disappear and auto content
wizard will start.
III. Click the next button. The presentation type page of the wizard will appear. On this a number of buttons will be
displayed. Click on the button that represents the types of presentation we like to make. A list presentation types will
appear. Select the one of our choice and click next button. The particular type would be selected and presentation style
page of wizard will appear. We can also add and remove a presentation type.
IV. Click on the option that corresponds to the method we will be using for our presentation from the presentations style
page.

The on screen presentation allows us to run our presentation on a V.D.U. which may be computer monitor or a
projector connected to our computer.

The web presentation allows us to create a presentation that can be easily viewed over the internet or local area
network. The black and white overhead creates presentation that will be printed on 8.5 inch by 11 inch paper medium
from black and white print. We can pass these hard copies the viewers. The 35 mm slides option allows we to use a slide
projector to give a presentation.
 V. After selection the appropriate option click at the next button on doing so presentation options page click will be display.
It will contain a presentation title: text box in which we can enter the name of the presentation. Besides this a footer text
box will help we to add footer at the bottom of each slide.

The date last updated and slide number check box will help we to display last date on which we made updates
to the presentation and slide respectively. After selecting appropriate options click at the next button.

We can move back and forward between different pages with the back and next button respectively. Thus
we can make modifications before finishing.
VI. Now after finishing all the steps we will see that next button would become disabled. This tells that there would be no
further pages, click at the finish button. The auto content wizard dialog box will disappear and slide would be displayed
on the screen. The basic outline will appear in the left pane and the title screen of the presentation would appear on the
right. We can also skip the processes in making of slide from auto content wizard by directly clicking at the finish button
after starting. On doing so different setting would be .

Creating a Design Template Presentation: - The design template provides us with the slide style, color, background and designs.
The basics design elements that we see on the title slide when we select a template are used on all other slides in the presentation.
Some common design templates are factory, mountain, note book. When we change the design template all the slide in our
presentation will be changed automatically.

To create file using design template perform the following steps: -

I. Click on the new command in the file menu of power point.

II. Further a new presentation dialog box will be displayed on the screen. It would be having three tabs: General, Deign
templates and presentation.
III. Click on the design template tab and page corresponding to it will come to the front. Select the appropriate design
template.
IV. Click at the ok button. Now further a new slide dialog box would be displayed on the screen. Choose an auto layout from
the given choices and click at ok button. The dialog box will disappear and a slide with the given design template and
auto layout would be selected. Now can add the text, graphics to present our slides to the audience.

We can also apply design template to a slide we have already made or are working with. To do this, open the
particular presentation. Each power point file has .ppt extension. Now that particular slide would be shown on the screen.
Click on he apply design command that appears in the submenu for the format menu. As a result, apply design template
dialog box will be displayed on the screen, click on the template that we want to apply to our presentation. The template
will be selected and the preview of the design will appear in the window. Click on apply button. Also result dialog box
will disappear and new design would be applied to all the slides in our presentation. We can now see the applied design
to the slide of box we presentation. If we don’t like the design we can change the design also.

Creating a blank presentation: - The blank presentation is a design template, it uses the default formatting. It is useful if we want to
create our own custom formatting and design from scratch. To create a new presentation based on the blank presentation from the
power point start up dialog box and click ok. When the power point is a already running we can either.

a. Select new from the file menu and click at the blank presentation icon and click ok.
b. Click the new button from the standard tool bar.
As a result a new slide dialog box appears on the screen. The new slide dialog box gives us a set of available slide
layouts called auto layouts to choose form. An auto layout contain place holders for titles text and object such as
clipart, graphs or table that we want to put on a slide. We are not limited only by these options. To create a slide,
click an auto layout icon that matches the layout of the slide we want to make. Then click ok and the new slide
appears on the screen.

Procedure of setting up a slide show in power point: - Once a presentation is designed a side show is used to actually show or simply
to view the slide presentation. This show is used to check final size, colors, animation effects, transition between slides, sounds, other
controls and effects. It can be used to check the timings of self running presentation. A slide show can be started by using the view
slide show menu selection. One of the most effective ways to present on screen slide show is on the computer screen. In this the entire
screen area is used and power point title bar, menu bar and tools bars are cleared from the screen. An on screen slide show offers
several advantages over transparencies on 35 mm slides.

• It moves time and money involved in producing slides.

• It helps to easily move around the presentation.
• It makes other information available during the presentation.
• It allows using computer’s color capability to its fullest extent.
• It enables to utilize multimedia effects, such as animation and view clips.

Setting Transitions and slide timings: - If we want to add more visual internet to our presentation. We can specify transition style
between slides. The transition style determines how one slide is removed from the screen and the next one is presented. To control the
transition following steps can be done.

I. Display the presentation in slide sorter view.

II. Select the slide for which we want to set timings and transitions for multiple slides, select the slides as a group.
III. Select the slide transition option from the slide show menu. The slide transition dialog box, will be displayed.
IV. Select the appropriate speed option.
V. Select an appropriate transition style from the effect drop down list.
VI. Select one of the options of the advance area to set time between the two slides. When the set time expires the next slide
is expires the next slide is displayed.
VII. If we want to add sound select an appears appropriate option from the sound drop down list. Select the loop until next
sound option. If we want continuously loop the sound.
VIII. Click on the apply button to apply to the current slide only or apply to all button to apply to all the slides in the
presentation.

Annotating a Slide Show: - When we run a slide show. Power point offers us the capability to electronically annotate slides in free
hand form, adding comments using the mouse. We can use the pen tool to annotate slides as they are displayed. The pen provides a
simple way to make cursor marks on the screen to draw attention to specific objects on the screen. We can use the pen tool at any time
during a presentation. To add comments to slides during slide show the steps are as follows: -

I. Start the slide show.

II. Press ctrl + p or click on the right mouse button and select the pen option from the popup menu.
III. Press and hold the mouse button as we write or draw on screen by moving the mouse.
IV. Release the mouse button to stop drawing or write.
V. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to write or draw again on the slide
VI. If we want to erase all the comments on the current slide type.
VII. After finishing an annotating the current slide press ctrl+ a or click on the right mouse button and select the arrow option
from the popup menu.

Word Art: - The word art feature included in power point 2000 enables we to create dynamic text drawings. Special effects and other
establishments are a click away. There are many exciting features such as 3d effects, shadows and textured fills. In office 95 and in
earlier versions, you created special text effects by using the word art program that came with office. In office 97 and office 2000, you
can create these effects right is our program by using the new insert word art tool on the drawing toolbar and we have added features
which as 3-d effects and textured fills.

Booting Process: - Any computer becomes operational when some software takes control of it. The process of starting or switching
on the computer is called Booting of the computer. The disk with the help of which the system boots itself is called Bootable disk and
the program or set of instructions which help to start the computer are called bootable programs. When booting starts a set of
programs which are initially loaded in ROM are transferred to RAM so that an environment for further execution of commands is
created. During booting different files are loaded into memory (RAM).

Typing of booting: -
 I. Cold Booting: - Switching on the computer by pressing the ON/OFF switch on the computer’s cabinet is known as cold
booting. This type of start-up is a slow process and programs are loaded from the disk to memory.
II. Worm Booting: - Restart the computer by using restart button or pressing ctrl+alt+del. It Is also known as Resetting. On
pressing the restart button the computer restarts itself.

Software: - Software is the part of the computer system which enables the hardware to operate.

Hardware: - Hardware is any part of the computer that we can touch. It is hard so it is called hardware.

Software can be divided into two categories: -

I. System Software II. Application Software

I. System Software: - System software is a program written in machine language which starts the computer. System
software carries a computer to the situation of practicability.
System Software consists of two types: -
i. Operating System ii. Utilities System

Operating System: - An Operating System is a set of integrated programs that is used various resources and overall operations of
a computer.

Different types of Operating System are following: -

A. Single User O.S.: - In single user O.S. only one user work a computer at a time. The most popular single user O.S. are MS
DOS and MS Windows.
B. Multi User O.S.: - A Multi User O.S, enables multiuser work with the computer simultaneously in a multiuser environment
there is a single computer which is connected a multiple terminals. Exam: - UNIX
C. Single User Multitasking O.S.: - A single user multitasking O.S. use works with a computer at a time. It allows the user to
execute multiple programs at the same time. Exam: - Windows95, 98, 2000.
D. Multi User Multitasking O.S.: - It is a combination of the multiuser and multitasking O.S. There is a single computer which
is connected to multiple terminals. It allows the user to execute multiple programs at the same time. In this users can share
recourses as well as communicate with each other. For example windows NT, Linux.
ii. Utility Software: - Software that are used to maintain to computer hardware and software are called utility software.
II. Application Software: - Software which are build in computer to perform special task are called application software.

MSDOS: - MSDOS is launched by Microsoft developed Peterson 1981. Dos is a group of programs that manages all activities of
disk & seen user commands & instructions. Dos is stored in disk. Once we have loaded dos into computer’s memory. We can
compose letters and reports programs, languages and uses devices such as printers, disk drivers.

MSDOS Consists of three files: -

I. MSDOS,SYS: - MSDOS.SYS file manages internal resources of the pc such as memory processors etc.
II. IO.SYS: -IO.SYS files take care of external resources such as keyboard, floppy drive, monitor etc.
III. COMMAND.COM: - COMMAND.COM works as user system interface that it contains MS.DOS commands.

AUTOEXEC.BAT: - AUTOEXEC.BAT is a special batch file that is executed automatically when the user boots the computer.
AUTOEXEC.BAT is a special batch file. It is executed after CONFIG.SYS file. We can set path command in the file. It is very
important file in the operating system.

We can use this file to set up the starting directory, change system prompt, change date/time, or automatically start
some program.

CONFIG.SYS: - The CONFIG.SYS file is an ASCII text file that contains instructions to DOS regarding our system
configuration. It basically resides on the root directory of the default starting drive and is read only once at the startup time.

Since CONFIG.SYS is an ASCII file we can easily edit its contents using a text editor. Moreover the contents of
CONFIG.SYS are read only at startup time so we must reboot our computer to activate any change we make to this file.
 The CONFIG.SYS commands are basically used for increasing disk-read buffers, loading peripheral device drives software,
increasing the number of logical drive letters in our system, increasing the maximum number of files allowed to be open etc.

Generation of Computer: - Development of computer can be divided into five generation. These generations are classified
according to the developments in electronic technology over the years. Microprocessor is the heart of digital computer. Over the
years the microprocessor contains a large number of switching devices. The faster these switching devices their state (1 to 0 or 0
to 1), the faster will be the computing power of a computer. Switching devices are changes its present state.

The generations are following:-

I. First Generation (1940 to 1958): - The computer produced during the period 1940 to1958 are called first generation
computer. In this generation vacuum tubes use. These vacuum tubes were very large in size. In first generation Magnetic
Drums and Machine language and Assembly language are use.

Advantages: -

• Perform thousands of calculations each second.

• Possible to decode messages in a useful time period.
• Originally planned to try and prove mathematical conjectures.

Disadvantages: - Unreliable, Non Portable, Commercial was difficult and costly, Due to large amount of heat, Vacuum tubes
were burnt out frequently. Switching times 0.1 to 1 milliseconds. In this computer are use mostly scientific and engineer
applications.

II. Second Generation (1958 to 1964): -In this generation the speed increase from millisecond to micro seconds. The size
was these computers are small. In this switching device transistors and storage devices magnetic core memories, tapes,
disks are use. Switching times 1 to 10 micro seconds. In this generation high level languages, Basic, Fortran and
computer are mostly use in business, Engineering, Scientific areas.

Advantages: - Smaller in size as compared to first generation computer. More reliable, less heat generated, less computational
times, Wide commercial use.

Disadvantages: - Air conditioning required. Commercial production was difficult and costing.

III. Third Generation (1964 to 1971): - In this generation speed and storage capacity also increase. Cost came down.
Switching devices are use Integrated Circuits. Storage devices high speed cores, 100 mb hard disk are use. Switching
time is 0.1 to 1 micro seconds. Software uses Fortran, Cobol, Time shared operating system. In this generation database
management systems, online systems.

Advantages: - Smaller in size, More reliable, Less computation time lower heat generation, Easily portable.

Disadvantages: - Air conditioning required in many cases, High technology was required.

IV. Fourth Generation (1971 to 1981): - In this generation micro processors and Large Scale Integrated Circuit are use
computer cost and size were further. Switching devices are use LSIC and Microprocessor. Storage devices hard disk and
floppy disk are use. Switching times 10 to 100 nanoseconds. Software uses Pascal, C, Cobol, Ada. In these generation
personal computers, computer aided design, Real time systems. Graphics, Oriented systems, Local area network.

Advantages: -

• Smallest in size,
• More reliable, no air conditioning required most cases.
• Cheapest and much faster in computation.
• Totally general purpose.

Disadvantages: - Higher technology was required.

 V. Generation (1981 to Present Day): - After developing micro computers and even super computers man has still not
stopped imagining about the Vth generation computers. In this generation cost and size are very less, storage capacity
also released. Switching Devices VLSI ICs 32 bit 64 bit processor parallel processing, Artificial Intelligence Storage.
Storage devices 128mb, 512mb, 1gb, 500gb and 1tb main memory, optical memory. Switching times 1 nano second.
Software use Oracle, SQL, Windows95, 98, 2000, XP, VB, JAVA, .NET, LINUX, HTML. Application are use Parallel
Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Military Applications, CAD, Medicine, Robotics.

E-Commerce: - E-Commerce means electronic techniques for accomplishing business transactions, including electronic mail or
massaging, world wide web technology purchase cards, electronic fund transfers and electronic data interchange.

It is E- Banking, E-shopping or E- Searching for a service, we can do it sitting at home or in the and it is all part of E-
Commerce. It is all about business transactions executed electronically between parties such as companies, commerce and
consumers to consumers.

E-commerce basically involves using a combination of internet to link sellers, suppliers, distributors, bank and customers where
information exchange price negotiation. Order placement, delivery confirmation billing and payments take place online.

Type of Commerce: - E- Commerce has the following types: -

I. Person to Person: - In person to person E-Commerce, Telephone. Fax and E-Mails are used to contact or order
personally.
II. Person to computer: - For person to computer E-Commerce include world wide and other application based on
electronic form.
III. Computer to Computer: - Computer to Computer E-Commerce uses smart cards and bar codes data.
IV. Computer to Person: - Whereas computer to person E-Com uses computer generated mail, fax and E-mail.

Benefits of using E-Mail: -

I. Companies are giving customers just about the same level of services through the internet that they can currently get
directly from a sales person.
II. Companies are using new technologies to personalize interaction with their customers and build customer loyalty.
III. Companies can provide valuable new services inexpensive.

Electronic Payment System: - In business through E-Commerce when a person purchases or places an order to purchase something
then he will have to pay same time through same mode. Such various mediums of payment are known as electronic payment system.

Digital Currency: - Digital currency is a kind of electronic money which may be used in business through computer. This whole
process of transfer happens through digital medium. In this kind of medium consumer has to pay in digital coins instead of ordinary
currency. These coins are made available through electronic banks. Any person or institution who like to do business through e-
banking system can issue digital coins to its customers in exchange of cash money. These digital coins may be used by in business
through e-commerce.

Credit Card: - Credit Card is a kind of debit card which enable us to get money any where any time just by entering its pass word
number but these must be balance in the concerning account of this card,

Cyber Cash: - Cyber Cash is a well known company which may be a good option for on line business in other words we can say that
it is a kind of cyber bank.

E-Cash: - E-Cash provides consumer oriented electronic payment system to the business persons and origination this system uses
electronic currency hence e-cash stands for electronic cash.

Smart Card: - Smart Card in simply a plastic cards but facilitative one same a credit card. In this kind of card a plastic card with a
microchip provides the facilities of telephone call and payment e-cash payment. Online purchasing and like this. In this kind of card
the computer chip stores lot of information manly about bank accounts and its balance it can only operated only through a password
smart cards most popular examples an ATM card of a bank. With help of an ATM we can withdrawal our money from ATM machine
any time. These days most of provide banks provide ATM facility.
Programming Language: - Computer not to understand to establish communication between them for this purpose. Some kinds of
languages used are called programming.

These are a number of programming languages. To begin with they can be classified into two categories: -

I. Machine Language (1GL): - It is based on binary number system. Computer

stands for only machine language. Actually it is in the form of series of binary digits. It is machine dependent so each machine contain
their different instruction set hence one program write on a machine is not necessary to run an another machine.

II. Assembly Language (2GL): - It uses number and symbols both. It is easy the machine language and difficult than high
level. It is based on hexadecimal numbers. In this language some designed symbols are used for operation like add for
addition sub for subtraction etc.
III. High Level Language (3GL): - It is English like language with its own vocabulary and grammar rules. It is easiest to
stand because of it is closer to user’s native language Pascal, Cobol and C etc. High level languages, instead of being
machine based are oriented more towards the problem to be solved. These languages enable the programmer to write
symbols. High symbols. High level languages use English codes and mathematics symbols.

Compiler: - It is software which is used to convert high level language to machine language. It compiles whole program at a time.

Interpreter: - It is software which is used to convert high level language to machine language but link by line.

Assembler: - It is software which is used to convert assembly language to machine language.

MS-ACCESS: - Microsoft Access is one of the well-known implementations of the relational data model on the PC platform. It is
considered as part of an integrated set of tools for creating and managing databases on the PC windows platform. MS-Access has tool
which are easy to use and provide powerful development environment, making it an appropriate choice for beginners as well as
professionals.

The database application of MS-Access may range from personal applications, such as maintaining an inventory of we
personal audio and video collection, to small business application such as maintaining business-specific customer information.

MS-Access possess the following features: -

1. MS-Access provides a database engine and a Graphical User Interface for data definition and manipulation, with power of
SQL.
2. It provides a programming language called Access basic. It can use for developing custom database applications.
3. Users can quickly develop forms and reports for I/O operations against the database through the use of wizards.
4. It provides the database developer with hyperlinks as a native data type, extending the functionality of the database with the
ability to share information on the internet.
5. Using Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology, a user can include documents created in another component on a
report or form within Access.
6. The relationships among tables and constraints on the fields of the table like primary key etc. can be specified graphically
very easily.
7. It provides facility use MS active Data Objects (ADO) to access and manipulate data in database server through any OLE
Database provider.
8. It helps to input and export data from the access database to other database software. For example- Access can import table
from Oracle.
9. Work with Euro and other currencies.
10. Can collaborate over Internet and Intranet.
11. Provides facility to create forms and reports for SQL Server database.
12. It supports multiuser operations by making and application available on a network.

COMPONENTS OF MS-ACCESS: -
The main components of MS-Access are the objects which can be seen in window. The various objects shown in a database window
are Table, Queries, Forms, Report, Pages, Macros etc. All the objects are managed through the database window and all objects of a
database are stored in single file having extension (.MDB).

Within file we can divide our data into separate storage containers called tables; view, add and update table data
using online forms; retrieve and locate specified data using queries; and print data in specified layouts using reports.

1. Tables and their Relationship: - A database is a collection of information in the from of tables. Each table consists of rows
and columns. The table stores the information anout a particular thing such as EMPLOYEE table, STUDENT table,
CUSTOMER table, DEPARTMENT table.
The different types of relationship that can exist between tables are:-
A. One to one
B. One to many
C. Many to many
2. Queries: - A query is a question which is being asked by the user to extract the information according to his requirement from
a given table or group of tables, For example: A Query can be asked to determine those students who read in BCA class in
the STUDENT table.
MS-Access provides definition either graphically through a QBE interface or programmatically through MS-Access
SQL.
3. Forms: - A form is representation of the data in a format requested by the user from the table or query. The user can view the
data in the form and edit it according to his requirement. Forms focus on one record at a time, and they can display fields
from multiple tables, picture and more. A simple form allows the user to view, insert, delete or modify the records of a given
table subject to defined constraints.

For example – a form containing Roll_no, Name, Class, Fees can be created for a person who deals with account
office from the Student table.

4. Reports: - A report is an effective way to present we data in a printed format. As we have control over the size and
appearance of everything on a report, we can display the information the way we want to see it.
5. Macros: - A macro is a set of one or more actions such that each perform a particular operation such as printing a report or
opening a form. Macros help we to automatic common tasks. MS-Access provides features to create macro.
6. Modules: - A module is a collection of Visual Basic for applications declarations and procedures that are stored together as a
unit. There are two basic types of module s class modules and standard modules.

CREATING A BLANK DATABASE

We can create a database even without using the Database Wizard when we first start MS-Access. To create a blank database click on
the Blank Access Database option button in the initial MS-Access dialog box. Then click on the OK button, as a result a File New
Database dialog box will open. Specify the folder in which we want store the new database. Also specify the appropriate name for the
database in the File name text box and then click on Create button. A blank database will appear in our MS-Access Window.

CREATE A TABLE

Once we have created a database then we would try to populate it with database objects such as tables, forms, reports etc. Now we
shall learn to create a table. The table stores the data in it.

To create a table, click on the Tables button in Database window. As a result, three options will be shown in the right pane of
this windows.

Thus can create a table

In Design View

Using Wizard

In Database
CREATING TABLE IN DESIGN VIEW

We can make our table in Design view for greater control. Using this, we enter our enter our own field names and
descriptions and choose and choose our own data type to associate with each field.

To make table in Design View in MS-Access, select Create table in Deign View and click Open button from Database
window’s menu. As a result, Table window opens up. Specify the field names and there data types.

The various data types which can be set for fields are:

1. Text- Stores text of combinations of text and numbers such as address upto255 characters.
2. Menu- Stores text and numbers up to 64000 characters; used for detailed, descriptive fields.
3. Number- Stores numeric data that we can use in calculations.
4. Date/Time- Stores a field in date or time format.
5. Currency- Stores currency data that we can use in calculations. For Example: Rate, Amount paid.
6. Auto Number- Stores a sequential number for each record. It is automatically incremented with addition of each record.
7. Yes/No- Stores only one of two values such as Yes/No, True/False, or ON/OFF.
8. OLE Object- Stores object created in another application-such as word or Excel-that we can linked to or fix in an Access
table.
9. Hyperlink- Stores a link to a Web page, email address, or another object in the database.
10. Lookup Wizard- Stores a lookup column that we can refer from another table.

After entering all the field names and their data types, save the table by pressing Ctrl+S keys or Save command from
File menu. Then we enter the name of the table and click OK.
MS-Access then displays a message Create a Primary Key? In A message windows . If we click a Yes button then a
primary key ID with data type Auto number is automatically created. We can also set our own primary key.
A Primary Key is a key that differentiated the records in a file. The data stored in a primary key field contains data
that is unique to a specific record. For Example: in Student table, the ‘Roll Number’ should act as a primary key because it
uniquely indentifies each student.
We can also set a combination of two or more fields as a Primary Key. This key is known as Composite Primary
Key.

Sorting and filtering in tables: -

The records of a datasheet are automatically sorted according to the data in the primary key field. Often, however, you will want to
view or print records in an entirely different order. Access makes it easy to sort data, find data, and filter a datasheet with the buttons
on the Table Datasheet toolbar.

Filtering: - Filtering temporarily isolates a subset of records. This is particularly useful because the subset can be formatted and
printed just like the entire datasheet. Filtering means to filter out all but the data we let pass our criteria. Access makes this operation
as simple as sorting.

Operators: - Operators are building blocks of access operations. They help us in specifying criteria for queries, creating calculated
fields in forms and creating summaries in reports. Whenever we use validation rules for data entry, we have to use operators.

The following are the types of operators that are provided by access.

I. Mathematical operator: -
There are several mathematical operators. These are also known as arithmetic operators because they are usually used for
performing arithmetic calculations. The mathematical operators are:
1. Multiplocation (*)
2. Addition opertator (+)
3. Subtractio operator (-)
4. Division operator (/)
II. Relational Operator: -
There are six relational operator, also known as comparison operator. They compare two values or expressions in an
equation.
 Operator Comparison
= Equal
Not equal
Less Than
Less Than or Equal
Greater Than
Greater Than or Equal

Boolean operator: -

Access uses six Boolean operators that are used for setting conditions in expressions. Like relational operators, these always return
either a logical value (True or False) or A Null.

The Boolean operators are

AND operator

The AND operator is used to perform a logical conjunction of two objects. The AND operators returns the value True if both
conditions are true. The syntax is as follows

Expression 1 AND Expression 2

The OR operator

The OR operator returns a true if either of the condition is true.

The NOT operator

The NOT operator returns a value true if the condition being evaluated is not true. This operator thus reverses the logical result of the
expression. The syntax is as follows

NOT <expression>

Functions: - Functions are small programs that always return a value based on some calculations, comparison or evaluation that has
been performed. The value returned can be a string, or numeric, depending on the type of function. Access functions can perform
financial, mathematical, comparative and other operations, we can use functions in queries, reports and validations rule. Functions are
always followed by parentheses.

Types of functions: -

Access offers several types of functions. They can be placed in the following categories:

1. Conversion functions: -
Conversion functions change the data type from one type to another. A few of the conversion functions are:
Str () accepts a number as a parameter and return the string equivalent of the number. For example
Srt(128.432) returns “128.432”
Val () accepts a string as argument and return its numeric equivalent. For example
Val (“234.65”) returns 234.65
Now () which returns the current data and time.
Time (), which returns the current time in 12-hour format

Financial: -

Financial functions perform financial operations on a set of values. The set of values is contained in a field. The field can be in a form,
report, or query. The two common financial functions which are being used the most are:

Avg () that returns the average of all the values of a field passed as parameter. For Example.

Sum () that returns sums one or more field values. For example, Sum ([Price])
Mathematical

I. Int (), which determines the integer of a specific value. For example
Int (1234.55) returns 1234.
II. Sqr (), which returns square root of the number, passed as parameter, For example
Sqr (25) returns 5
III. Len (), which returns the length of the string passed as parameter. For example
Len (“qwert”) returns 5
IV. Lcase () that returns the lowercase of the string passed as parameter. For example
Lcase (“COLLEGE”) returns college

Query: -

A query is a question or an inquiry made by a user to extract information according to his/her requirement from a given table or group
of tables. MS-Access provides the facility of crating a query that helps to retrieve the data to answer the query.

We can create a query with a wizard or from scratch in query Design view. In the design View, you specify the data we want
to work with by adding the tables or queries that contain the data, and then by filling in the design grid.

Creating Query with Query wizard: -

Steps involved in creating a Query are shown below:

1. Click Queries on the Object Bar

2. Click on the New Button
3. Click Ok to accept the default of starting a Query in Design View
4. Click on the Customers table and them click Add button to add this table to the Query.
5. Click close to close the show table dialog box.
6. Click and drag the first four fields from the field list box and drop them in the first four columns.
7. Click on the next field down- the address. Then press Ctrl and click the next field city. This will select both the fields, then
drag them to the grid and drop them to the right of the contact title field.
8. Click the run button on the toolbar to see how the query is coming along. The run button has an exclamation point.
9. Save the Query and close the window.

Form: - A form is a representation of the data in the format requested by the user from the table of query. Form can been used to
display or print data in a more interactive and useful manner than a datasheet.

We can create a form with a wizard, using Auto form or from a scratch in Form’s design view. To create a form in MS-
Access using wizard follow the following steps:

1. Click the Forms tab from the database window. Now click the New button in the database window. A New Form dialog
appears. A number of options are displayed on the left hand side of the dialog box. Select the form wizard option so as to
create a form based on the fields selected by the user.
2. Also select the table or query from where the object’s data will come from. After specifying the table or query, click OK. As
a result, Form Wicard dialog box will open up.
3. Select the fields we want to place in the form the ’Available Fields’ with the help of move button.
4. Then on clicking Next a new dialog box will open up which will tell we to specify the layout we would like to use.
5. On clicking next. a new dialog box will open up which will ask we to choose a style from the list of available styles.
On clicking Next button, a new dialog box will open up which will ask we to specify the title of our form. It will also show a
check box which on being selected will display help working with that form. Finally, Next button will be disabled as it is the
last step. Now click the Finish button and a form or a specific layout would be created.
Now save the form using Save command form the file menu. To close the form press Ctrl +w.

SUBFORMS: -
A subform is a form within a form. The primary form is called the Main form, and the form within the form is called the Subfrom. A
form/subform combination is often referred to as hierarchical from. Subforms are especially effective when we want to show data
from tables or queries with one-to-many relationship.

To create a subfrom follow the following steps:

1. First we want to create a subform in the Design View.

2. Now click the Subform/Subreport tool from the toolbox and drag it to and area below the area in the main form Order Form.
3. As a result, a Subform Wiazrd dialog box will appear on the screen. A series of dialog boxes will be displayed which will
ask we to answer the questions from the available choices.
4. If we want to change the properties of a subform or want to define properties of a subform or want to define properties of a
subform ourself, then double click on the Subform control. As a result, Property box will open up. Now specify select the
Source Object property and select the available form/table/query. Similarly specify the other properties. Finally, click Form
View to see the resulting form which will display the information in the subform,

Report: -

A report is an effective way to present our data in a printed format. A report is a flexible way of viewing and printing summary
information. It enables we to display information of the required level of detail. The information can be viewed or printed in any
format, Subtotals, statistical evaluations, pictures and graphs can be inserted in a report. Because we have control over the size
and appearance of everything on a report, we can display the information the way we want to see it.

Need for a report

Reports are used for:-

• Presenting information in a customized way both onscreen and on paper.

• Grouping and sorting data according to our needs and in order we want.
• Calculating averages, fields totals, and drawing graphs.

We can create the following kind of reports in Access.

Tabular reports:-

Tabular reports are similar to a table that displays data in a row column format. Tabular reports can group the data by one or more
field values. Subtotals and page totals can be calculated and displayed on the report.

Column report:-

Column reports display data vertically. We can use this kind of report to display one record per page or to display data that is
related in a one-to- many relationships.

Creating a report

A report can be created by any of the following methods

Auto Report

Report Wizard

Design View

Creating a Report with Auto Report

I. Launch Access and open the database in which we want to build a report.
II. Click Reports on the Object bar, and then double-click create report by Using Wizard.
III. Select the table or query on which the report will be based.
IV. Select the fields in the available list and click the Single Field button or if we want to select all the fields click on All
Fields button and then click Next
 V. Click First sort order list arrow in the sort dialog box, click the field according to which we want to sort and then click
the next button.
VI. Click next button to select Tabular layout and portrait orientation, and then click Next button to Accept corporate style.
VII. Give the report a name and click the Finish button.

We can see the report, which we have made with the selected tables, forms or queries.

Alternatively we can choose to create a Tabular Auto Report. To do this, select the Auto Report Tabular option from the New Report
Dialog Box.

The Report Wizard

The Auto Report is wizard without options. This is also a general purpose report wizard that’s quite capable. Like Form Wizard,
Report wizard give a layout for the report, which can then be customized according to our needs. We can use the Report wizard to
create reports with grouping and summaries.

The steps to create reports with the Report wizard are:

I. Launch Access and open the database in which we want to build a report.
II. Locate the New button on the database view toolbar. Click that button to start new report.
III. Choose Report Wizard from the main list box. Pull down the combo box at the bottom of the dialog box to choose the
query or any other object for the report basis.
IV. Click Ok to start the actual wizard process. Specify the field what we want to be part of our report.
V. The next dialog box enables we to specify what fields to group on, if any.
VI. We can specify the sort in the next dialog box. In the next dialog box we can choose the layout of the report.
VII. Give the name to report which describes the outline of the report and then click Finish button to accomplish our task and
to see the preview of our report. A report preview is a screen view of how our report will look on the web or from a
printer.

The report design view

The steps involved in Design a Report are:-

1. Launch Access and open the database in which we want to build the Report.
2. Click on the Report tab in the Database window and then click the design button on the Database view toolbar. This will
launch report in the Design View.
We can see the design view in the following figure:-

First understand the part of the design view

This has a toolbox that is similar to the Form Design window. The report is devided into the following sections.

• The Report header that prints only at the beginning of the report.
• The Page header, which prints at the top of each page.
• The group header that prints before the first record of each group.
• The Detail line that prints each record of a table or dynaset.
• The Group footer, which prints after the last record of a group.
• The page footer that prints at the bottom of each page.
• The Report footer that prints at the end of a report.

The drag and drop facilities enables us to select fields from tables and place them up in the report. Once a field is placed on the
report it becomes the control.

3. Select the Field list option from the view menu.

4. Select the field that we want to add to the report.
5. Drag and Drop the field in the appropriate position in the report.
6. Save the report by giving the name and close the design view.
SUBREPORTS

A Sub Reports is a report that is inserted in another report. When we combine reports, one of them must serve as the main report. A
main report is either bound or unbound or unbound that is it is or isn’t based on a table, query or SQL statement.

An unbound main report contains two unrelated sub reports. One may contain Employee Sale Summary and other may contain
category Sales Summary. The main report can include as many sub forms as well as sub report we want. Additionally. A main report
can contain upto two levels of sub forms and subreports.

If we have to create a subreport that will be linked that will be linked to the main report, we should make sure that table
relationship are defined correctly before using the steps for creating a sub reports in an existing report. The involved steps are:-

I. Open the report in which we want to create a sub report in the Design View.
II. Make sure that the Control Wizards tools in the toolbox is pressed in, otherwise no wizard would appear while creating
sub reports.
III. Now click the Sub form/Sub report tool in the toolbox and click on the section where we want to insert sub report.
IV. Follow the directions in the wizard dialog boxes. Finally, when we click the Finish button. MS-Access adds a sub report
control on our report. It also creates separate that is displayed as the sub report.

MS-Accessing provides both importing and exporting facility. We should make that table relationships are defined correctly
before using the steps for creating a sub report.

Importing facility helps to import information from other types of programs so as to reduce time and effort. We can import data
from a table or other database objects such as reports or forms.

Exporting Data or object

We can export a table or any other database object. For this, select the table we want to export and right click. As a result, a drop
down menu will appear. Now select the export command and as a result Export Table….. dialog box will open up. Now export
the table to the required database and click OK button.

Again a Export dialog box will appear. It will ask to whether we only want to export the structure or the data along with
structure. Specify the appropriate option by clicking at it an click OK. Finally the table would be inserted.