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Solution
UT_1_2025-26
Class 12 - Mathematics
1.
(b) neither one-one nor onto
Explanation:
Given that f : R → R be a function where
2
x −8
f (x) =
2
x +2

Here, we can see that for negative as well as positive x we will get same value.
So, it is not one-one.
y = f(x)
2
x −8
⇒ y =
2
x +2

⇒ y(x2 + 2) = (x2 - 8)
⇒ x2(y - 1) = -2y - 8
−−−−
2y+8
⇒ x = √
1−y

For y = 1 , no x is defined.
So, f is not onto.
OR
(a) one-one and onto
Explanation:
Given: Let A = R - {3}, B = R - {1}
f: A → B f(x) = x−2

x−3
x∈A
Step 1: Injective or One-One function:
Let f(x) = f(y), x, y ≠ 3
x−2 y−2
=
x−3 y−3

(x - 2)(y - 3) = (y - 2)(x - 3)
xy - 2y - 3x + 6 = xy - 2x - 3y + 6xy - 2y - 3x + 6 = xy - 2x - 3y + 6
- 2x + 3y = - 2x + 3x - 2x + 3y = - 2x + 3x
x=y
Hence f is one-one
Step 2 : Surjective or One-to function:
Let y ∈ B such that y ≠ 1
y= x−2

x−3

y(x - 3) = (x - 2)y(x - 3) = (x - 2)
yx - 3y = x - 2yx - 3y = x - 2
yx - x = 3y - 2yx - x = 3y - 2
x(y - 1) = 3y - 2
x=
3y−2

y−1

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x ∈ A since y ≠ 1
Hence there exists x ∈ A for every y ∈ B such that f(x) = y
f is onto
Hence f is bijective.
2. (a) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
Explanation:
reflexive and symmetric but not transitive .
Reflexivity and transitivity follows from definition.
Here,(3,2) ,(2,1) are in R but (3,1) is not in R,so R is not transitive.
3.
(b) Equivalence relation
Explanation:
Equivalence relation
4.
(d) −π

10

Explanation:
−1 3π
sin (cos )
5

-1
= sin sin ( π

2
−
3π

5
)

-1
= sin sin ( 5π−6π

10
)

-1
= sin sin ( −π

10
)

= −π

10

5.
(b) 7π

18

Explanation:
-1 -1 -1
sin (cos ) = sin (sin(
π

9
π

2
−
π

9
) ) = sin (sin 7π

18
)= 7π

18

6.
(c) All of these
Explanation:
3 sin x + 4 cos x = y2 - 2y + 6 = (y - 1)2 + 5
Which is possible only when y - 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1 (∵ Maximum value of LHS = 5 and Minimum
value of RHS = 5)
∴ 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5

Put 3 = r cos θ , 4 = r sin θ such that 9 + 16 = r2

⇒ r
2 = 25 ⇒ r = 5
-1
Also tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan ( ) 4

3
4

⇒ r cos θ sin x + r sin θ cos x = 5

⇒ r sin (x + θ ) = r ⇒ sin (x + θ ) = 1
⇒ x + θ = sin-1(1) = π

-1
⇒ x = - θ = - tan ( )
π

2
π

2
4

1
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-1(
∴ xy = π

2
- tan 4

3
)

So all option are true.

7. f(1) = 1+1

2
=1
f(2) = 2

2
= 1

Two different elements have same image.

f is not one - one.
For any x ∈ N, 2x ∈ N such that f(2x) = 2x

2
= x

This implies range(f) = N and therefore f is onto.

Hence, f is not bijective.
OR
Let x1, x2 ∈ R (Domain) such that
f(x1) = f(x2)
=
5x 1 −3 5x 2 −3
⇒
4 4

⇒ 5x1 -3 = 5x2 -3
⇒ 5x1 = 5x2

⇒ x 1 = x2

∴ f is one-one.

To show f is onto:
Let y ∈ R (co-domain).
Then f(x) = y for some x.
if, y = 5x−3

4y = 5x-3
x= R (Domain)
4y+3
∈
5

Thus, for every y ∈ R (co-domain), there exists a pre-image x= R (domain) such that
4y+3
∈
5

=y
4y+3
f ( )
5

∴ Range of f(x) = R = codomain of f(x).

Hence, f is onto.
8. Here, R satisfies the following properties:
i. Reflexivity
Let a be an arbitrary element of Z.
Then, (a -a) = 0 which is even.
∴ (a, a) ∈ R∀a ∈ Z

so, R is reflexive.
ii. Symmetry
(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (a − b) is even
= -(a -b ) is even
= (b - a) is even
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

R is symmetric.
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iii. Let a , b c be arbitrary elements of Z such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b,c )∈ R then,we have,
(a - b ) is even and (b - c) is even
=> (a - c ) is even
(a, c) ∈ R

R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation in Z.
9. Given: ∀ a, b ∈ S, R = {(a, b) : a = ± b}
Now,
R is Reflexive if (a,a) ∈ R ∀ a ∈ S
For any a ∈ S, we have
a = ±a
= (a, a) ∈ R
Thus, R is reflexive.
R is Symmetric if (a,b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R ∀ a, b ∈ S
(a,b) ∈ R
=a=±b
=b=±a
= (b,a) ∈ R
Thus, R is symmetric .
R is Transitive if (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ R ⇒ (a,c) ∈ R ∀ a,b,c ∈ S
Let (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ R ∀ a, b,c ∈ S
= a = ± b and b = ± c
=a=±c
= (a, c) ∈ R
Thus, R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
10. We observe the following properties of relation R.
Reflexivity: For any a ∈ N
a-a=0=0×n
⇒ a - a is divisible by n

⇒ (a, a) ∈ R

Thus, (a, a) ∈ for all a ∈ Z. So, R is reflexive on Z

Symmetry: Let (a, b) ∈ R. Then,
(a, b) ∈ R
⇒ ( a - b ) is divisible by n

⇒ ( a - b ) = np for some p ∈ Z

⇒ b - a = n (-p)

⇒ b - a is divisible by n [∵ p ∈ Z ⇒ −p ∈ Z ]

⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

Thus, (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ Z.

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So, R is symmetric on Z.
Transitivity: Let a, b, c ∈ Z such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R. Then,
(a, b) ∈ R
⇒ (a - b) is divisible by n

⇒ a - b = np for some p ∈ Z

and, (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ (b - c) is divisible by n

⇒ b - c = nq for some q ∈ Z

∴ (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

⇒ a - b = np and b - c = nq

⇒ (a - b) + (b - c) = np + nq

⇒ a - c = n (p + q)

⇒ a - c is divisible by n [∵ p, q ∈ Z ⇒ p + q ∈ Z ]

⇒ (a, c) ∈ R

Thus, (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈ Z.

–
11. Let cot −1
(√ 3 ) = y

–
⇒ cot y = √3

π
⇒ cot y = cot
6

Since, the principal value branch of cot-1 is [0, π].

Therefore, principal value of cot (√–3) is . −1 π

12. Principal value branch of tan-1 x is [− , ] π

2
π

and its graph is shown below.

13. Let us consider tan-1(1) = x then we obtain

tan x = 1 = tan π

-1
We know that range of the principle value branch of tan is [− π

2
,
π

2
]

Thus, tan-1 (1) = π

Let cos −1
(−
1

2
) = y

cos y = − 1

2
= cos(π −
π

3
) = cos(
2π

3
)

We know that range of the principle value branch of cos-1 is [0, π]

Thus, cos (− ) =−1 1

2
2π

-1
Let sin (− ) = z 1

π π
sin z = − sin = sin(− )
6 6

-1
We know that range of the principle value branch of sin is [− π

2
,
π

2
]

Thus, sin-1 (− ) = − 1

2
π

Now,we have
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−1 −1 1 1
tan (1) + cos (− ) + sin(− )
2 2

= π

4
+
2π

3
−
π

6
=
3π+8π−2π

12
=
9π

12
=
3π

14. i. Let f(x) = sin-1√− −−−

x − 1

⇒ 0 ≤ x - 1 ≤ 1

⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

−−−− −−−−
∴ x ∈ [1, 2] [∵ √x − 1 ≥ 0 and −1 ≤ √x − 1 ≤ 1]

ii. we know that, Domain of sin-1 is [-1, 1]

-1
∴ Domain of sin [x] is {x : -1 ≤ [x] ≤ 1}

⎧ −1∀
⎪
−1 ≤ x < 0

But {x} = ⎨ 0∀ 0 ≤ x < 1

⎩
⎪
1∀ 1 ≤ x < 2

∴ Domain of sin-1[x] is [-1, 2)

iii. sin[ π

3
− sin
−1
(−
1

2
)]

-1
= sin[ π

3
+ sin
−1
(−
1

2
)] [∵ sin (-θ ) = -sinθ ]
= sin[ π

3
+ sin
−1
(sin
π

6
)]

= sin[ π

3
+
π

6
]

= sin[ 2π+π

6
]

= sin( 3π

6
)

= sin( π

2
) =1
OR
Let,
y = cos-1(cos ) + sin-1(sin 2π

3
2π

3
)
-1
= + sin (sin(π − ))
2π

3
π

-1
= + sin (sin )
2π

3
π

= 2π

3
+ π

3
=π
-1 -1
∴ Principal value of cos (cos 2π

3
) + sin (sin 2π

3
) = π.

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