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1.1 What Is Noise?

The document discusses noise in communication systems, defining it as an unwanted signal that interferes with the original message, and categorizes it into external and internal sources. It explains the importance of filtering techniques, particularly using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for signal processing, which allows for the analysis and modification of frequency components. Additionally, it outlines various types of filters in the frequency domain, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters, each serving specific purposes in noise reduction and signal enhancement.

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10 views5 pages

1.1 What Is Noise?

The document discusses noise in communication systems, defining it as an unwanted signal that interferes with the original message, and categorizes it into external and internal sources. It explains the importance of filtering techniques, particularly using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for signal processing, which allows for the analysis and modification of frequency components. Additionally, it outlines various types of filters in the frequency domain, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters, each serving specific purposes in noise reduction and signal enhancement.

Uploaded by

a7madsala7ussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction
1.1 What is noise?
In any communication system, during the transmission of the signal, or while receiving the signal, some
unwanted signal gets introduced into the communication, making it unpleasant for the receiver,
questioning the quality of the communication. Such a disturbance is called as Noise.
Noise is an unwanted signal which interferes with the original message signal and corrupts the
parameters of the message signal. This alteration in the communication process, leads to the message
getting altered. It is most likely to be entered at the channel or the receiver.

Types of Noise
The classification of noise is done depending on the type of the source, the effect it shows or the relation
it has with the receiver, etc.
There are two main ways in which noise is produced. One is through some external source while the
other is created by an internal source, within the receiver section.

External Source noise


This noise is produced by the external sources which may occur in the medium or channel of
communication, usually. This noise cannot be completely eliminated. The best way is to avoid the noise
from affecting the signal. Most common examples of this type of noise are − Atmospheric noise (due to
irregularities in the atmosphere). Extra-terrestrial noise, such as solar noise and cosmic noise, Industrial
noise.

Internal Source noise


This noise is produced by the receiver components while functioning. The components in the circuits, due
to continuous functioning, may produce few types of noise. This noise is quantifiable. A proper receiver
design may lower the effect of this internal noise. Most common examples of this type of noise are −
Thermal agitation noise (Johnson noise or Electrical noise). Shot noise (due to the random movement of
electrons and holes), Transit-time noise (during transition).

Due to the effects of noise one of the most common problems in the field of wireless communication and
digital signal processing is handling noise, the quality and performance of a signal can be severely
affected by noise or unwanted components. This problem can be solved by using signal filtering
techniques, which remove these undesirable or unwanted components that added to the signal from noise
elements while keeping the key characteristics of the original signal. [1]
A digital filter is a signal processing system that performs mathematical operations on a sampled (a
continuous signal that has been reduced to a discrete one), discrete-time (unlike the continuous signal,
the discrete one does not have a value at every instance of time - it is quantized), digital (a physical signal
that is a representation of a sequence of discrete values - for example, an arbitrary bit stream or a digitized
analog signal) signal. [2]

1.2 Fourier Theory


Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines of different
frequencies each multiplied by a different coefficient. Fourier Transform the Fourier transform is a
mathematical operation that transforms a signal from the time domain to the frequency domain.
Since dealing with signal in frequency domain is easier than dealing with signal in time domain because
dealing with signals in time domain is more complex, so using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is
one efficient method of signal filtering. Discrete Fourier Transform Discrete Fourier Transform is used
to analyze discrete signals, such as digital audio and images. It decomposes a discrete signal into its
individual frequency components, allowing for the analysis of the frequency content of the signal.
According to the Fourier theory in the frequency domain, a signal is represented as a combination of
sinusoidal components of different frequencies.
Filtering in the DFT domain involves the following steps:
1. Transformation of the signal from the time domain to the frequency domain using the DFT.
2. Modification of the frequency components based on the desired filtering operation.
3. Reconstruction of the time-domain signal using the Inverse DFT (IDFT).
This technique is especially useful in situations when the signal and noise belong to different frequency
bands. DFT-based filtering is both efficient, highly effective and simpler, making it a widely used
technique in various domains including audio processing, biomedical engineering, and
telecommunications. [3]
2. Basics of Digital Fourier Transform (DFT)
If a sequence is of finite length, its representation is called the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). A DFT
is a series of samples that represent the signal and are important for both digital computation and digital
hardware use. We look into the DFT, review its features and find out how it can be used for filtering
signals. The DFT is useful for breaking up sequences that end after a finite number of elements. It
involves mapping the sequence x(n) to the sequence X(k).[1]

It is possible to develop the DFT simply by using the discrete Fourier series for sequences that repeat
periodically. We have x(n) defined as a sequence of length N that is zero for all values outside [0, N, -1].
You can build a periodic sequence i(n) by making a few adjustments to x(n). [4]

N−1 −j (2Nπ ) kn , k=0, k=1, k=2 …


X(k) = ∑ x [n]e
n =0

Where:

 X(k) is the DFT output at frequency bin k.


 x[n] is the input signal at time index n.
 j is the imaginary unit ( j 2 =-1).
 −j ( 2Nπ )knis a complex exponential representing a sinusoidal basis function.
e

2.1 Inverse Digital Fourier Transform (IDFT)

The IDFT transforms a sequence of complex numbers in the frequency domain (that was created with
DFT) back into its original sequence in the time domain. [5}

1
N −1 −j ( 2Nπ )kn n=0, n=1, n=2 …
x [n ]=
N
∑ X [k]e ,
k=0
Where:

 x[n]: the time-domain signal.


 X[k]: the DFT of the signal (frequency-domain representation).
 N: the number of points in the sequence.
 j is the imaginary unit ( j 2 =-1).
 −j ( 2Nπ )kn is a complex exponential representing a sinusoidal basis function.
e

DFT is used in signal processing to analyze a short chain of time-domain samples and convert them into a
form that displays frequencies. Converting a signal like this reveals the frequencies, as well as how strong
and in what phase they are. IDFT reconstructs the original signal in the time domain using its frequency-
domain version. Both the DFT and IDFT help in efficiently examining, filtering and rebuilding signals for
audio, image, communication and digital purposes.

3. Types of Filters in the Frequency Domain


In the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) domain, filters operate by altering the spectral (frequency)
components of a signal.

3.1 Low-Pass Filter (LPF)


Allows low-frequency components to pass while attenuating or eliminating high-frequency components. Used for
Noise reduction (since noise often resides in high frequencies), Signal smoothing, Audio processing to remove high-
pitched noise.

3.2 High-Pass Filter (HPF)


Allows high-frequency components to pass while blocking low-frequency components. Usually are used for:
Removing DC offset or slow-varying trends, improving edges in image processing, sudden change detection in
signals.

3.3 Band-Pass Filter (BPF)


Allows a specific range (band) of frequencies to pass and blocks all others. Isolating a frequency range (e.g., voice
frequency band), Audio equalization, analysis of vibration.

3.4 Band-Stop Filter (Notch Filter)


Blocks a narrow range of frequencies and allows all others to pass. Eliminating power line interference (e.g., 50/60
Hz), Removing unwanted tones or hums, Audio processing to suppress specific resonant frequencies. [6]

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