Dayananda Sagar University

School of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

Computer Organization and Architecture

Course Code: 23CS2405

Assignment 1

Name: SHAIK TABREZ AHAMAD

USN: ENG23CS0451

Section: G

Semester: 4th
Assignment No: 1

Date: 21-05-2025

Question & Answers

Q.1 Write ARM instructions that set bits 0, 4, and 12 in register r6
and leave the remaining bits unchanged

</> Code
AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
MOV R6, #0x00000000

MOV R1, #(1 << 0)

ORR R6, R6, R1

MOV R1, #(1 << 4)

ORR R6, R6, R1

MOV R1, #(1 << 12)

ORR R6, R6, R1

loop B loop
END
OutPut
Q.2

Write a program that takes character data “a” through “z” and
returns the character in uppercase.

</> Code

AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY

ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
MOV R1, #'a'

SUB R2, R1, #0x20

loop B loop
END

OutPut
 C\Users\dewi\OneDrive\Documents\CoA Assignments\Coa.uvproj - µVision4

File Edit View Project Flash Debug Peripherals Tools SVCS Window Help

0 0 =

Registers Disassembly
8:
Register Value
9: Subtract 0x20 to convert to uppercase
Current
0x00000000 E3A01061 MOV R1,#0x00000061
RO 0x00000000
10: SUB R2, R1, #0x20 : R2- Rl 0x20 ? should be Ox41 ('A')
R1 0x00000061
11:
R2 0x00000041
0x00000004 E2412020 SUB R2, R1, #0x00000020
R3 0x00000000
12: loop B 10op
R4 0x00000000
0x00000008 EAFFFFFE B 0x00000008
R5 0x00000000
0x00000000 00000000 ANDEO RO.RO.RO
R6
R7 0x00000000
R8 0x00000000
00000000%0 main.s
R9
AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
R10 0x00000000
ENTRY
R11 0x00000000
EXPORT main
R12 0x00000000
R13 (SP) 0x00000000
00000000*0 main
R14 (LR)
Let's assume Rl has lowercase character 'a' 0x61
R15 (PC) 0x00000008
MOV Rl, #'a RI- 0x61

7890)
:
CPSR 0x00000003
00000000*0
F SPSR
Subtract 0x20 to convert to uppercase
User/System SUB R2, R1. #0x20 R2 R1- 0x20 ? should be 0x41 ('A')
Fast Interrupt
Intermrupt
12 loop B 1oop
Supervisor END
13
Abort 14
Undefined
Ε Intemal
PC $ 0x00000008

Project Registers

Command Call Stack + Locals

Running with Code Size Limit: 32K Location/Value

Name Type
Load "C:\\Users\\devvi\\OneDrive\\Documents\\CoA Assignments\\Coa.AXF"
_asm_0x0 0x00000000 void f0

Restricted Version with 32768 Byte Code Size Limit

** Currently used: 12 Bytes (0%)

ASSIGN BreakDisable BreakEnable BreakKill BreakList BreakSet BreakAccess COVERAGE DEFINE DIR Call Stack + Locals Memory 1

Real-Time Agent: Target Stopped Simulation t1: 22.65265467 sec L:12 C:1 CAP NUM SCRL OVR
Q.4
Write a program to count the number of ones and zeros in two
consecutive memory locations.
</> Code
AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
MOV R0, #0xF0
ORR R0, R0, R0, LSL #8
ORR R0, R0, R0, LSL #16

MOV R1, #0
MOV R2, #0
MOV R3, #32

check_bit
TST R0, #1
ADDNE R1, R1, #1
ADDEQ R2, R2, #1
LSR R0, R0, #1
SUBS R3, R3, #1
BNE check_bit

loop B loop
END
OutPut
 Write a program to arrange a series of 32-bit number in
ascending and descending order.

</>Code
Q.6

AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY

ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
LDR R0, =array MOV R1, #5

sort_outer
MOV R2, #0

sort_inner
CMP R2, R1 BGE sort_done

LDR R3, [R0, R2, LSL #2]

ADD R4, R2, #1
LDR R5, [R0, R4, LSL #2]
CMP R3, R5 BLE skip_swap

; Swap array[i] and array[i+1]

STR R5, [R0, R2, LSL #2]
STR R3, [R0, R4, LSL #2]

skip_swap
ADD R2, R2, #1
SUB R6, R1, #1
CMP R2, R6 BLT sort_inner

SUB R1, R1, #1

B sort_outer
sort_done
B sort_done
AREA data, DATA, READWRITE
array DCD 45, 11, 23, 90, 3
END

OutPut
Q.5 Write a program to find the largest and smallest number in an array
of 32 numbers.

</> Code
 AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
LDR R0, =array MOV R1, #5

LDR R3, [R0]

LDR R4, [R0] MOV R2, #1

loop
CMP R2, R1 BGE done

LDR R5, [R0, R2, LSL #2]

CMP R5, R3
BLS check_min
MOV R3, R5

check_min
CMP R5, R4
BGE next
MOV R4, R5 next
ADD R2, R2, #1
B loop

done
B done
AREA data, DATA, READWRITE
array DCD 45, 11, 23, 90, 3
END

OutPut

Q.6 Write a program to add an array of 16-bit numbers and store the
32bit result in internal RAM.

</> Code
 AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
LDR R0, =array
MOV R1, #5
MOV R2, #0 MOV R3, #0

loop
CMP R3, R1 BGE done

ADD R6, R3, R3

LDRH R4, [R0, R6]
ADD R2, R2, R4
ADD R3, R3, #1
B loop

done
LDR R5, =result STR R2, [R5]

B done

AREA data, DATA, READWRITE

array DCW 100, 200, 300, 400, 500
result DCD 0
END

OutPut
Q.7 Write a program to search a key element in a list of ‘n’ elements.
</> Code
 AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
LDR R0, =array
MOV R1, #6
LDR R2, =key
LDR R3, [R2]
MOV R4, #0 MOV R5, #-1

search_loop
CMP R4, R1 BGE not_found

LDR R6, [R0, R4, LSL #2]

CMP R6, R3 BEQ found

ADD R4, R4, #1 B search_loop

found
LDR R7, =result
STR R4, [R7]
B end

not_found
LDR R7, =result STR R5, [R7]

end
B end
 AREA data, DATA, READWRITE
array DCD 22, 45, 67, 90, 12, 88 key
DCD 90
result DCD 0
END

OutPut

Q.8 Write a program to check whether the give string is palindrome or

not.

</> Code
 AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
LDR R0, =string
LDR R1, =result
MOV R2, #0 find_len
LDRB R3, [R0, R2]
CMP R3, #0
BEQ check_palindrome
ADD R2, R2, #1 B find_len

check_palindrome
MOV R4, #0
SUB R5, R2, #1 MOV R6, #1

compare_loop
CMP R4, R5 BGE done_check

LDRB R7, [R0, R4]

LDRB R8, [R0, R5]
CMP R7, R8
BNE not_palindrome

ADD R4, R4, #1

SUB R5, R5, #1 B compare_loop

not_palindrome
 MOV R6, #0

done_check
STR R6, [R1]

end
B end
AREA data, DATA,
READWRITE string DCB "madam",
0 result DCD 0

END
Output

Q.9 Write a program to count the number of ones and zeros in two
consecutive memory locations.

</> Code
 AREA RESET, CODE, READONLY
ENTRY
EXPORT __main

__main
LDR R0, =data
LDR R1, [R0]
LDR R2, [R0, #4]

MOV R3, #0
MOV R4, #0

MOV R5, #32 count_first

TST R1, #1
ADDNE R3, R3, #1
ADDEQ R4, R4, #1
LSR R1, R1, #1
SUBS R5, R5, #1
BNE count_first

MOV R5, #32 count_second

TST R2, #1
ADDNE R3, R3, #1
ADDEQ R4, R4, #1
LSR R2, R2, #1
SUBS R5, R5, #1
BNE count_second

; Store results in memory

LDR R6, =count_ones
STR R3, [R6]
LDR R6, =count_zeros
 STR R4, [R6]
B
.
AREA data, DATA, READWRITE
data DCD 0xF0F0F0F0, 0x0F0F0F0F
count_ones DCD 0
count_zeros DCD 0

END
OutPut