1.

She ____ in that company for over ten years before she decided to
start her own business.
A) was working
B) has worked
C) had worked
D) worked
E) is working
2. During the past decade, the economy of the regions ____ several
severe downturns, followed by slow recoveries.
A) had experienced
B) experienced
C) has experienced
D) experiences
E) was experiencing
3. By next year, they ____ the project for more than five years.
A) have completed
B) will complete
C) had completed
D) will have been completing
E) will have been working on
4. The policy manual explicitly ____ how to report ethical violations in
the workplace.
A) outline
B) outlining
C) outlined
D) outlines
E) has outlined
5. The team worked ____ to meet the deadline, ensuring that the project
was completed ahead of schedule.
A) hard, efficiently, and quickly
B) hard, efficiently, and quick
C) hardly, efficient, and quickly
D) hard, efficient, and quickly
E) hard, efficiently, and quick
6. The research team ____ submit their final report by Friday, or else
they risk losing funding.
 A) must
B) have to
C) will have to
D) must have
E) could have
7. The traffic in this city ____ notoriously bad, particularly during rush
hours.
A) are
B) is
C) was
D) were
E) have
8. After reviewing all the evidence, they ____ acted more decisively to
prevent the crisis.
A) might have
B) must
C) should have
D) could
E) should
9. Over the past decade, scientists ____ significant progress in gene
editing technologies, despite ongoing ethical debates.
A) had made
B) were making
C) made
D) have made
E) make
10. They ____ be here by now; the train was scheduled to arrive at 9
a.m.
A) could
B) should
C) must
D) might
E) would
11. The engineer proposed a design ____ both sustainability and cost-
efficiency.
A) emphasizes
 B) that emphasizing
C) emphasizing
D) emphasized
E) it emphasizes
12. The manager ____ you spoke yesterday is on vacation today.
A) who
B) to whom
C) whose
D) whom
E) with who
13. The marketing department ____ the new campaign once the
budget is finalized.
A) will have launched
B) launches
C) will launch
D) will be launching
E) launched
14. Either the CEO or the managers ____ responsible for implementing
the new strategy next quarter.
A) are
B) is
C) were
D) be
E) has been
15. The scientist ____ research was published last week is known for
his groundbreaking discoveries.
A) whose
B) which
C) who
D) that
E) where

16. After he stopped ____ to his colleague, he realized he had missed

an important part of the conversation.
A) to talk
 B) talking
C) talk
D) to talking
E) talks
17. The professor emphasized _______ critical to the success of the
research project.
A) what factors are
B) which factors are
C) that factors were
D) how factors are
E) what factors are considered
18. The new software allows us ____ many of our routine tasks, saving
us a lot of time.
A) automating
B) automate
C) to automate
D) to automating
E) automated
19. The risk assessment ____ by the consultant before the board
convenes for the emergency meeting.
A) will have finalized
B) finalizes
C) will be finalized
D) will be finalizing
E) will have been finalized
20. The software developers ____ designed the new application are
now working on an upgrade.
A) who
B) whose
C) which
D) where
E) that
21. ____ the challenges posed by new regulations, the startup
managed to expand its operations.
A) Despite
B) Owing to
 C) In spite
D) Due to
E) For
22. They ____ a strategic pivot after market conditions had
deteriorated unexpectedly.
A) are making
B) had made
C) made
D) have been made
E) will be making
23. This time next week, the delegates ____ in high-level negotiations
about the regional merger.
A) will be engaging
B) will have engaged
C) will engage
D) engage
E) have engaged

24. Over centuries, traditional medicine ____ alongside spiritual

beliefs, adapting gradually to cultural shifts and modern science.
A) evolves
B) evolved
C) was evolving
D) has evolved
E) had evolved
25. ____ has been planned for the upcoming holiday season, including
numerous events.
A) A month-long celebration
B) Month-long celebration
C) An month-long celebration
D) A month long celebration
E) An month long celebration
26. Most of software typically ____ compatibility issues when ____ on
outdated systems.
A) encounters / installed
B) encountered / installing
 C) have encountered / installed
D) encountering / installed
E) is encountered / installing
27. The ____ provided by the consultant ____ highly valuable to the
project’s success lately
A) informations / have been
B) information / would be
C) information / was
D) information / has been
E) information / is
28. If you have any further questions, you ____ contact me anytime.
A) can
B) could
C) may
D) will
E) must
29. By next week, the finance department ____ finalize the budget for
the upcoming quarter.
A) must
B) will have to
C) has to
D) must have
E) have to
30. The team is focused on ____ the issue before it escalates further.
A) resolve
B) resolving
C) to resolve
D) to resolving
E) resolves
31. The researchers published findings ____ the correlation between
nutrition and cognitive function.
A) illustrates
B) that illustrate
C) they illustrate
D) illustrated
E) being illustrated
32. The bridge, ____ recently due to safety concerns, is now open to
pedestrians only.
A) closes
B) was closed
C) which closing
D) that is closed
E) having been
33. She remembered ____ her mother after the meeting, but she was
too busy and forgot to do it.
A) to call
B) calling
C) call
D) to calling
E) calls
34. The proposal was rejected, ____ it failed to address key compliance
requirements.
A) although
B) owing to
C) while
D) since
E) unless
35. The director was forced to ____ the meeting as the issues were
more complex than expected.
A) call on
B) call up
C) call off
D) call out
E) call on
36. We need to investigate _______ to improve the efficiency of our
supply chain operations.
A) what changes can be made
B) that changes can be made
C) whether changes made
D) which changes are made
E) why changes are needed
37. Fifty percent of the project _______ completed yet in that it still
requires further work.
A) has not been
B) are
C) was being
D) is
E) have been
38. Most of the funds _______ allocated to the new initiative, however
additional investments were required.
A) is
B) were
C) have
D) was
E) are
39. _______ the company plans to expand its operations to Asia is still
uncertain.
A) That
B) Which
C) Who
D) Why
E) How
40. I need to ____ the presentation materials before the meeting
starts.
A) take after
B) take in
C) take up
D) take over
E) take down

Autism is very heritable – meaning attributable to genetic factors – but very

complex, says Sven Sandin, a statistician and psychiatric epidemiologist at the
Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in
New York.
Sandin’s research across five high-income countries has found that ASD is
about 80% heritable. That means that, across a population, roughly 80% of the
differences in ASD risk are due to genetic variation. In other words, genetics are
behind most ASD cases. His research in Sweden has found that it's especially
heritable among boys: 87% for boys and 75.7% for girls. As with so many aspects of
autism epidemiology, it's not clear why, Sandin says.
But what does seem clear from his work, including one of his Swedish studies, is that
autism runs in families. Children whose full sibling had autism were 10 times as likely
to have autism themselves, compared to children whose siblings did not have
autism. If a half-sibling had autism, children were three times as likely to have the
condition.
Studies of identical twins have found that if one individual has ASD, 65 to 90% of
their twins also have it.
But knowing that autism is heritable does not mean any one gene is responsible in
everyone who has it. In fact, more than 100 genes have been identified as having
some connection to autism diagnosis – although these are not necessarily specific to
autism, and there are often links to other conditions. In some people, it’s thought
that there might be thousands of genes involved.

1. According to Sandin’s research, which of the following statements is TRUE

about the heritability of autism?
A) Autism is equally heritable among boys and girls.
B) Children with a half-sibling who has autism are 10 times more likely to
be diagnosed.
C) Genetics explain about 80% of autism risk differences in a population.
D) Autism is primarily caused by one specific gene.
E) Identical twins are always both diagnosed with autism.
2. What can be inferred about the relationship between genetics and autism
from the text?
A) Genetics are irrelevant when environmental factors are present.
B) All children with autistic siblings will also be diagnosed.
C) Genetic factors play a minor role in autism development.
D) A family history of autism increases the likelihood of a diagnosis.
E) Environmental causes of autism have been ruled out.
3. What is the closest meaning of the word “heritable” as used in the
passage?
A) Curable
B) Transferable through education
C) Environmentally influenced
 D) Difficult to observe
E) Genetically passed down
4. According to the Swedish study mentioned, what is the approximate
difference in autism heritability rates between boys and girls?
A) Boys show 5% less heritability than girls.
B) Girls have a significantly higher heritability rate than boys.
C) Boys have approximately 11% higher heritability than girls.
D) There is no measurable difference between boys and girls.
E) Girls are 25% more likely to inherit autism than boys.
5. What does the pronoun “it” in the sentence “His research in Sweden has
found that it's especially heritable among boys” refer to?
A) Genetic variation
B) Autism
C) Psychiatric research
D) Sweden
E) The Karolinska Institute

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the

uterus grows outside the uterus, commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or
other pelvic organs. This tissue behaves like the uterine lining—thickening and
shedding with each menstrual cycle—but since it cannot exit the body, it causes
pain, inflammation, and sometimes scar tissue.
Roughly 10% of women and girls of reproductive age are affected worldwide, yet
the condition is often misunderstood and misdiagnosed. Many women wait years
before receiving a proper diagnosis, partly because symptoms vary and are
sometimes dismissed as “normal” menstrual pain. Typical symptoms include
severe cramps, pelvic pain, painful intercourse, heavy periods, and, in some
cases, infertility.
The exact cause of endometriosis is still unknown, though genetic and immune
factors may be involved. While there is no cure, treatments such as hormone
therapy, pain relief, or surgery can help manage symptoms. However, symptoms
often return, even after treatment.
Beyond physical discomfort, endometriosis can have a major emotional and
social impact. It may interfere with daily life, affect mental health, and reduce
work productivity. Despite how common it is, endometriosis remains under-
researched and underfunded.
Improving awareness and encouraging early diagnosis are essential. More
education, research, and open discussion can help reduce the suffering of
millions of women around the world and improve their quality of life.

6. According to the text, which of the following is NOT listed as a common

symptom of endometriosis?
A) Pelvic pain
B) Painful intercourse
C) Skin irritation
D) Infertility
E) Heavy periods
7. Why might many women wait years for an endometriosis diagnosis?
A) They are unwilling to seek treatment.
B) Doctors immediately recommend surgery.
C) There are no visible signs of the condition.
D) Hormone therapy is difficult to access.
E) Symptoms are vague and often considered normal.
8. What is the closest meaning of the word "chronic" as used in the text?
A) Life-threatening
B) Severe but short
C) Contagious
D) Long-lasting
E) Emotional
9. What can be inferred about the success of current treatments for
endometriosis?
A) They help reduce symptoms but do not cure the condition.
B) They often lead to serious side effects.
C) They guarantee long-term relief.
D) They are only effective for older women.
E) They permanently eliminate all symptoms.
10.Which of the following best replaces the phrase “under-researched and
underfunded” in the context of the final paragraph?
A) Widely debated and well-supported
B) Ignored and lacking proper support
 C) Carefully examined and promoted
D) Unnoticed but well-financed
E) Well-known and fully funded

Organic farming is often praised for being environmentally friendly and

sustainable. However, the use of organic resources, such as animal manure and
compost, can introduce harmful microorganisms, or pathogenic microbiota,
into the farming system. These microbes can negatively affect the health of
crops, livestock, and even humans if not properly managed. For example, if
manure is not fully composted, it may carry bacteria like E. coli or Salmonella,
which can contaminate vegetables or animal feed.
At the farm level, applying organic materials can improve soil fertility and reduce
chemical input, but it also requires strict hygiene and monitoring practices.
Farmers must understand the risks and apply best practices, such as composting
at high temperatures, rotating crops, and limiting direct contact between waste
and edible crops. If done correctly, these methods can reduce harmful pathogens
while still benefiting the farm ecosystem.
Pathogenic microbes can also spread from livestock to humans, especially when
animals are raised in close proximity to food crops or water sources. Therefore,
integrating health strategies—known as the One Health approach—can help
protect human, animal, and environmental health all at once.
In conclusion, while organic inputs offer valuable benefits, they must be carefully
managed to avoid spreading disease. Better farmer education, regular testing,
and improved guidelines are essential to safely link organic farming with the
health of crops, animals, and people.

11.What is the main purpose of the text?

A) To discourage the use of organic farming completely
B) To promote the widespread use of animal manure
C) To highlight the risks of chemical fertilizers
D) To explain the benefits and risks of using organic resources on farms
E) To show that organic farming has no effect on human health
12.What can be inferred about the “One Health” approach mentioned in the
text?
A) It focuses only on animal health.
B) It separates human health from environmental concerns.
 C) It emphasizes treating diseases in humans.
D) It links the health of people, animals, and the environment.
E) It supports using more antibiotics in agriculture.
13.According to the text, what is one method farmers can use to reduce
pathogenic risks?
A) Using chemical pesticides
B) Increasing livestock numbers
C) Composting at high temperatures
D) Planting only non-edible crops
E) Avoiding crop rotation
14.What is the closest meaning of “negatively affect” as used in the
context of microbiota?
A) damage or harm
B) Influence safely
C) immense
D) Cleanse
E) Separate
15.Which of the following best explains why training farmers is considered
essential in organic farming?
A) So they can use more pesticides safely
B) Because they need to learn how to compost correctly and reduce health
risks
C) Because they must know how to genetically modify crops
D) So they can switch to chemical fertilizers quickly
E) To help them increase profits through marketing

Recent research has shown that acute chromatin decompaction, which

involves the relaxation or spreading out of chromatin, leads to an unexpected
change in the nucleus’s physical properties: it actually becomes stiffer.
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus, and its
structure is crucial for maintaining the nucleus’s shape and function. Scientists
had previously believed that when chromatin decompacts, it would make the
nucleus more flexible. However, studies using nanopillars—tiny pillar-like
structures that apply pressure to the nucleus—have revealed that the opposite
occurs.
When chromatin decompacts, the nucleus becomes less deformable and more
resistant to external pressure. This was demonstrated by observing how cells
reacted to the mechanical forces exerted by nanopillars. The findings suggest
that changes in chromatin structure can significantly impact the
mechanical properties of the nucleus, which in turn may affect cellular
functions like gene expression, migration, and division.
This discovery is important because the stiffness of the nucleus plays a role in
various biological processes, including how cells respond to physical forces and
how diseases like cancer progress. It also highlights the growing connection
between mechanobiology and genetics, providing new insights into how
mechanical forces can influence gene activity. As researchers continue to
explore this relationship, the findings may help develop better treatments for
diseases related to nuclear structure and function.

16.What is the main focus of the text?

A) How nanopillars are used to deform cells
B) The effect of chromatin decompaction on nuclear stiffness
C) The role of chromatin in gene expression
D) The connection between cell migration and nuclear stiffness
E) The structure of chromatin in the cell nucleus
17.Which of the following was used in the study to apply pressure on the cell
nucleus?
A) Chromatin
B) Nanopillars
C) DNA strands
D) High temperatures
E) Proteins
18.What can be inferred about the relationship between chromatin structure
and nuclear function from the text?
A) Chromatin structure has no impact on nuclear function
B) Chromatin structure only affects gene expression
C) Changes in chromatin structure influence the mechanical properties of
the nucleus
 D) Chromatin structure determines the size of the nucleus
E) The stiffness of the nucleus does not affect cell behavior
19.What is the closest meaning of the word "decompaction" in the text?
A) Tightening
B) Relaxation
C) formation
D) Compression
E) Strengthening
20.What was the unexpected result of the research on chromatin
decompaction?
A) The nucleus became stiffer when chromatin decompacted
B) Chromatin decompaction caused no effect on nuclear stiffness
C) The nucleus became more flexible
D) The research showed no connection between chromatin and nuclear
structure
E) The chromatin remained unchanged