TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

I Introduction ……………………………..7

II Abstract………………………………….8-9

III Literature Review……………………….10-11

IV Criteria for selection of material…….......12

V Theoretical Design………………………13-16

VI Classification of Geneva Mechanism…...17-18

VII Overall Working Principle………………19-20

VIII Derivation of Geneva Mechanism……….21-30

motion

IX Calculations and Equations………………31-35

X Results and Discussion…………………...36

XI Conclusion………………………………..37-38

XII Bibliography/References…………………39
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

C= Centre distance between rollers

D1=Diameter of Pulley 1

D2= Diameter of Pulley 2

L=Length of belt

P= Drive pin diameter

T= Allowed clearance,

c= Centre distance between Geneva drive wheel and driven wheel,

r= Geneva Driven Wheel radius,

rd= Geneva Drive Wheel radius

a= drive crank radius

n= number of slots

N=rpm of motor/Drive wheel

S= Slot length on Geneva wheel,

θ =Angle covered by driven wheel in one revolution of drive wheel

w= Slot width

y= Stop arc radius

z= Stop disc radius

v= Clearance arc

V=Tangential Velocity of drive wheel:

v=Linear velocity of a belt

= Angular velocity of drive wheel/motor

=The angle of contact between the belt and pulley,

T=Torque of drive wheel/motor

T1=Tension 1

T2= Tension 2

P=Power of
 CHAPTER- I

INTRODUCTION :

Geneva mechanism is commonly used indexing

mechanism where an intermittent motion is required.
The Inverse Geneva mechanism, which is a variation
of the Geneva mechanism, is used where the wheel has to rotate
in the same Direction as crank. It requires less radial space and
the locking device can be a circular segment attached to the
crank that locks by wiping against a built up rim on the
periphery of the wheel.
The design and fabricating of a conventional
Geneva mechanism is generally simple and inexpensive because
there is no specially curved profile on any of the components
except straight lines and circular arcs. However, due to the
discontinuity of the acceleration at the beginning and ending
positions, the shortcoming of using conventional Geneva
mechanism is the large impact when the driving crank engages
and disengages with the wheel slot.
 CHAPTER- II

ABSTRACT :

The Design and Fabrication of Geneva mechanism is

used in Bank note counting machines, Wrist watches,
Automated sampling machines, Movie projectors….etc

Geneva mechanism is a method to transform

continuous circular motion into intermittent/fixed step circular
motion i.e. a circular motion produced in equal intervals of
time and resulting in the same displacement. The name
“Geneva” is derived from Geneva, Switzerland where in its
earliest days the device was used in mechanical watchmaking.

Geneva mechanism is used as a mechanism for

transforming rotary motion into intermittent motion and is
able to achieve a precise movement and its lock, which makes
it usable in many areas, particularly in timer devices,
measurement devices, feed mechanisms, positioning
mechanisms, pick-up and transport ...

The Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism

that translates a continuous rotation into an intermittent
rotary motion. The rotating drive wheel has a pin that reaches
into a slot of the driven wheel advancing it by one step.
A simple Geneva mechanism consists of a drive wheel
(connected to motor) and a driven wheel (connected to belt
pulleys). The drive wheel is a disk with a pin or a shaft near
its circumference. The driven wheel consists of several slots.
 The drive wheel is kept next to the driven wheel in such a
way that when the drive wheel is rotated, the pin or shaft fits
inside the slot of driven wheel. As it reaches the inner most
point of the slot, the pin exerts a force on the driven wheel.

The drive wheel is kept next to the driven wheel in such

a way that when the drive wheel is rotated, the pin or shaft fits
inside the slot of driven wheel. As it reaches the inner most
point of the slot, the pin exerts a force on the driven wheel.
As the driven wheel is pivoted from the center, a
moment is produced which causes the generation of a torque,
leading to the rotation of the driven wheel and the pulley
attached to it. Hence, there is an intermittent circular motion
in them resulting in the movement of the belt. There are
several types of Geneva rotator such as external Geneva
rotator, internal Geneva rotator and spherical Geneva rotator.
 CHARTER- III.

LITERATURE REVIEW :

Applications of Geneva drive mechanism have amplified

rapidly with time, owing to its practice in numerous
industries. Many scholarly books, articles and research papers
have also been published about it.

(1) P.Kali Sindhur proposed to design a mechanism for cutting

by giving intermittent feed. This intermittent feed is given by
continuous revolving of circular disk in Geneva mechanism.
A design of a belt drive with the help of Geneva mechanism is
used for giving feed and gives smooth operation and
movement of the feed at required time interval. The feed from
Geneva drive was cut by using slotted lever mechanism. It
was designed using slider crank mechanism. It is placed
orthogonally at the end of the Geneva mechanism and overall
analysis is calculated at each link.

(2) David B Dooner wrote about kinematic study of a

mechanism incorporating a Geneva wheel and a gear train to
achieve intermittent motion. The goal wasto eliminate the
acceleration jump at the beginning and end of the Geneva
wheel motion. An epitrochoidal path replaces the circular path
for the driving pin in a classical Geneva wheel drive. The
epitrochoidal path is generated using a gear train and results in
zero velocity, acceleration, and jerk at the beginning and end
of the Geneva wheel motion. It presents a comparison of the
position, velocity, acceleration and jerk between the classical
Geneva wheel mechanism and this proposed mechanism.
Afterwards, the motion of the Geneva wheel is modified by
introducing a non-circular gear pair to alter the 5 timing of the
epitrochoidal path. The motion of the noncircular gear pair is
determined by dropping the extreme jerk of the Geneva wheel.

(3) Han Jiguang Yu Kang wrote that for both inner and outer
Geneva mechanism, the kinematics coefficient of the Geneva
mechanism is stable if the groove number of the Geneva
wheel is a constant. The elliptic crank used as the drive crank
of the Geneva wheel is equal to the mechanism which has a
variable length and speed along the elliptical moving crank.
Therefore, the kinematics coefficient of the Geneva
mechanism can be changed. In this paper the analysis method
of the combined Geneva mechanism is presented. The
combined Geneva mechanism is put forward based upon the
kinematics coefficients. In addition, the calculation method of
the extreme kinematics coefficient is proposed, and a design
example is also given.

(4) R. C. Johnson also explained how to utilize Geneva wheel

into a gear train.

(5) Ji Shun Song, Yong Shi Song describes the different types
of Geneva mechanisms; external Geneva mechanism, internal
Geneva mechanism and spherical Geneva mechanism.
(6) Utilization of Geneva stop for material inspection has
produced numerous advantages to the industries such as
reduced labor costs, increased production rates, minimized
distances moved between operations, saving time and
reducing noise.

(7) E. Sanjay S. Pratheep Kumar explains the use the Geneva

conveyer for ‘Material Inspection & Noise Reduction’.
 CHAPTER- IV
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MATERIAL:

The material for different components was selected by

assessing tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and
modulus, impact strength, compressive strength, fatigue
endurance, creep, and stress relaxation properties depending
on the application.

This ensures that design will work efficiently without any

probability of failure. However, unexpected conditions like
being subjected to a higher load than expected or being
damaged by a chemical can affect the system. Furthermore, the cost
factor is also very importa
 CHAPTER -V
Geneva mechanism is commonly used indexing mechanism where an intermittent
motion is required.

The Inverse Geneva mechanism, which is a variation of the Geneva mechanism, is

used where the wheel has to rotate in the same Direction as crank. It requires less radial space and
the locking device can be a circular segment attached to the crank that locks by wiping against a
built up rim on the periphery of the wheel.

The design and fabricating of a conventional Geneva mechanism is generally simple

and inexpensive because there is no specially curved profile on any of the components except
straight lines and circular arcs. However, due to the discontinuity of the acceleration at the
beginning and ending positions, the shortcoming of using conventional Geneva mechanism is the
large impact when the driving crank engages and disengages with the wheel slot.
GENEVA MECHANISM

It will consist of a Drive Wheel and a Driven wheel. Purpose: It will change continuous
circular motion into fixed step circular motion. The rest of its mechanism has been explained
earlier.

MATERIAL:
Wood (Oak wood) will be used. Reasons of preferring wood have been stated
earlier.

DESIGN:

The driven wheel has 4 slots. By changing the number of slots, we can alter the
time of rotation of the wheel. Rest of the dimensions are discussed later.
ADVANTAGES:

i. Geneva mechanism may be the simplest and least Expensive of all intermittent motion
mechanisms.

ii. They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those used in instruments, to those used
in machine tools to index spindle carriers weighing several tons.

iii. They have good motion curves characteristics compared to ratchets, but exhibit more
“jerk” or instantaneous change in acceleration, than better cam systems

iv. Geneva maintains good control of its load at all Times, since it is provided with locking
ring surfaces.

DISADVANTAGES:

i. The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism.

ii. The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established Once the no of dwells per revolution has
been selected.

iii. All Geneva acceleration curves start and end With finite ac-celeration & deceleration.

iv. This means they produce jerk.

APPLICATION AND USES:

 STEPPER
 MECHANICAL WATCHES
 PLOTTERS
 CNC MACHINE
 IRON RING CLOCK
 Modern film projectors may also use an electronically controlled indexing mechanism
or stepper motor, which allows for fast-forwarding the film.
 Geneva wheels having the form of the driven wheel were also used in mechanical
watches, but not in a drive, rather to limit the tension of the spring, such that it would
operate only in the range where its elastic force is nearly linear.
  Geneva drive include the pen change mechanism in plotters, automated sampling
devices
 Indexing tables in assembly lines, tool changers for CNC machines, and so on.
 The Iron Ring Clock uses a Geneva mechanism to provide intermittent motion to one
of its rings.

DESIGN PRTOTYPE :
 CHAPTER- VI

CLASSIFICATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM

(a)EXTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM

In this External Geneva Drive, the driven wheel is connected with rotating drive
wheel externally. This is the most popular Geneva Drive and used in many mechanical
products like watch and film projector. It can withstand higher mechanical stresses.

(b) INTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM

In Internal Geneva Drive, the driven wheel is connected with the rotating drive wheel
internally.

Both the driver and the driven wheel rotate in the same direction. Its disadvantage is that it cannot
be built smaller and cannot withstand higher mechanical stresses like external Geneva drive .
c)SPHERICAL GENEVA MECHANISM

In Spherical Geneva Drive, the driven wheel is in spherical shape and is

connected to rotating drive wheel externally. In this driving and the driven wheel are on
perpendicular shafts i.e input and output shafts are perpendicular to each other.
 CHAPTER -VII
WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Geneva Drive is a gear mechanism that translates rotation motion into

intermittent rotary motion.

The rotating drive wheel has a pin that enters into the slot of driven wheel and
make it rotate step by step. The driving wheel has also an elevated half circle that lock the
driven wheel in position between steps.

The main difference between Geneva drive and other gears is that Geneva drive
have unusual teeth. Unlike other gears ,in Geneva drive the interaction between the driving
and the driven part is not continuous and the resultant motion is intermittent.
 Geneva Drive is a gear mechanism that translates rotation motion into intermittent
rotary motion. The rotating drive wheel has a pin that enters into the slot of driven wheel and
make it rotate step by step. The driving wheel has also an elevated half circle that lock the
driven wheel in position between steps.

CHAPTER -VIII
DERIVATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM MOTION :

The Geneva mechanism, in its usual application, consists of a driver with a

single pin, and a follower with from three to eighteen slots. The most common application of
this type of mechanism is as an indexing device, where one revolution of the driver will index
the follower 1/n revolutions, where n is the number of slots in the follower. The driver is
usually assumed to rotate at a uniform angular velocity.

The single pin mechanism is relatively simple to analyze. However, the

intermittent motion of this device is undesirable for a timing mechanism. One requirement for
the Geneva escapement now becomes evident: the follower must engage at least one pin at all
times. In order to meet this condition, certain geometrical constraints are necessary.
CHAPTER -IX
CALCULATIONS AND EQUATIONS:

This diagram is used for reference in the following calculations. In this diagram, the driven
wheel has 6 slots; however, for my use I replaced it with a wheel with 4 slots, as per my
design. This diagram shows that the Drive Crank and Driven wheel have different radius,
however I will take the same radius for both. The pin interacts with the slot for 90°; 45°
above horizontal axis and 45° below the horizontal axis. The rest of the symbols are used as
they are. I used a high number of significant figures to improve the accuracy of answers.

Assume, Centre distance

C =500mm Diameter of rollers,

D1 = D2 =

D = 60mm

L = [ + ] + 2 15 L

= [ 60+60 2 ] + (2 × 500) L

=1188.5mm

Assumed that the material has to be transferred within 4 seconds through the whole
distance and for every rotation of drive wheel, the conveyor belt will move 300mm, so
displacement covered by driven wheel is also=300mm.

Slots on the Geneva Driven wheel is 4.

One driving wheel rotation = / rotation of driven wheel

Driven Wheel:
 / th rotation means the angle covered by driven wheel is 360/4=90° (0.5π)

S=r /θ

r= θ

r= 300 0.5

= 190.986 mm

(Radius of Driven Wheel (r)= Drive Crank Radius (a), with negligible difference from third
decimal place onwards) Taking Drive wheel Radius rd=192mm, pin diameter P = 20mm,
Tolerance t = 2mm. For Geneva mechanism, Centre distance between driver and Geneva
wheel (“c”):

c= () ( )

Where, n = no of slots on driven wheel: 16 c= a sin ( 180 4 ) (as ( ) = )

c= a 0.7071

From the Right Angle triangle in Geneva wheel geometry, using Pythagoras theorem:

Geneva driven wheel radius (r)=√( 2 − 2)

r= 190.986 mm √( 2 − 2)

=190.986 Substituting C: √(( 0.7071 ) 2 − 2)

=190.986 a= 190.982 mm

Substituting a to find C:

C=190.986 0.7071

=270.098 mm Slot length on Geneva wheel,

S=(+)–CS

= (190.982+190.986) - 270.098

= 111.87 mm

Slot width, w = + t w

= 20.0+2.0=22.0 mm

Stop arc radius, y = − ( ×1.5) y

=190.982-(20 ×1.5)
 = 160.982 mm

Stop disc radius, z = – t z

= 160.982-2

= 158.982mm

Clearance arc, v = × v

= 190.986×158.982 190.982

= 158.985 mm

The angular velocity of the Geneva drive wheel, =

Assume N=60rpm

= 2×60 60 = 6.283 rad/s ( same as the angular velocity of the DC motor) Tangential
Velocity of drive wheel:

V= ×

= 6.283× 0.190986

= 1.20 /

Torque generated ……

=4.0 W when N= 60 rpm:

P=T× T

=ω

= 4 6.283

=0.6366 N/

Linear velocity of a belt, v = 300 mm/sec = 0.30 m/sec

The angle of contact between the belt and pulley, θ =180.0°

= π rad Using ‘Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design’ for Belting Equations:

= Co-efficient of friction = 0.30 T1 T2

= 0.3×
 = 2.566 T1

=2.566T2

As P= (T1-T2)×v, Also

P= T×

=0.6366× .

= . 18 4.0

= (2.566T2-T2)× 0.30

T2=8.51N

Substituting T2 to find T1:

T1=2.566×8.51

T1=21.8N
 CHAPTER-X
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The theoretical values obtained can then be applied practically for

the experiment. Some experimental values may slightly differ from theoretical values due to
the varying environment/surrounding conditions and the rounding off of values in the
theoretical part. By and large, the system would work properly.

Following are the advantages of Geneva Mechanism :

1. Geneva mechanism may be the simplest and least expensive of all intermittent motion
mechanisms.

2. They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those used in instruments, to those used
in machine tools to index spindle carriers weighing several tons.

3. They have good motion curves characteristics compared to ratchets, but exhibit more
“jerk” or instantaneous change in acceleration, than better (more expensive) cam systems

4. Geneva maintains excellent control of its load at all times, since it is provided with locking
ring surfaces.

Despite the drawbacks, this mechanism is used in many industries. Few of its application
are:

1. The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism.

2. The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established once the amount of dwells per
revolution has been selected.

3. All Geneva acceleration curves start and end with finite acceleration & deceleration.

4. This means they produce a little jerk.

CHAPTER -XI

CONCLUSION:

Geneva drive indexing mechanism converts the continuous motion of the

driver wheel into intermittent rotary motion of the gear. Cam with pin arrangement integrated
with geneva drive. Input shaft having driver wheel at one end and cam drive at the other end.
Geneva drive and gears are mounted on the output shaft. By Cam with geneva drive
arrangement the continuous motion of the driver wheel converts into intermittent motion of
gear and chain arrangement. Due to gear rotation the moves and thus thye mechanism proves
its significance.

We have effectively ascertained the precise speed and quickening of the

Geneva wheel. The whole displaying of the undertaking is finished with the assistance of
CATIA V5R20. In expansion to this.

The venture work has given us an incredible opportunity and experience, to

utilize our constrained information. We picked up a ton of functional information with respect
to, arranging, buying, gathering and machining while at the same time doing this extend
work. We feel that the venture work is great answer for connect the doors amongst
establishments and enterprises.

We are glad that we have finished the work with restricted time effectively.
"The Geneva Wheel Mechanism" is working with attractive condition. We have done to our
capacity and expertise influencing mama to work, let us include

The proposed idea wills a couple of more lines about our impression
venture work. Help underway line where numerous laborers are utilized for the
material taking care of reason it likewise lessen the cost and sifting time
prerequisite of more number of specialist will be totally dispensed with as just
two laborers can did the entire activity. The venture objective initially is to pass
on the material taking care of at normal interim of time.
 CHAPTER -XII

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES:

[1]www.tutorialspoint.com

[2]mechanicalwalkins.com

[3]tech.txdi.org

[4]www.etonm.com

[5]polyurethanebelts.com

[6]www.machinedesign.com/Geneva

[7]emweb.unl.edu/GenevaMechanism

[8] www.instructables.com/id/Make-Geneva-Wheels-of-Any-Size-in-aEasier-Way/

[9] https://youtu.be/gVGSJjfJm2A

[10]www.retechprojects.com

[11]www.academia.edu/35022917

[12] www.instructables.com/GenevaMechanism
THANK YOU