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The Data Base course at University Mostaganeme aims to teach students the principles of relational Database Management Systems (DBMS), database design, and querying skills. The course covers topics including the file system approach, shortcomings of traditional data management, and the advantages of using a database. It also introduces the ANSI-SPARC architecture for data description and the objectives of DBMS such as eliminating redundancy and ensuring data security.

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7 views15 pages

Chapter 1

The Data Base course at University Mostaganeme aims to teach students the principles of relational Database Management Systems (DBMS), database design, and querying skills. The course covers topics including the file system approach, shortcomings of traditional data management, and the advantages of using a database. It also introduces the ANSI-SPARC architecture for data description and the objectives of DBMS such as eliminating redundancy and ensuring data security.

Uploaded by

hiba exol
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Base course

L2 computer-science
by Betouati fatiha
2024-2025
University Mostaganeme
Aims of course
• Understand the fundamental principles of
relational Database Management Systems
(DBMS).
• Acquire expertise in relational database design.
• Develop practical skills in implementing
relational databases.
• Master the efficient querying of relational
databases.
Course Content

Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Design - The Entity-
Relationship Model
Chapter 3: The Relational Model
Chapter 4: Relational Algebra
Chapter 5: The SQL Language
Chapter 1: Introduction to Databases
• In the past, companies relied on older computer
systems for data management. These systems
used files to store information, such as
(employee records, financial transactions, or
other data relevant to business operations).
Access to these files was managed using
standard methods, which were implemented
through popular programming languages of the
time, such as Fortran and Pascal.
The file system approach

• The concept of a file was introduced in computing


during the 1950s
• The data in files is defined within the programs,
which must understand the structure of the files they
use, including the types of data they contain
• Access modes (sequential, indexed sequential, etc.)
• Physical organization of data (records)
• File location on the disk
The file system approach
Example: Creating a file that stores employee records using a program written in
Pascal.
The file system approach
Example “student case”

3 different files to
define the
same students
Shortcomings of the file system approach
 Data redundancy (i.e., duplicates in the case of students) in files, the volume of data, and
the time required to access the data increase, while the validity of the system decreases.

 Update Challenges: exp.If a student moves or changes their name, all three files need to
be updated, increasing the risk of errors.

 Wasted Storage: Storing the same information in multiple files wastes storage space
and processing time

 Dependency between data and programs: Any modification to the record structure
(e.g., adding a field for mention_bac in the student academic information file) requires
rewriting all the programs that process this file

An obvious solution to these limitations is to combine the data


files into a single entity called a 'Database,' where the data and
processing are independent
Database approach
Database Definitions:

1. A database is a collection of information on a specific subject that is structured, non-


redundant, and accessible to a group of users.

2. A structured set of data (1) recorded on media accessible by a computer (2), designed to
simultaneously satisfy multiple users (3) in a selective manner (4) within a timely manner
(5).

(1): Organization and description of data


(2): Disk storage
(3): Data sharing
(4): Confidentiality and access rights
(5): Performance
Database Management System (DBMS)

A simple database management system (DBMS) definition :is middleware that allows
programmers, database administrators (DBAs), and end users to store, organize, access,
query, and manipulate data in a database.

 The most well-known commercial DBMS are:


Access, Oracle, SQL Server, Sybase, Ingres, Informix, DB2, MySQL, PostgreSQL
Example of a database
A airline company has multiple departments: accounting, reservations, pilot assignments,
and flight scheduling.

 Each department has its own file, yet some departments handle the same data
Example of a database

 All the data is shared among all the departments (applications)


The objectives DBMS
Eliminating Redundancy: Avoiding unnecessary duplication of data to save storage
space and maintain data consistency.

Data Consistency and Integrity: Ensuring data accuracy and consistency across the
system, especially during updates or modifications.

Data Security and Access Control: Implementing measures to protect data from
unauthorized access and providing appropriate access rights to users

Data Sharing: Allowing multiple users or applications to access and share data
simultaneously

Backup and Recovery: Providing mechanisms for regular data backups and
recovering data in case of system failures or disasters.
ANSI-SPARC Architecture
To achieve the objectives of DBMS, three levels of data description have been defined by
the ANSI/X3/SPARC standard
ANSI-SPARC Architecture

External level
Description for each user of their perception of the data. This
description is called the external schema or view

Conceptual Level (Logical Level):


Description of the structure of all the data in the database, including their
properties (the relationships between them), that is, their inherent semantics,
without concern for physical implementation or how each workgroup intends to use
them

Internal level
It describes how the data is actually stored, including storage structures, indexes,
etc. This level takes into account aspects such as performance optimization, disk
space management, and other system-specific details.

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