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BEEC Report

The document discusses the role of biomedical sensors in medical applications, highlighting their importance in detecting and measuring physiological signals for improved patient care. It details various types of sensors, such as temperature, pressure, and bio-potential sensors, along with their working principles and practical uses. The conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of these sensors on healthcare, with emerging trends in wearable technology and IoT integration promising to enhance diagnostics and treatment further.

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4 views5 pages

BEEC Report

The document discusses the role of biomedical sensors in medical applications, highlighting their importance in detecting and measuring physiological signals for improved patient care. It details various types of sensors, such as temperature, pressure, and bio-potential sensors, along with their working principles and practical uses. The conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of these sensors on healthcare, with emerging trends in wearable technology and IoT integration promising to enhance diagnostics and treatment further.

Uploaded by

www.parthodebavi76
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Metropolitan University

Department of Software Engineering

Assigenment Title: Exploring the Role of Sensors in Medical Applications: A


Circuit Perspective
Course Title: Basic Electrical & Electronic Circuits
Course code: SWE–111

Submitted to:
Nawshad Ahmed Chowdhury
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Submitted by:
Group: H
Group Members ID:
241-134-030, 241-134-030
241-134-030, 241-134-030
Department: Software Engineering

Date of submission: 28 November 2024


Introduction
Definition of Biomedical Sensors

Biomedical sensors are specialized devices designed to detect and measure physiological
or biochemical signals from the human body. These sensors convert biological signals
such as electrical, thermal, chemical, or optical data—into measurable electrical signals
for further processing and analysis. Their integration with advanced circuits makes them
indispensable in modern healthcare, aiding in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of
various medical conditions.

Significance in Medical Applications


Biomedical sensors enhance patient care by enabling non-invasive or minimally invasive
monitoring of critical health parameters. They provide real-time data, improving diagnostic
accuracy and treatment outcomes. These sensors also facilitate preventive care, remote
health monitoring, and the development of wearable and implantable devices, making
healthcare more efficient and accessible.

Examples of Common Sensors in Medical Devices


● Electrocardiogram (ECG) Sensors: Monitor heart activity by detecting electrical
signals from the heart.
● Electroencephalogram (EEG) Sensors: Measure brain activity to diagnose
neurological disorders.
● Pulse Oximeters: Use optical sensors to measure blood oxygen levels and pulse
rates.
● Glucose Sensors: Track blood sugar levels, commonly used in diabetes
management.
● Pressure Sensors: Measure blood pressure or intraocular pressure.
● Temperature Sensors: Detect body temperature, aiding in fever detection and
thermoregulation.

These sensors, when paired with advanced circuits and signal processing techniques,
form the backbone of life-saving and health-enhancing medical devices.

Types of Sensors in Medical Applications


Temperature Sensors

● Example: Thermistors in digital thermometers and patient monitoring systems.


● Working Principle: Thermistors are resistors whose electrical resistance changes
predictably with temperature. Typically made from ceramic or polymer materials,
they are integrated into electronic circuits with voltage dividers to produce output
signals proportional to temperature. These signals are then processed by
microcontrollers for accurate digital readings.
● Practical Use:
○ Core components of digital thermometers used for fever detection.
○ Monitor the temperature of incubators for premature infants.
○ Track patient recovery during post-operative care where temperature
fluctuations may indicate complications.
Pressure Sensors

● Example: Strain-gauge-based transducers in sphygmomanometers and


ventilators.
● Working Principle: Pressure sensors use a flexible diaphragm connected to a
strain gauge. When pressure deforms the diaphragm, the strain gauge's resistance
changes, which is converted into an electrical signal. Advanced designs may use
capacitive or piezoresistive elements for enhanced sensitivity.
● Practical Use:
○ Measure blood pressure in non-invasive sphygmomanometers.
○ Detect intra-abdominal or intracranial pressure to identify critical conditions.
○ Regulate airflow in respiratory ventilators for patients with breathing
difficulties.
Bio-potential Sensors

● Example: Electrodes used in ECG and EEG systems.


● Working Principle: Bio-potential sensors detect weak electrical signals generated
by the body. Conductive electrodes capture these signals and pass them through
amplifiers and filters to isolate useful information. Advanced systems use
algorithms to analyze patterns for diagnostics.
● Practical Use:
○ Monitor cardiac rhythms to diagnose arrhythmias or myocardial infarctions.
○ Record brain activity to detect epilepsy or sleep disorders in EEG systems.
○ Evaluate muscle function in EMG systems, aiding rehabilitation and
prosthetics.

Case Study: Heart Rate Monitoring Circuit Using a PPG Sensor


Definition and Importance

The Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor is widely used in heart rate monitoring and
oxygen saturation measurement. It operates non-invasively, making it a key component in
wearable devices like pulse oximeters, fitness trackers, and smartwatches.

Working Principle
1. Light Emission: An LED emits light onto the skin.
2. Interaction with Blood: Blood volume changes during each heartbeat alter the
amount of absorbed or reflected light.
3. Detection: A photodiode captures the reflected light and converts it into an
electrical signal.
4. Signal Processing: The signal is filtered and amplified to extract heart rate
information.

Circuit Design

The PPG sensor circuit includes:

● Light Source: LED to emit light.


● Photodetector: Photodiode to detect reflected light.
● Analog Processing Unit:
○ Operational amplifiers to amplify weak signals.
○ Bandpass filters to remove noise.
● Microcontroller:
○ Processes filtered signals.
○ Calculates the heart rate and displays results on an LCD or transmits them
via Bluetooth to mobile devices.

Diagram of the PPG system

PPG Waveframe
Challenges
● Noise Interference: Movement artifacts and ambient light can distort signals.
Advanced algorithms and shielding are needed.
● Power Efficiency: Battery-powered devices like wearables demand
energy-efficient designs.
● Accuracy: Factors like skin tone and thickness affect sensor performance,
requiring robust calibration.

The integration of PPG sensors with biomedical circuits has revolutionized non-invasive
health monitoring, providing real-time feedback and increasing accessibility in healthcare.
Conclusion and Future Trends
Biomedical sensors have transformed healthcare by enabling precise, real-time monitoring
of physiological parameters. They have improved early disease detection, enhanced
treatment outcomes, and empowered patients to manage chronic conditions effectively.

Emerging Trends

● Wearable Biosensors: Compact, non-invasive devices that monitor metrics like


heart rate, glucose levels, and physical activity. They offer real-time data and are
integral to personalized healthcare.
● IoT-Enabled Devices: Sensors integrated with IoT networks enable remote
monitoring, seamless data sharing, and real-time analysis by healthcare providers,
improving outcomes while reducing costs.

Looking ahead, advancements in AI and big data analytics will further enhance sensor
based diagnostics and treatment. Emerging technologies like nanotechnology will pave
the way for ultra-sensitive, minimally invasive sensors, transforming healthcare into a
more precise and personalized field.

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