TIME AND TENSE

Time - A concept beyond grammar

Tense - A form of verb.

- Wood floats on water.

 forms of verb

Present simple Past simple Past Participle Infinitive Present

V-I V-II V-III V-IV Participle
V-V
 Break Broke Broken To break Breaking
 is/am/are Was/Were Been To be Being
 Has/Have Had Had To have Having
 Cut Cut Cut To cut Cutting
 Beat Beat Beaten to beat Beating
 See Saw Seen To see Seeing
 Saw Sawed Sawed To saw sawing
Continuous action - V1 + ing 6

9
Perfect action - V- 3 6

Perfect - continuous - V3 + V1 + ing

Present simple/Indefinite tense structures

Action-

I Affirmative/Positive Sub + V1 /V1 + s / es/ ies .....

II Negative Sub + do/does + not + V1.....
III Interrogative Do/Does + Sub + V1.... ?
IV Interro-Negative Do/Does + sub +not + V1 .......?
V Interrogative Wh, word + Do/Does + sub
(wh word type) +V1.....?
Non action -

I Affirmative Sub + is/am/are + C

II Negative Sub + is/am/are + not + C
III Interrogative Is/Am/Are + sub + C?
(Yes/No type)
IV Interrogative Wh word + is/are/am + sub?
(Wh word type)
Possession

Affirmative Sub + has/have + object

Negative Sub + do/does + not +have + object
Interrogative Do/Does + Sub + have + Object...............?
Interrogative Wh word + do/does + Sub + have .....?
(Wh word type)
Usages of auxiliaries do/does/did
Make the sentences (a) negative and (b) interrogative, using
do/does/did.
1. They have eggs for breakfast.

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2. He needs a new coat.

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3. They have to work hard.

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4. She does the housework.

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5. He needs more money.

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6. He had a row with his boss.

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7. She had a heart attack.

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8. Her hair needed cutting.

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9. He does his homework after supper.

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10. She has a singing lesson every week.

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11. She had to make a speech.

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12. He does his best.

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13. He has to get up at six every day.

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14. The children have dinner at school.

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15. She dared him to climb it.

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16. You did it on purpose.

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17. He has his piano tuned regularly.

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18. He dares to say that.

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19. They had a good time.

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20. The drink did him good.

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21. My watch needs cleaning.

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22. He had an accident.

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23. You had your house painted.

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24. She used to make her own clothes.

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25. You do the exercises.

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26. He had difficulty (in) getting a job.

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27. He dared to interrupt the president.

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Present continuous

Affirmative Sub + is/are/am + V1 + ing

Negative
Interrogative
Present Perfect

Affirmative Sub + has/have + V3

Negative
Interrogative
Present Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Sub + has/have + been + V1 + ing

Negative
Interrogative
 Past Simple
Action
Affirmative Sub + V2 ...........
Negative Sub + did not + V1..............
Interrogative Did + sub +V1 ..........?

Non- action
Affirmative Sub + was/were + c
Negative Sub + was/were + not + c
Interrogative Was/were + sub + c ..............?
Possession
Affirmative Sub + had + object
Negative Sub + did not + have + object
Interrogative Did + sub + have + object...........?
Past continuous
Affirmative Sub + was/were + V1 + ing
Negative Sub + was/were + not + v1+ ing
Interrogative
 Past Perfect

Action - Sub + had + V3

Non action - Sub + had + been + C
 Past Perfect Continuous

Sub + had + been + V1 + ing

 Future Simple
Action
Affirmative- Sub + will/shall + V1
Negative - Sub. + will/shall + not + be + C

Non - action
Affirmative Sub + will/shall+ be + C
Negative Sub + will/shall + not + be + C
 Possession

Affirmative - sub + will/shall + have + Object

 Usage of since/for
For/Since - To show any action that started in past and still
continuous at the time of speaking or whose effects are still
visible

Since - point of time

For - duration of time
Since Morning/evening/afternoon
Since 1975
since 10'O clock
Since/from time immemorial
Since childhood
Since last year
Since last week
Since last Monday
Since Monday
Since then
Since + sub + v2

For 3 years
For 5 minutes
For 10 days
For a few months
For a couple of days
For the last week
For the last month
For the last year
1. We've been fishing . . . two hours.

2. I've been working in this office . . . a month.

3. They've been living in France . . . 1970.

4. He has been in prison . . . a year.

5. I've known that . . . a long time.

6. That man has been standing there . . . six o'clock.

7. She has driven the same car . . . 1975.

8. Things have changed . . . I was a girl.

9. The kettle has been boiling . . . a quarter of an hour.

10. The central heating has been on . . . October.

11. That trunk has been in the hall . . . a year.

12. He has been very ill . . . the last month.

13. I've been using this machine . . . twelve years.

14. We've been waiting . . . half an hour.

15. Mr Pitt has been in hospital . . . his accident.

16. He hasn't spoken to me . . . the last committee meeting.

17. I have been very patient with you . . . several years.

18. They have been on strike . . . November.

19. The strike has lasted . . . six months.

20. It has been very foggy . . . early morning.

21. They have been quarrelling ever . . . they got married.

22. I've been awake . . . four o'clock.

23. I've been awake . . . a long time.

24. We've had no gas . . . the strike began.

25. I've earned my own living . . . I left school.

26. Nobody has seen him . . . last week.

27. The police have been looking for me . . . four days.

28. I haven't worn low-heeled shoes . . . I was at school.

29. He had a bad fall last week and . . . then he hasn't left the
house.

30. He has been under water . . . half an hour.

31. That tree has been there . . . 2,000 years.

32. He has been Minister of Education . . . 1983.

33. I've been trying to open this door . . . forty-five minutes.

34. He hasn't eaten anything . . .twenty-four hours.

35. We've had terrible weather . . . the last month.

36. Nobody has come to see us . . . we bought these

bloodhounds.
37. He has been selling cars ______ ten years.

38. He has been living here ______ 1934.

39. I've been waiting ______ five o'clock.

40. I've been mending your socks ______ the last two hours.

41. We've been reading this book ______ last January.

42. We've been studying English ______ three months.

43. He has been sleeping ______ seven hours.

44. He has been working ______ seven o'clock this morning.

45. They've been very busy ______ the last week.

46. They've been living here. ______ last week.

47. I haven't worn this dress ______ two years.

48. We have been climbing ______ an hour and a half.

49. She has been teaching in that school ______ 1968.

50. My friend has been ill ______ a long time.

51. It has been raining ______ yesterday morning.

52. I haven't done any work ______ a month.

53. What have you been doing ______ yesterday?

54. That church has been standing here ______ centuries.

55. He hasn't been here ______ three weeks.

56. She hasn't bought any new clothes ______ the beginning of
the year.
 Basic Translation
1. ge gj o”kZ f’keyk tkrs gSA

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2. lqjs’k vHkh & vHkh vk;k gSA

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3. vHkh & vHkh 7 cts gSA

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4. eSaus viuk izkstsDV iw.kZ dj fy;k gSA

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5. egs’k us viuk dk;Z iw.kZ dj fy;k gSA

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6. v/;kid us [kkuk [kk fy;k gSA

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7. egs’k vHkh & vHkh vk;k gSA

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8. og nks ?k.Vs ls [ksy jgk gSA

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9. og nks cts ls [ksy jgk gSA

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10. lhrk lqcg ls rqEgkjk bUrtkj dj jgh gSA

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11. jke ,d ekg ls fdrkc fy[k jgk gSA

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12. jes’k 1997 ls ;gk¡ jg jgk gSA

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13. ljyk twu ls bl dkWyst esa i<+k jgh gSA

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14. o”kkZ cgqr nsj ls gks jgh gSA

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15. dy o”kkZ gqbZ FkhA

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16. dy og t;iqj x;kA

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17. eSusa ,d fdrkc fy[khA

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18. og dy ;gk¡ vk;kA

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19. eSusa mldh lgk;rk dhA

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20. og cktkj tk jgk FkkA

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21. jes’k i= fy[k jgk FkkA

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22. jke ds cl LVS.M ij igq¡pus ds iwoZ cl tk pqdh FkhA

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23. lkr ctus ls iwoZ eSa viuh i<+kbZ iwjh dj pqdk FkkA

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24. jke ds ?kj igq¡pus ls iwoZ lhrk [kkuk cuk pqdh FkhA

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25. D;k og ik¡p fnu ls chekj Fkk\

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26. D;k og rqEgkjs ;gk¡ igq¡pus ls iwoZ ej pqdk Fkk\

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27. MkWDVj ds vkus ls igys ejht ej pqdk FkkA

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28. ?k.Vh ctus ls igys eSa Ldwy igq¡p x;k FkkA

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29. iqfyl ds vkus ls igys gh pksj Hkkx pqds FksA

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30. og rhu fnu ls chekj FkkA

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31. esjs vkWfQl igq¡pus ls iwoZ] pijklh ?kj tk pqdk FkkA

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32. eksgu lqcg ls i<+ jgk FkkA

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33. foeyk nks ?k.Vs ls i<+ jgh FkhA

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34. og lqcg ls Hkkstu cuk jgh FkhA

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35. D;k og pk; ugha ysxk\

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36. Okg dy eSp ugha [ksysxkA

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37. D;k rqe ;g dkj Bhd ugha djksxs\

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38. foeyk Hkkstu idk,xhA

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39. ge vkt vke [kk,¡xsA

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40. og i= fy[ksxkA

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41. eSa QqVckWy [ksyw¡xkA

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42. og vkt ‘kke dks ?kweus tk,xkA

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43. eSa cktkj ugh tkšxkA

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44. D;k g”kZ i<+kbZ ugha djsxk\

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45. esjs og¡k igq¡pus ls igys og tk pqdk gksxkA

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46. iqfyl ds vkus ls igys pksj Hkkx pqds gksaxsA

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47. esjs igq¡pus ls igys xkM+h tk pqdh gksxhA

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48. mlds vLirky igq¡pus ls iwoZ MkWDVj tk pqdk gksxkA

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49. os lqcg ls [ksy jgs gksaxsA

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50. ekyh lqcg ls ikS/kksa dks lhap jgk gksxkA

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1. Simple present tense - V-I
Helping verb - do / does

1. Universal truths show djus ds fy,

Ex. The sun rises in the east.

Two and two make four

The moon shines at might.

2. Idioms/proverbs esa lkekU;r% blh tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Ex. Honesty is the best policy.

Practice makes a man perfect.

A rolling stone gathers no moss.

Beauty lies in the eyes of beholder.

Avarice is the root of all evils.

Man is mortal.

Do good and forget.

3. Scientific theories show djus ds fy,

Ex. Water boils at 100 degree C.

4. Habitual actions show djus ds fy,
Dogs bark at strangers.

He always helps the poor.

5. Daily routine activity show djus ds fy,

Ex. I take my breakfast at 7.30am.

He studies till 11.00 pm

6. Human feelings/emotions/natural activity show djus ds fy,

Ex. A baby loves its mother.

We love our country.

Leaves fall in autumn.

7. Newspaper headlines esa

Ex. India win the match

India lose the match to England.

8. Games/sports commentary esa

Ex. Sachin hits/strikes a six.

Pathan bowls to Afridi.

9. Stative verb dk iz;ksx generally simple present tense esa gh djrs gSA

Ex. I know Ram. ()

I am knowing Ram. (x)

She prefers coffee.

Alok likes sweets.

 Stative verb

Dynamic verbs

1. Dynamic verbs- os verb ftudk iz;ksx lHkh continuous tense esa fd;k
tk ldsA

Ex. Ram plays cricket.

Ram is playing cricket.

1. Stative verbs- os verb ftudk iz;ksx lHkh continuous tense esa u fd;k
tk ldsA

Ex. I know Ram. ()

I am knowing Ram. (x)

Rule- Generally verb dynamic gksrh gS dqN gh cases esa verbs stative
gksrh gSA
Performative verb- (agree/disagree/see/understand) ;s verb
stative verb dh category esa vkrh gSA

Ex. I am agreeing with you. (x)

I agree with you. ()
I disagree with you. ()
Oh! I see. ()
Ok I understand. ()
Verbs of perception- os verbs, tks gekjs sense ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gS os verbs
of perception dgykrh gSA

(See/hear/feel/smell/taste)

Voluntary action- ,sfPNd & dynamic verb

Involuntary action- vuSfPNd & stative verb

Ex. Mangoes are tasting sweet. (x)

Mangoes taste sweet. ()

(involuntary action)
 I am tasting these mangoes. ()

(voluntary action)

Ex. Roses are smelling sweet. (x)

Roses smell sweet. (involuntary action) ()

John is smelling a rose. (voluntary action) ()

Are you hearing noise there? (x)

Do you hear a noise there? ()

(involuntary action)
Are you seeing the house on the corner? (x)

Do you see the house on the corner? ()

(involuntary action)

Who is hearing your case? ()

 Stative verbs-

(like/dislike/hate/love/prefer/mind/forget/remember/recognize/
recollect/hope/expect/think/suppose/believe/ want/ get/need/
required/ mean/ understand/ know/matter/ contain/ include/
depend/resemble/appear /seem/ adore/ belong/ possess/ have/
own /owe/)
Ex. I like sweets.

John possesses a magnificent house.

I owe him my success.

I own this car.

I expect that Ram will come today.

(vk'kk djuk)

I am expecting a letter from her.

(izrh{kk djuk)
 I think you are right.

(le>uk)

I have been thinking over this matter.

¼lkspuk½

Ex. I have a racing bike. (sense of possession)

He is having a bath. (no sense of possession)

We are having a good time.

10. Future esa ;fn dksbZ fixed programme ;k fixed plan show djus ds
fy,
Ex. The P.M. leaves for America tomorrow.

The finance minister comes here next Sunday.

Our college reopens on 1 July.

11. Activity regular gks customary gks rFkk almost permanent gks mUgsa
show djus ds fy,

Ex. He smokes.

He drinks.

Adverbs-usually/generally/occasionally/always/often/
seldom/ never/ occasionally/ once a week/ twice a week/
everyday/every week/ every month/ every year/ invariably/
hardly/frequently/ daily etc.
 bu Adverbs dk iz;ksx lkekU;r simple present esa gksrk gSA

Ex. He always does his home work.

1. When it become (A)/useless, we shall (B)/ surely sell it. (C)/ No
error(D)

2. A rolling stone (A)/ will gather (B)/no moss. (C)/ No error(D)

3. They along with some other (A)/ boys are playing football here
(B)/ every day from morning till noon. (C)/ No error(D)
4. The priest said to all (A)/ that avarice was (B)/ the root of all
evils. (C)/ No error(D)

5. Each Sunday the ice-cream (A)/ seller is wearing (B)/ a neck -

tie and a hat. (C)/ No error(D)

6. This cheese (A)/ is smelling (B)/ awful. (C)/ No error(D)

7. The students are having (A)/ some doubts regarding (B)/ this
concept. (C)/ No error(D)
8. Several visitors (A)/ have been expected (B)/ to visit the place
tomorrow (C)/ no error (D)

9. The sun (rises) in the east.

10. Beauty (lie) in the eyes of beholder.

11. She habitually (come) late.

12. Sarita (go) to office at 10 am everyday.

13. He (take) a walk daily in the morning.

14. Sohan always (come) on time.

15. They often (visit) temple.

16. Are you hearing (A)/ a noise (B)/ there? (C)/ No error.(D)
17. Who is (A)/ hearing (B)/ for the case? (C)/ No error.(D)

18. The house (A)/ is belonging (B)/ to the king of Sweden. (C)/ No
error.(D)

19. I (A)/ have been knowing (B)/ him since 1989. (C)/ No
error.(D)
20. Mangoes (A)/ are tasting (B)/ sweet. (C)/ No error.(D)

21. The doctor (A)/ is feeling (B)/ her pulse. (C)/ No error.(D)

22. He (A)/ is having (B)/ many friends here. (C)/ No error.(D)

23. Perhaps you do not know (A)/I am owning (B)/ a farmhouse

besides two bungalows. (C)/ No error.(D)
24. Our Vedas and Upanishads (A)/ asked us to tread (B)/ the path
of honesty. (C)/ No error (D)

25. He will die (A)/ if you will not (B)/ help him. (C) No error (D)

26. Four and four (A)/ always made eight(B)/ cannot be

questioned(C) by anyone. (D)
27. He thinks (A)/ I am knowing (B)/ all the facts (C)/ about him.
(D)

28. I am hearing a (A)/noise from (B)/the adjoining room . (C)/ No

error (D)

29. This small table will Collapse (A)/ if you will(B) stand on it. (C)/
No error (D)
30. After you will return (A)/ from New Delhi, (B)/ I will meet you.
(C)/ No error (D)

31. The government needs to provide (A)/ specific regulations that

create an environment (B)/ where a trained scientific
personnel enjoyed space and freedom (C)/ to design new
products benefiting society. (D)/ No error (E)
32. Often when we face obstacles (A)/ in our day to day life, our
hurdles (B)/ seemed very small in comparison (C)/ to what
many others have faced. (D)/ No error (E)

33. He (A)/ is having many (B)/ friends here. (C)/ No error (D)

34. Ask her to call me (A)/ when she (B)/ will come back. (C)/ No
error (D)
35. When I will get back (A)/ I shall pay back (B)/ the money that I
borrowed (C)/ from you last month. (D)/ No error (E)

36. Most of the (A)/ guests at the party (B)/ were praise the
excellent (C)/ arrangements made by the host. (D)/ No error
(E)

37. The modern day (A)/ life style has became (B)/ too mechanical
(C)/ and stressful. (D)/ No error (E)
38. From time immemorial (A)/ India's spiritual (B)/ wisdom has
being (C)/ its strength. (D)/ No error (E)

39. MangaI Pandey was well known (A)/ because he was involved
(B)/ in the initial Stage (C)/ of the Indian rebellion. (C)/ No
error (D)

40. My nephew (A)/ begun working for me (B)/ about ten years
ago. (C)/ No error (D)
41. The chief idea of very common type of traveler (A)/ is to see as
many object of interest (B)/ as he possibly could. (C)/ No error
(D)
Supply a suitable present tense of the given verb:
1. She (go) to school every day.

2. We now (learn) English.

3. The sun always (shine) in Egypt.

4. Bad students never (work) hard.

5. It (rain) in winter. It (rain) now.

6. I (wake up) at seven and (have) breakfast at half past.

7. He generally (sing) in English but today he (sing) in French.

8. The teacher (point) at the blackboard when he (want) to explain

something.

9. Mother (cook) some food in the kitchen at present; she always

(cook) in the mornings.
10. The sun (rise) in the east; now it (set) and night (fall).

11. That man in the white hat who (walk) past the window (live) next
door.

12. Architects (make) the plans of buildings.

13. I (wear) a coat because the sun (not shine).

14. I always (meet) you on the corner of this street.

15. The baby (cry) because it is hungry now.

16. 'Where are you?' 'I (sit) in the kitchen.' 'What you (do) there?' 'I (help)
my mother."

17. 'Why you (wash) those clothes this morning?" 'Because the sun
(shine); I never (wash) clothes when there are clouds in the sky."
18. 'Where you (go) now?' 'I (go) to the theatre.' 'I (go) tonight also, but I
(not go) very often.' 'I (go) every week, but tonight I (go) for the
second time in three days.'
Present continuous tense- is/are/am+v-ing
1. bl tense dk iz;ksx mu actions dks show djus ds fy, djrs gS tks cksyrs le; (at the
time of speaking) tkjh gksA
Ex. The fan is moving.
They are dancing in the room - immediate present.
2. General present dks show djus ds fy, Hkh bl tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex. He is doing a course in English.
3. fudV Hkfo"; ¼near future½ ds action dk cks/k djkus ds fy,
Ex. She is leaving for New Delhi tonight.
I am going to Mumbai tomorrow.
4. Sub (action) - Be+going+to+V-I - intention
Sub (no action)-Be+going+to+v-I - likelihood
Ex. He is going to buy this dictionary (intention)
It is going to rain today. (likelihood)
5. (now/still/now-a-days) bu adverbs dk iz;ksx generally present
continuous tense esa djrs gSA
Ex. Ravi is watching a movie now.
He is still waiting for you outside.
6. Usual rFkk unusual action esa contract show djuk gks rks usual action dks
simple present esa rFkk unusual action dks present continuous esa j[krs gSA
Ex. He generally sells only newspapes but this week he is selling
magazines also.
Every month he goes to New Delhi on business but this week he is
going to Mumbai.
7. Go/come/fly/leave ;fn bu verb dk iz;ksx vkus&tkus ds sense esa gks rks present
continuous tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex. He is going to Delhi tomorrow.
He is coming from Australia.
He is flying to Newyork.
3. Present perfect tense- has/have + V - 3
1. fdlh action ds completion dks show djus ds fy,
Ex. He has done his home work.
We have taken lunch today.
2. Present perfect tense esa past time marker dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrsA
Ex. I have seen the Taj Mahal. ()
I have seen the Taj Mahal in 2005. (x)
I saw the Taj Mahal in 2005. ()
3. fdlh past action dk present esa result show djus ds fy,
Ex. I have read the Ramayana.
I have seen the Taj Mahal.
4. Stative Verbs dk iz;ksx ;fn Present Perfect Tense esa gks rks time show djus
ds fy, since/for dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. I have been knowing him since 2005. (x)
I have known him since 2005. ()
He has been ill since Monday. ()
5. Yet/already/just/lately bu adverbs dk iz;ksx generally present perfect
tense esa djrs gSA
Yet - used in negative sentence
Already - used in positive sentence
Ex. He has already done the home work.
They have not yet arrived here.
They have just come in.
Which Hindi film have you seen lately?
6. ;fn fdlh activity/action ds gksus dh la[;k ¼number½ dks n'kkZuk gks rks present
perfect tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
;fn fdlh activity/action ds repetition dks n'kkZuk gks rks present perfect
continuous tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. I have telephoned you 15 times today. (number)
I have been telephoning you all day. (repetition)
He has failed the exam 19 times.
He has been failing the exam since 1993.
4. Present perfect continuous- has/have+been+v-ing
Since - point of time
For - period of time
Ex. Ravi has been watching television since morning.
Ravi has been watching television for 3 hours.
Rule:- Wait/knock/lie- bu rhu verbs dk iz;ksx perfect tense esa ugha djrs gSA budk
iz;ksx continuous tense esa djrs gSA
Ex. The duster has lain on the table for 3 days.
The duster has been lying on the table for 3 days.
I have waited for you for half an hour.
I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
Rule:- All day, all night, all morning, all evening, all afternoon- ;fn
sentence esa ;s expression gks rks (live/stay/work/sleep/rain/think) bu
verbs dk iz;ksx perfect continuous tense esa gksxkA
Ex. I have been working in the garden all day.
He has been sleeping all afternoon.
Ex. India and Pakistan have played a hundred test matches in the 80s.
India and Pakistan played a hundred test matches in the 80s.
5. Simple past tense- V-II
1. fdlh past action dk time crkus ds fy,
Ex. I saw the Taj Mahal in 2005.
In 1526 Babar became an emperior.
Rule- dbZ sentences esa past maker indirect/applied gksrk gSA
Ex. I played chess at school.
He got a job in New Delhi.
Rule:- ;fn simple past tense ds lkFk fdlh adv of frequency dk iz;ksx gks rks blls
past habit show gksrh gSA
Ex. He visited us on Sundays.
The hostel inmates always complained about the bad quality of
food.
Ex. It is mentioned in history that Akbar rarely slept/had slept more
than 5 hours at a stretch in his life.
Rule:- ago/yesterday/last night/just now- bu adverbs dk iz;ksx simple
past tense esa djrs gSA
Ex. The train left a few minutes ago.
The plane landed just now.
He came here yesterday.
Rule:- ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd past actions dks 'and' ls tksM+s rks mUgsa sequence esa j[krs gS
rFkk sentence esa simple past tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. He took off his shift and threw it on the floor.
He heard an explosion and he telephoned the police.
Rule:- Present perfect esa iwNs question dk answer nsus ds fy, Hkh simple past
tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. Have you taken lunch today?
Yes, I took it half an hour ago.
6. Past continuous tense-was/were+v-ing
Rule:- Hkwrdky esa fdlh action ds continuation ¼tkjh j[kuk½ dks show djus ds fy,
Ex. They were talking loudly.
She was watching television.
Rule:- point of time→ simple past tense.
Period of time → past continuous tense.
Ex. The plane was flying vey low when I caught sight of it.
We were having supper when the lightly went off.
When I saw Ram, he was playing football.
While I was watching television, my wife was mending her dresses.
7. Past perfect tense:- Had + V-3
Rule:- ;fn past esa nks actions gks rks tks action igys gksrk gS mls pre past dgrs gS rFkk mls
past perfect tense esa j[krs gS rFkk tks action ckn esa gksrk gS mls simple past esa j[krs
gSA
When/before - simple past
After - past perfect
Ex. The train had left when I reached the station.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
The doctor came after the patient had died.
The chief guest came after the show had started.
Rule:- Contextualized Sentence- ftlesa lUnHkZ gksA
Decontextualized sentence- ftlesa dksbZ lUnHkZ gksA
;fn Sentence Decontextualized gks rks simple past tense dk gh iz;ksx djrs
gSA
Ex. I had done an M.A. in 2015. (x)
I did an M.A. in 2015. ()
Rule:- Single achievement ;k non-achievement show djus ds fy, past
tense was/were+able+to+ V-I dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. When the boat capsized, they could swim across the river.
When the boat capsized they were able to swim across the river.
8. Past perfect continuous tense:- Had+been+V-ing
Ex. I had done an M.A. when I joined this institute in 2015.
Pre past past present
Completion of M.A.
Ex. I was/had been doing an M.A. when I joined this institute in
2015.
Pre past post past present
job M.A. continued
Rule:- post past ds action dks past perfect continuous tense esa j[krs gSA
Ex. I have been waiting for you for an hour.
I had been waiting for you for an hour when the clock struck six.
9. Simple future tense- will/shall+V-I
1. lkekU;r% :i ls future gksus okys action dks show djus ds fy,
Ex. I shall meet her at 5 O' clock. (pure future)
He will go to Delhi tomorrow. (pure future)
Rule:- I/We- shall
He/she/it/they/you-will
I/we-will
 He/she/it/they/you-shall
Ex. I will go to the cinema. (determination)
You shall get a new bicycle. (promise)
He shall go there (order/command)
I will dismiss you if you don't obey my orders. (threat)
Rule:- let's ls 'kq: gksus okys sentence dk question tag cukus ds fy,
Let's play cricket, shall we?
Let's go for a walk, shall we?
10. Future continuous tense-will/shall+be+v-ing
Ex. I'll be doing my M.A. in 2015 (action incomplete)
Rule:- Future esa routine activily show djus ds fy, future continuous tense
dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. I'll be seeing my doctor this evening.
11. Future perfect tense-will/shall+have+v-3
1. ;fn past action dks predict djus ds fy,
Ex. You will have read this story at school.
2. ;fn sentence by+adv. of time gks rks future perfect tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Ex. He will reach Delhi by now. (x)
He will have reached Delhi by now. ()
Rule:- ;fn future esa nks actions gks rks tks action igys gksrk gS mls pre future dgrs gS
rFkk mls future perfect esa j[krs gS rFkk tks action ckn esa gksrk gS mls simple present esa
j[krs gSA
Ex. By the time this letter reaches you, you will have received my

parcel.

Present Pre future Future

Parcel received letter
Ex. By the time you reach the theatre, the show will have started.
12. Future Perfect continuous-will/shall+have+been+v-ing
Ex. He will have completed 20 years of his prison life in 2029.
 Present Pre future Future
2009
He will have been completing 20 years of his prison life in 2029.

Present future post future

2029

Rule:- Post future ds action dk future perfect continuous tense j[krs gSA
English language esa 3 areas vkSj gS ftuesa tense dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA