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The document outlines a project proposal for an embedded system application, specifically a Temperature Controlled DC Fan, which utilizes various components including an Arduino Uno, LM35 temperature sensor, DHT11 humidity sensor, and an LCD display. The system is designed to adjust fan speed based on temperature readings, providing real-time environmental control. The document also includes hardware connections, code implementation, and references for further understanding of the components used.

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omarhamdy4927
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2 views14 pages

Embedded Report

The document outlines a project proposal for an embedded system application, specifically a Temperature Controlled DC Fan, which utilizes various components including an Arduino Uno, LM35 temperature sensor, DHT11 humidity sensor, and an LCD display. The system is designed to adjust fan speed based on temperature readings, providing real-time environmental control. The document also includes hardware connections, code implementation, and references for further understanding of the components used.

Uploaded by

omarhamdy4927
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Embedded

Systems

Module leader: Dr. Sherif Hussein

Done By:
Mohamed 201739
Omar 218283
Omar 194927
Introduction
An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed
to perform dedicated functions or tasks within a larger system.
Unlike general-purpose computers, which can run various
applications, embedded systems are typically optimized for
specific operations, often with real-time computing constraints.
Some of Key characteristics of embedded systems:
1.Integration : Embedded systems combine hardware and software to accomplish a
specific function. The hardware often includes microcontrollers or microprocessors,
memory, and peripheral devices.

2. Dedicated Functionality : They are designed to perform one or a few specific


tasks, rather than a range of functions like a personal computer.

3. Real-Time Operation: Many embedded systems operate in real-time, requiring


timely responses to inputs or events, such as in automotive navigation or medical
devices.
Project Proposal
One of the applications for the Embedded systems is
Temperature Controlled DC Fan. The system consists
of humidity sensor. One LCD is used for temperature
and fan speed display, where the adjustment of fan
speed takes place according to the temperature that
increases with increased temperature. The system
provides a measurable environmental situation,
readable output, and controllable fan speed backed up
by comfort to the user .

Main components
Arduino Uno (ATmega328P MCU)
Simple usability, accessibility of ADC channels, and PWM functions necessary for
fan control were guiding factors in choosing the Arduino Uno. The board works on
a 5V supply and 16MHz clock frequency carrying a comfortable space for
processing. Using a 10-bit ADC, the ATmega328P microcontroller digitizes the
temperature-analog output from the LM35 and varies output to the PWM pins in
order to control fan speed.

LM35 Temperature Sensors


The LM35 linear temperature sensor's output is a signal which is linearly
proportional to the temperature measured, i.e. -10mV for each degree Celsius
measured.. The temperature sensor operates on voltage ranging from 4V to 30V. In
the temperature measuring range between -55° C and 150° C, it suits the application
well.
DHT11 Humidity Sensor
The DHT11 measures the relative humidity from 20% to 80% and temperature from
0 to 50°C. It uses a single digital signal line for communication with the Arduino,
enabling it to send information for both humidity and temperature measurements.

16x2 LCD with I2C


LCD 16x2 for Optical temperature display and Fan speed. The I2C interface makes
the connection simple, connecting only via SDA and SCL lines.

DC fan with Transistor


A DC Fan is controlled with PWM through an NPN transistor (e.g., BC547). The
transistor works as a switch, and when the PWM duty cycle is varied, the Arduino
can control the fan speed.

Hardware Connections
LM35: Its connected at analog pin A0; VCC goes to 5V, and GND goes to GND.

DHT11: The data pin goes to digital pin 2; VCC goes to 5V, GND goes to GND.

LCD (I2C): SDA goes to A4, SCL goes to A5; VCC goes to 5V, GND goes to
GND.

DC Fan: The fan is controlled through an NPN transistor; the base of the transistor
to PWM pin-9 (through resistor); the collector is connected to the negative of the
fan; the emitter is connected to GND. The positive of the fan is connected to 5V.

Code Implementation
The code reads temperature value from LM35 via its ADC, reads humidity and
temperature from DHT11, shows the readings on LCD, and controls the speed of
the fan as per temperature. The speed of the fan increases in a linear manner as soon
the temperature values go beyond a certain threshold.

Libraries
LiquidCrystal_I2C: For controlling the LCD using I2C.

Wire: For I2C communication.

DHT: For interfacing with the DHT11.

MCU Interfaces
ADC: The ADC function on ATmega328P, which is of the 10-bit
type, reads the voltage from LM35 at pin A0.
Digital I/O: Communication with DHT11 is on pin 2.
I2C: For communicating with the LCD (A4 for SDA, A5 for SCL).
PWM: For fan speed control on pin 9.

Code
// Include necessary libraries
#include <Wire.h> // Required for I2C communication
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> // Library for I2C LCD display
#include <DHT.h> // Library for DHT sensor

// Create an LCD object with I2C address 0x27 and 16x2 character display
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

// Define pin and type for DHT11 sensor


#define DHTPIN 2 // DHT11 data pin connected to digital pin 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // Specify the type of DHT sensor (DHT11)

// Create DHT sensor object


DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

// Define pins
const int lm35Pin = A0; // Analog pin A0 connected to LM35 temperature
sensor
const int fanPin = 9; // PWM digital pin 9 used to control fan speed

void setup() {
// Initialize the LCD display
lcd.init(); // Start the LCD
lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the backlight

// Display static labels on LCD


lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Set cursor to top-left position
lcd.print("Temp: "); // Print "Temp:" on the first row
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // Set cursor to start of second row
lcd.print("Fan: "); // Print "Fan:" on the second row

// Initialize the DHT11 sensor


dht.begin(); // Begin communication with DHT sensor

// Set fan control pin as output


pinMode(fanPin, OUTPUT); // Configure fanPin as an output
}

void loop() {
// Read analog value from LM35 sensor
int sensorValue = analogRead(lm35Pin); // Read voltage from LM35 (0-1023)

// Convert analog value to voltage (0 - 5V range)


float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// Convert voltage to temperature in Celsius (LM35 outputs 10mV per °C)


float temperature = voltage * 100.0;

// Read humidity value from DHT11 sensor


float humidity = dht.readHumidity(); // Not displayed, but read from sensor
// Declare and calculate fan speed based on temperature
int fanSpeed = 0; // Initialize fan speed to 0

// If temperature exceeds 25°C, adjust fan speed


if (temperature > 25) {
// Map temperature (25°C to 40°C) to PWM range (0 to 255)
fanSpeed = map(temperature, 25, 40, 0, 255);
// Constrain speed within the 0 to 255 range
fanSpeed = constrain(fanSpeed, 0, 255);
}

// Output PWM signal to fan to control its speed


analogWrite(fanPin, fanSpeed);

// Display temperature on LCD


lcd.setCursor(6, 0); // Move cursor after "Temp: "
lcd.print(temperature); // Display current temperature
lcd.print(" C "); // Add °C and clear any old characters

// Display fan speed on LCD


lcd.setCursor(5, 1); // Move cursor after "Fan: "
lcd.print(fanSpeed); // Display current fan speed (PWM value)
lcd.print(" "); // Clear old characters if any

// Wait before next reading


delay(2000); // Delay for 2 seconds
}

References
ATmega328P Datasheet: To provide documentation for the ADC, PWM,
and digital I/O.

LM35 Datasheet: To be able to know the output-linear characteristics.

DHT11 Datasheet: For studying its communication protocol and


specifications.

LiquidCrystal_I2C Library Documentation: For controlling the LCD.

Arduino Reference: For programming syntax and function definitions.

Contribution
This project was done in a group of three students , all work is done together , we first we buyed the
components , we then made all the connections done and then we searched and run the code suitable for our
project

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