ANA BIER fossilized plant resins Cofewe_& Varieties Amorphous organic «+ Yellow.- brown RL: 154 + Reddish. brown DR + Nowe * Almost white Asohopic Green /olue Hint Crave) $6 * 1.05 -110 Cleavage : None bee Stability. Poor Hardness: 215 Toughness: Poor ® organic material from resin exuded from ie bark of trees milions of years ago yesin was deposited frowt sediments « fossilized over time into amber & consists of orgaute comzounds of Caybon + hydvogen + oxygen atows Ly originates Som Avonral plant famivies = chemical composition varies > gem amber age around t5m-40M years v from “tronsparent - opaque resinous lustre ‘Dweabitty, fashioning > Soft material > beads, cabochons ,carvings, rings, earrings, bracelets , ec. General care * Clean using kewarm water «dry, with a soft clota. * Avoid dived suum dign’ ‘for prolonged periods, + Pid abrasion + Avoid contact with perfumes, nitir spray, male-up, Solvents Crailpotish emovm) + Do vot soak in yewellonye dean. Tndustons > plant debris, swall animals insects & eders > mineral, liquids, gases Workshop care Avoid: + heat Cmelts gt 200~350% tend to bum easily > ee + workshop cleaming eluudions ~ com dyll & whiten surface + Ultrasonic & steam clean + the jouttans® ToreTuas (): P insect- heaving ambets come from the Baltic uv the Vowluicay Republic P mort common v around 40 and 20 will. yeovs old Gas bubbles + gwes amber a turbid Look — boiled sweet or treacle) = fatty + many bubbles > cloudy, ly bastard amber “> Most importamt = Northen Europe CBaltic Sea) —7 the Dominican Republic > Mexico aret eats + Clovificahion a > Cloudy amber = Finy aiy bubbles > Can be vemoved by heat treatment > make amber more transpanmt > Circular stress cracks cam dyvelog inside the danbor 'Vily pads* or * sun spangles' % considered attractive i > tends to redden after exposure 40 alr for a number of years thls aged appearamce may be imitated by dyeing / heating. ~ other colours also possible > stress cracks may be coloured with dye or by heating t 0 red-brown Burg > back of cabochons burnt to give the optical (ilusion of amber being. green or alttost black > View from tu Side jonly the base is dark “> it bumt grecls polished away 2 look red + Cotting 7 epoxy resins is wed to cadre Sofber materials 40 qive Haun @ tougher exterior se for both ombers and (opal resin “7 worn/feeled aren com be seem, Under ynlovoscope + Composites > called pressed aviber Ly Arnber- pieces bonded by. Meat between 200°¢ -250% Gnd pressed through a fine Steel gieve. to form larger Modss ‘> sametines called ambreid > different clarity between the- pressed parts. + elongated bubbles > another popolur composite = Suspending. amber chips ix a resiSimulans + Copal_resins 7 younger Haan awnber (2M yrs) > Mafit golden colour > lends to craze * Cdevelope surface Cracks) mute than amber > dissolvable im alcohol or ether may coutain_aulmal w plant indusion Scratdning /rubbing + smells of pime oil Camber x) New Zealand kauri gum x African copal Teds « S& > lower thon most plastic - Chakelite, celluloid plastic, casdia plastic) > saturated solt water (S6=1.12) = amber floats = plastic simkes Hot-needle test eo > prodmues distinctive odour wham touched yy, ‘a Jaot ncdle > destructive test > Generally, small Hike pine Or incense Se > scraped with a Kuife > ay ater topal resin will chip or crumble Colast ¢ > curly stivers /rrobons ? > destructive fest a + Glass > higher Dustve Ham amber > much highue SG + greater hardvuss + colder to touche > wmoula marks Plastics a Wigher SG 4 sink in salt water 9 Fora w fauna mea be inserted G no sign of Struggle Electrical Properties, amber Is shoug. insulator = can wecome clectrically charged, > plastic same. Fluorescense Sree > glows blue/white under LWuv and pule Green uvider SWUV 7 WM day tight, Dominican, Hexice, Sitily Yay how green/blue Fluprescene as surface Ufect > strongest When dugup and face after 10 yrs or soVaviety /ocality Age Cin rviltion? Comment: a Kauri gum _ >04 usualy TP; either yellow/oramge with crazed surfuce sm New Zealand Copal res 22 git yellow , colourless orang; vate 4 1 - Crazed surface 5 from Africa, Columbia, Dominican Tertiary amber Pomeo | 1S usally, very, dark ved almost black , cloudy. E riot fully. fissilined = vesin Dowinican Republic 1b-25, TP goklen-yettenr + strong flustescenve + Macaviy, nolagl ons —_ Mexico 20-30 Yellow brown _+ reddish tinge Sicily 25-35 range of colours + Fluovesamee Bakhic 36-40 Sommetirnes called succinite ; largest deposit at Samland Peninsula Russia Calso Poland « Littucwiia.) Yellow - brown ; clear ~ opaque China, 35-84 sway +P with orange omd red relatos aber Canada. W-499 New Jersey USA qo Burma, CMyunman) 0-100 Called burmite ; deep cherry-red dark brown sfthen contains plant debris Siberia, 95-45 Lebanon 110 - 13S allow + lots of cracks Isle of Wight 130ANDALMSITE Auuwivinin silicate , Al, Si0y ‘olour ¥ Vavities Orthorhowabic + Green ~ veddish brown RL: 163-144 + Viridine ~ deep green (Brazil DR: 0.004 ~ 9.013 Pink Crave) Biaxial (-ve) + Cltinstolite - translucent greyish material $6 + 3.15- 3.20 ‘in prismatic ostals : black inclusions Cleavage + Distinct, prismadic concerthated in cross-shaped pattern Stability: Good => also knowin as cr0% stom Hardy: A Toughness: Fair - good P Andadusite is polyrworph | of Al Sis along with Kyaulte Ctridinic? aud sillimamite ( orthorhombic) P ven Strong pleochvoism iu the green + reddish brow material ; usually. cum be seen with wmadided eye when view fier different directions vy vitreous ustve + TP-TL » nay be heat treated — rave abit oma Cheat Tos + rough ts found im waterwam pebbles Diduroscope + trichvolc + show distin , prismatic cleavage in yellowing. green , green, 2 divections at alrnost 90° and reddish-brown, + sub-conchoidal fracture Retvactometey 6.004-09|3 blaxial Locubities = wsthul to distinguish fiom tourmiabine Brow, France, Spain, Sri Lanka CPR = 0.014 ~0.021) Sere SOA + awid ultrasonic + Steam cleaners « best deaned with warm, 60apy water amd soft cloth Simulants AMAA . . ssomnetims confused Wit, tourmalinei jPod! ony OCalcium phosphate with fluorine, choline or hydroxyl group Hexagonal Ris 1s? -14 Sole vais DR 0.002 - 6.006 + Yellow, green, blue , violet, white Uriaxial (-ve) Seon Hunt Ss 319 3.23 + Chakoyamey ~ Vare Cleavage ‘Imperfed Stopilty, Falr Hardness: 5 Toughness + Fair P Apatite exhibits some very attractive colours despite lis softness Y use as lessexpemsive alternative to Pavciba tourmagine » vitreous lustre - TP -TL Crystal habit + Hexagonal prismatic crystals ave commron = easily, sciatched w abraded + well-developed hexagonal prisms fermi vated = it has twmpect, basal amd by pyramid , pinacoid, or Frachwre surf prismatic (A divectous) clearage + Can our in b= 49 (2- Sided prisms = sensitive to abrasives, daewlcals x heat - Often Fractured and abraded and wsith + avoid ultrasonic + stecom checmerr ivideseent fractures running Haroun = Clean with wan soapy water x soft Seve con, Clot ae Common Tecatrneiet secondary, a ) ‘Sith Heat treatment ( qyeen ->vivid blue. Hexagonal prism Simutomts Rann many be confused With Sluority, Carysoberg! , tourmasine ; topaz, oe Fron omd bey | Brazil, Canada , Mexico, Myanman , Sri Lanka, USATests Diclwoscope : _biue /bluish green stones give blubish omd greentsh /yellonish dichvoic coteworr - Retvactowaeler : very, shal bivetvingence wich is difficult to measure. Spectroscope + ‘rare eatin 'e¥ ‘didy nium! spectrums with Rue tines 2 Mee, iellow - blue stories may chow broader bands in the red orange green, blae Viel goo. Red 400 Apatite CRE spectvum) - cach baud cousicls of mony, fine Mines cappeaning progressively. Strengen 5 Hue Aft ending iv sharp edge ~ baud in mmid-grecr mam be t7 Faint tm some stoves UW variable luwninesctnce ) under LW UY yellow stones may glow pinktsh green jie vielet stones = greenish Mite yellow blue stones = bluePER YL Berglium aluminium silicate | BeyAla CSiOs)e Colour w Varieties Heragonad, + Emerald Cgreen) Ri: 15h ~ 160) + Aquamarine _cblue-green) Dk: 0.003 ~ 0.010 + Heliodor yellow) Uniastial (-Ve) + Morganite _cpink) 8G 2 2.b5-2.80 + Goshenite, Colourless) Cltawnge + veng imperfect basal + Brown amd black Hardiess: 34 + Oplical effects: chatoyancy, /asterism Stability : —Gond Ceacept. emerald Toughness: Good Cexcept emerald ) B Colour is the mest important in beng! group vy vitveous (ustye ~ 1P-TL 7 mostly faceted , sometime carved ; many industons -> catochons /beads Occurrence wv Crystal habit + found in pegmictites except emerald» metamorphl, « hydrothermal deposits + Gystals have prismatic habit and occur in prism, pyrauid, and piuaceid form 5 crystals may have eta naarks + * emerald crystals normally Mave indistinc! surface may kings pinacold SS Hexagonal etch pits on tte pinacord Faces Rectomgular etch pits on the prism aus Hexagenal prismEMERALD Beryllium aluminivn silicate , Be Aly (Si0s)s Hexaqonod RE: 1SA~ 1.60 P couse of green colour is traces of chromium (Cr) DR: 0,006 ~ 0.608 adMtough vanadinm Cv) mcry cunt be present sn. Uwirasial C-ve) some 86. 265-250 Cleowage: very imperteok basal > Trapiche ewerald : from Columbia displays Hardness: 4% Six-vayed radial cuctuye 5 consists of a Stability: Fade Ceutral hevagonal green crystal from wide sx Toughness: Poor segments of similar colour ane gown outwards a Afing= grained mcture of colourless beng) cua Feldspurr fills the vadial spaces Durability and fashlouing, Lovahities, ond indians * very brite stones with many, Sissures + Eereralds are found in Columbia, Bravil, Casily nipped India, Pakistan, Siberia, South Africa, Zautio, «Never putin ultrasonic cleahier ~ wash ia Zimbabwe mild soapy water + Never left fp Soak in detergents or solvers Locality. Typical inclusions v features + most conavnon Uat 15 a rectangular Columbia S-phase Cliquid-illed cavity Step-cut with corners truncated 40 give With acystal x a.gas bubble an g-sided (octagonal outline india L-Phase Cliguid cavity © gas => emerald cut bubble) Zimbabwe Tremolite (fibrous /neede) General care Siberia Actinolite needle-like crystal Vieete shun ding, ah achive others (nica Flakes , pyrite cote » * Avoid coming Into Covtact with solvents Golour zoning, J 3 ~phase ase ncede~ Laker s heat -» cause fracturing + evaporate patie _ metalic Filters © * detergents (@) 6s) @)S colour i onlne «ultrasonic + Stearn cleanersCony Suey Fracture -filled with oil /polymner resin in cracks Haat reach He surface hides fractures + entrance appearance by improving Clavity ¥ colour A ultrasonic leaning will reinove oil w replace it with chirty deaning Fuuid 2 detedion + Inierfevence @ colours in Hae frachures filling gaps may be visible pblymer have RI close to the stone -rretate Huw stone and coloured Slash of Right may b¢ seen reflected from Vue filed fracture ( orctrae , blue, or other colour ) + Dyeing — ivnprove colour Ly concentrations of dye in cracks in de mecterial Simulamts AL ole 5 green tourmaline, YAG, glass, owenturine quarte, clyed qreen quarts , GTP , soudé stones WY -« filters - some emerald fiuovescem pink/red under UV appear pink/red in COF * Mot diagnostic Ctwdia + Africa - wok fluoresce) Dichroscape - weak-stvong ; dichwic - blue-green & yellow-green Spechuwa ~ fine Anes in Hu ved 4 weak general absorption in Hy yellow-green ond a weak fine in He blue Vly | shea Emerald (or spedvuva)AQUASNARINE RI. 1.5h- 1.60 DR: 0,003 - 9.010 x LIGht green, greenish-blue , blue cause of colouris iron ~ < oteuis in well-shaped long prismatic oysials + Striation x recangular etch wotks on the pris curfaces often in broken frugments and water worn pebbles = . sometimes have Chatoyancy, asterism Luccdities ound inctustons | F tavanton inclusions * two-phase c Viggilee gas) spiky cavities + tubes parallel to Hw legit of crystal witha vain-Like appearance v sometimes have mica flakes ¥ usually quk aquamoacines ove Sree of indullons ¥ most important occurrences art. in Brazil, Kenya Madagascar, Myanmar, Naynitig, Nigeria, Russia (Ural), 8x Lanka, USA Zambia. , Zimbabwe Govwel woe ~ Clea w/ NOY Stap water + Sof brush = ovoid rough balling. « shore separately to avoid abyasien ‘omnynon Treatmont » heat ~ from yellowish /qreevish /olulsh. qveen bery| —> ‘salle blue Simulants, Buu glass syiberic blue spinel, topne, zircon Tats CCF + blue-green Dicnroscope: Dichwoic ; blu/green 46 calowless /pale blueKELOPOR P ranges from very pale lemon green to deep golden yellow ¥ colouy caused by iron > also dled golden berg! sk Indunions & similar to aquarmonine NMOKGA NITE ¥ peach ,rose ,pink vari chy, © Coloured by mangunese © bluish-pink 40 pink ; dichroic PIX ITE » Hed beryl colouved by Ynetaga nyse General care Rw ews . + same with OquayMonie Yeathnent 3 > blue/gieen bey! may be inradiated to yellow/qolden > willl fade when exposed to chong Light fier o period oF time P Similar iMcysigns to aquamapive & found im Afghanistan Brasil, Madagascar, Pakistan , USA California) 7 large gem - very vave > only from Thomas « WahWah wowntains , Utal USA Peezotnite ; pinw-red hot {vue member but coseliy rated > disovered in Loe in Modagascar > has trigonal crystal structure Ciystal habit = tabular > treatments resin-impregnated to improve colour = localities Afghanistan « Madagasear a A silicate of caesium berylliam tithinm, ond aluwniniay » C5(BeatidAls (S403), RTs L.b0-1.62 DR 0.098 -0.0117 Uni (-ve) Sec: GOS HENTTE colourless beryl » Goshen , USA Brown Berg|: tom Brall ; s/t show asterism ; rately cut Tess: fox f heavily Induded w/ growth-tubes x Liquid featur amodettite ; pink-orange /purplish= pink 4o_pinkish - purple Refrad: RI higher than beryl but lower Henn tourmaline band tm blue at 494 nm ancl smokin cre inte Green at 563 nm So: 30-34 Dido:SYNTHETIC BERYL » 2 main metiods ave + © Flux -melt, ° Hydrothermal lux-melt = flux droplets In healed fractures - twisted veils ~ platinum indusions fom He crucible &) @ Waite omd opoyut/te —— tuisted veils healed frachares, = Flux indusions Caystal habit more tabular /or in cluster Hydrothermal ~ ofleminduston-free + spiky ‘nail: head! cavities cupped witls Crystals ~ 2ig-eug. / chevron -Like zones "heat hare’- dike structure + Growth marks awe seen In some directions — a fl vnail-like incuston —2lg-2g/ head have chevron-hiise ppeAvane + squarish = rectangular weelers , view fiom the side will show paler seed plate Pale /coleurless % Both show redunder CCE Cbut nat. Columbian emerald also show ved) - Spectrum is Hu saine but Stronger = Shaight colour zoning also seen in both nat, # syn.Summary, + Emerald Locabities Comton inckusions So RL oR Columbia. Honee-phase 7 parisite (Muzo), pyrite (chiwr} 2.48-24 | .99 1.58 0.006 feldspar, mica, Calcite ynorebs Trapiche - cloudy with fine , straight internat 2.43 [1595-1582 - Columbia Striahons Siberia wadle-Like = bamboo canes , tourmaline 2.34 156-988] 0.00% nado fimorite, biotite, mica flakes Zambia. | smate particles of muscovite mica, 2a4- | Lot0- 004 chrysorery4|, hematite, waagnetite, limouite,, 2.30 1.662 tutile. prisms South Africa Oe fiactwted;green/ brown wisn flake! 9 46 Ce mol¥bdenite inchsions - poor + cabochon. : Zimbabwe Wost importants Sandawana : good grec lsrb- colour w/ curved, needle-like © evysial 245 4 leas 0.094 induston CWermolite needg) Brazil Pyrite, Vimonite; talc, chromite walca dolomite | 2.b8-24b [1970-1545 | 0.008 India, Coruna Like caviti¢s with 2-phase + mic | 2.94 |uses-45%3 | 0.004 Pakistan plea fakes two-phase, dolomite 2.95 ~ 2.48 |\.S6t- L400 | 9.004 Egypt only Historically _importomnt: Other locabities + Australia Austria, Mozambiyae, Tamramia, Norway, UA Synthetic. facture Cathar ,Gilsov | swisted veils of solidified flux. 72.657 | Lose ~ 0.003 flux melt « Fegonoy| droplets, Platinuwa platelets fiom 240 Us¥s crudble, Lechletner conted | craving of tae surfare over-growth | 2.68- | 1562 - | 9.904 layer , eaay contain phenakite 2.40 L544 aystal Unde bk Russian | wav grown structure , 219-209, | hydrothermal chevron, heat-haze dones , Stee | 204 | LSbY~ 0.005 From incasions but may have Lota nail -likehead > {woresience |HoeCMCTTE — calcium carbonate , Calds Trigonal RI: 1.48 - 1.66 pe: 0192 Uniaxial (-ve) SG: 25% 245 Chavoye: perfect and easy horduss: 3 stapitity: fair Toughiuss: Poor ~ fair Y trumspammt materials ore faueted onl Cowra Variety * commonly. white, also mam banded varieties © Limestone © Mortle @ Onyx martle ® (cela spar for collector's stone or for optical purposes % Opaque & TL ave often fashioned as ornaments, statues, carvings , and veade © Liestone Woe > Sedimentary rock compased mainly of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite = vu Variable in appearamee 5 but prized for their tolour = patterned by foscils br minerals = lwmachella is Nimestone that Nave iridescent fossil shells = Ornarnental limestone ='ynartie! ® Marble = is Limestone that Jnas been recrystallized by heat ond pressure jor beth = famous: White statuary marble at Covrara in Holy, © Onyx marble ~ is banded calcite deposited in coves, Streams, springs ale pink ~yellow & Greenish tint > itis offen dyed ® Iceland Spar * best = pure, colourless , TP amd wo crystabtived cagclte = used in dichroscope > dult-vitreous lustre F waxy, chalky, pearly on marble amd Limeatove suv faces ¥ coratdnes daad bruises may Look white Ciystok habit > cleaved calcite rhombs are common marble & Limestones ove polyerystaleine & A polymorph of (4L03 is aragonite orthorhombic ) found inshells, pearls > true marble is > evenly-grained > ‘sugary! appearance on unpolished surface . > Limestone > dariation Ih grain size « ype Onyx marble + boundary betucen layers are serrated acentuated by, diffoent Colour Lustre, crystal orientatiéncleaved (dlcite rhomb YS a world wide Observation: @ Dourting. of crystal face edyes biltty & Genoral cave @ Incipient cleavage Cin iceland P hardness of 3 but marble # Limestone spar) is harder = impurities 4 displays dow le image of P Ags portect cleavage im 3 directions objeds placed behind it pidducing rhomb-shaped frag ments > incipient cleavage \e often seen, WW: ' luminescence In various colours offen patchy, y strong ~ Weak. P calcite is very. sensitive te abrasives, chemicals amd heat 7 Avoid witrasonic + steam cleaner 7 clean with soft damp cloth Common Treatment _Vyeing, - pelyorystateine material Le. dyed green marble imMating. jadeite SIulauts Kabaster quonteite , jaceiteCHR _ ere Yt Orthorhnomtic RL: 1.74 DR- 0.008 - 0.010 Biaxial Ceve) SG. gai 3Ms Cuavage: diffu ; poor moderate ; prismatic Wardiuss: 6% Stabititys very good Tapas: cu ~ good. 3.45 Occurrence Crystal, bhatt y occurs in pegmatites amd Wigh-presure metamorphic yocks also found a water-worn crystals in placer deposits y tabular uystals + often striated > many are twinned p often found in broken Fragments » Pinacoid faces are common P three-fold wins distinguls hexagonal’ angles wit and reentrant angles — Three ering or “tyilling * gives & pseudohexagovial habit ve an Awin crys ch S may also scar P very bright Lustre ¥ Cydic twinning on the Suraces and internatey G striations e \our wu _ ___Chrysobery) + yellowish green, Green cmd brown «Alexandrite: ved in tum sen Aight; green inday bight - + Optical effects: chatoyamey , Colom change a2 bright vitreous lustre moral cave a + Sade for yewseblany dip + usually very durable - _Jeweltar's torch with catls-eye nop \ncbusions ¥ stepped twin plaves P feathers P clongated tubes (needles — ocabities 7 - Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar Zimbabwe Stimulants: BS for TP: citrine , yellow Sapphives, tourmabine , yellow garnet , peridot Strong in dark brown stones Caiff. shades) ‘Spectrum + Yellow/green / brown vaarietey Dichroscope + Fe (spectrum) + band at 444 nmCATs: EVE Chrysobeng 4 ° low honey coloured /green/orown transucent to temspacent variety showing good _chatoyamey. => used 40 be called ‘cymophane' » chatoyame, is caused by fine parallel needles sr hollow tubes Sinulants, Cal's-ye quartz, bleached tiger's-eye quar cut 1 ahow catseye, Rove opic glass | Yyellow/brown cats-tye opal Zimbabwe ) ALEAZANDBITE P ted im tungsten Light /green in dary Light P Colour caused by. Chromium ® chatoyancy occurs but rare Locatities = Piscovered in Russia ~ most important = Brazil - Srilanka, India, Zimbabwe, Zambia Simulants Colour-chavige synthetic sapphire , synthetic spinel, garmed Tasks Dicnwws cope s shong pleoch roism =daylight+ yed , orange , gran Spectra + chromium spectrum UV + weak red fluorescence under LW SWin — GYMTHETIC — Chrysoben: | 4 : 2 methods | A) Ptux melt 2) crastat paling a mostly Hr alexandrite Material Tndusions Natural chrysobery| Stepped twin planes , feathers elongated tubes /needles Syntactic ~ Flucamel fiwn-Filed, covitien healed frackwes 5 platinurn plaielers crystals needles ; straight growth Anes; layers of dust —Zike | Tnclusions pavalle\ to seed plates Cwispy - veil lux Avgerprat) method = = i rl ‘Synthetic - Czochralski ges bubbles + cureed growth Kinet | | | | Colour -change Vemneyil >” uvplish-ved in tungstes bluish -qveu, (greenish Hinge synthetic sapphire nda Bight _——______ Fe tinction Y cnemutous extinction feck Cabby. dyin )dORAL Coral polyps 25 weit shat __ Gmorpheus fargamic oa Toughness. Poor P cova is secreted by, auimals called coral polyps. ther bodily st stvuduve oud Biving, ati ove relaled to sed quemones. © Soft coral © fossilized coral @ Black AUd golden coral Mts coral ~red, pm orange ,uhite > orange -red © travsluent 40 opaque with waxy t0 vitweous Lustre _____& oabochons , beads, earring drops ,cavatos caving. > oral is the supportivgg stivauire for Abe body of He p of the polyp , irda ives Wo. vigid skeleton ale ‘our! ; polyps am i¥er solitary or colovial ; some caloniat build ‘vee4s* + acuma' Supporting Gractares of suclessive generations of polyps. Coral Fiche, > Coval is recovered by dredging. , a spedal wet is used consisting of a heavy Feawn that is weighted so it sinks > dragged along tne seabed so the coral becomes entangle d and ripped cuscny Fomnits mowing. > many coumivies have restrictions on coral fishing, & importation Durability, Cereral curs, * clean w/ lukewarm plain water & dy, with soft cloth + avoid active wear + avoid contact with chemicals + donot Soak in jewelluuy clean. “a Workshop care Avoid: + cleaning solutions > can dull surfeve + RY liquid can damage surface + ultiaso nic + steam cleaners + jewellers’ tore @ fesiow cu, ote prof or gems, rane failiy, 6€ hard coval s : = cowists of calcite Cealium carbonate) which Forms as velatively. symall branching, colories attached 10 He sea floor = not In large reefs ~ finely ridged structure of the long tulad ‘stem canals is visite as {ne cormugations running clong the length of branches - In esection, show a concentric , spider wet! structure= before western mediterranean sea ~ Aoduy: Seas . south of japan Common treatmants + Staining red and pink: oe Stimulants = Class & plastics are common + dyed marti, synthetic coral ® Sof Coral actualy prodiyed a havd oragenite skeleton = move, brittle than precious coral P Ras a porous. shruchare 5 looks very Sponay colour ranaps from orange to red often with yellow /brewn veins blue also — Common treatment + Tpregnated with wesin to enlace durability, G shiny surface + bubbles in resin ® Black and gold corals comsisls of om “organic materiat Ceomhioli) resenting horh and contain lilble/no caluium carbonate F display concentric structure iy their brandves ; smilor 4o growth ring of tree > have distindive subsarfae prmply. Appearance 2 found inthe West Indies, Hawiiil \slands , Australia, Avtartoa 2 stich controls & bans in Austrabio Common treatments + Golden coral may be bleached black eral + Dyeing ved > better colour /not permanent G Colour concentration along + grain boundary. + dvill hole + Cracks ® Fossilied Coral, becorne fossilized by the replacement of coral by, calcite /quarte Cpseadomorph) & offen brown to pink - Caused by geological process during amd after fossilization » distinctive pattern of original coral structureCORON DUM Aluminium oxide, Al, 3 Trigonat RL: 1p-1.18 DR* 0.908 - 0.004 Uniaxial (-ve) SG: 3.€0- 4.8 Cleavage = none Hardness. 9 Statillty: Very good Toughness: Excetéont, Occurrence wv Crystal Habit = Ruby w Sapphires are fownd in metamorphic ¥ alluvial gem gravel Aeposits Csapphive also pegratites) 2 most placer gravels prismatic /tabular six-sided crystal with Slat basal pinacoid Serwination Rhombohedyal faces may be developed at ahtermate comers also occmy as six-sided bibyramids with varying, degree of prism /pyramtd Face develspment. giving @ long thin Gnd short thick vipyramids L some of there terminate in flat basal faces 3 borrel-Shaped appeavorrice - Pyramids x prisms may show stiahons - Triangular growth marks are common mn pinacoid faces ‘ Pinagoid triangular grouth -& mark © =a lone zoning Jatular hobit ipyeynid beret bared apd _ crystal stones Colours _¥ Varigtes + Ruby - red ~ Sapphive - blue + Fanty-colowed sapphires -yelow, orange , green, __pirnk purple , etc. + Yadparadscha - pinkish range Optical effeck - asterism P TP-TL 5 bright vitreous lustre P Six-vayed star if needle-like indwblous present Australia, Kenya, Madagascar , Myawmar Tanzania , Thailand , Sri Lanko, Vietwam ‘ommon tryed - "Heat treated ~ improve colour + Diffusion - induce colour + asterism Ly blue = diffusion of Fe *Fi oo Cr G yellow = * nickle b chur excess titanium + Fyad-bve ~ Filled, Composites + duublet : nat. green sapphire crown + Syn. raby, |s apphire base Cave x Courtion, wid + « direct heat if filled + Coating With borax (heated willeat into corundunn) © OCds Cif filled? + ultrasonics steam cleamuu + polishing diffused /coaiedRUBY » Bright red red , purplish - or brownish-ved , dup pinkish-red_ colours Soesrans Seabee imulants Heat treatment - ivaprove colouss red glass , red tourmaline Crubellite) , Ly firactuves nay, be induced almaudine ~pyroge garnet ,red spinel, Ly Gil with arifcial material red 61, corundum doublet to hide fisures La sometimes ue lead glass Tests: © blue flashes when rotated + Diclrwuscope : rod -weak 5 idole ; ved/ovange gas bubbles trapped in Polariscope /Refractometer glass Filler CGF: red glow. by red oil is alae vsed uve red Spectrum: Cr Spectrann Localities & Inclusions WI J | \) | : ndii Locality Tudustows —— Myanmar -im Mogok district; Short fine rutile needle por silk ; imimeral industous of corundum, calcite , dolomite spluet ,2iron,gurnet, etc. 5 inclusions may. be well-formed, corroded, rounded caystal, ; Colours is oft. in swirls > treacle appearconce 5 imtersecting twinning planes s + fiGrm Mong Hsu ~ shows blue ‘core’ when untested , auc whitish cloud of rutile ; lower quobity Hawn, Mogok Pakistan similar to Myaumar. Good colour + poor quabity - cabochon Afahomistan. only in saat sizes; blue pattoles > calcite , mica, rutile imduslena Thailamd Sr Lanka CCeylon) darker, more brovenish-red ; ivveqularshaped fluid wichisions with dark crystal at their centve ; intersecting twinning planes ; fiuorescence is weak due to Aigh Won content Shades of pink/ted 5 long coarse rutile needle biotite mica, pyrite, mmetammict Zircon gains With tension haloes > hexagonal colour zoniva, » elonguted eaetive cryctals or cavities Contalning fluid / aystal Tanzania ror Longide - fine colour found in bight green chrome aoiste rock. yed/qrven combination for drnament - Muby (Ut as cabochon. Vietnam Similar to Myanwion , more Hue patchesSAPPHIRE P blue by iron and titanium Common Aveatmeut: + heat & diffusion + padporadscna - beryllium treated Tests Pletoscoge Pichoic » ait. shade of bwe Spec: Fe spectnam Simulaut Blue glass iolite blue fourmatine, tanzanite, blue spinel, blue synthetic spinel , corundum doublet I | jine/band im the blue Locality Kashmir, Indio. Myanm av Tatland Sri Lanka CCeyton) Carnbodia, USA (Montana) Austrakia Indusions Yestriced production ; milky from small indasions 7 crlour zoning, aircon cryctol ,stress fractures, negative aystals good colour but darker ; long needles of rutile , Apatite; convoluted Aeathers , Silk, hekagonal colour zoning Poor- good colour ; straight /auguiar colour aoning with silk, Feldsprn, hornblende, pyrrhotite, spinel uranium pyrochlore amd Secondary. fluid indualows a Tmportant ; dark blue ~ pale ; Sometioes strongly. Puati- coloured ; also padparadscha ; crystal Inclusions + mia, pyrite, zircon crystals witls haloes ; elongate negative ciystals ; hedled frachaves (fingerprint); rutile silk, dwg phase inckuolons Medium 4904 colour , similar to Thai small ved ciystal sot arama pyrochlore, la plagioclase feldspae, evystals surrounded by healed Fractures Untreated - very bright w/ almost metaldte twwtre ; violet In tungsten Sight; small, well-formed crystatr puch as gonnet , ruaibe , calcite, pyrite. Hexagonal zoning ; pale qrech ,yellow, pink stones Good - dark almost black , yellow jgrecn panti-coleured tammgn Strang soning, , feldspar ,Zircon crysial + haloes Others: China, Nigeria, Kenya , Tanzania , South Africa, Mowambiqus , MadugascarSYNTHED Process Couditious € &« TREATMEN : Comment Remove silk heat to \kou -\200% | cool rapidly. cloudy material = clear Develop silk 100-1400% 5 4-14 days or encourage omsialliradion of rutile ; x more produucg, star material Develop blue heat |00-1400% reducing, Fert Fee = blue % enlomced akmusphere must be govled slowly to vetain colour) Remove blue Neat B0-1400% in oxidieivg, mosphere Fe**- fe** = colour Lightens Cferrows > ferric) Remove brown n Timprove ted iw Tai ruby Develop yellow heat (b00-\1000 in oxidiaivg, atmosphere More intense yellew/gold Surface difusion Color + star Ireat 1600-1950? + FewTi oxtde for blues + Cr for red move even colour but only on Ht sur fae Lattice Cbulle) diffusion Heated with Berylliven Be-treated pink —> more orange Giling Fracture /g lass - Fitti “4 cavity Sst feanne Twadiation immnerse_stone in oil heat Stone iw suitable material i.e. borax, lead Glass Spectvun in teeated stones: blue line is absent Crot permanent) On tuby to Aide fradures credoil) surface -reacking cracks (cavities filled Colorless > Yellow ; pink orange * ; blue + green ; difficul to detect Zowing, in teealed, ytones + poorly defined after heating,2 rnost common metrods ave) 1) Verneuil flame. fusion 2) flux -mect ~for fiame-fuston ; addition of colouring elenrents can produce a Wide ramge of colour Colour Colouring ements Varicky, Red Chromium Ruby Purple Cre Tit Fe Fancy sapphire Blue Thavium+iron Sapphire Yellow Nickel + chromium ——_famney sapphire Purple Vanadium Chromium Colwnr -change Sapphire Synthesis mettods amd indwoiens Source Vernuail flame- fusion Flux -mett cChatam ,Kashan, Romar sKniSchiea etc. ) Tndusions x comamomts curved growth Lines, gas bubbles ; stone may be heat-treated to indie Fractuves & Heduce ovpecamce of curved grove Lines flux filled cavities « healed fractures 5 Hny flux poaticles avvonged in Steamer-/comet-Like pattems ; platinum platelets ; Angular gyonita zoning. similar to nat. » C2ochralski_puteod relatively clean ; smal gas bubbles Floating Zone Qus bubbles + irregular colour swirls flux-melt seedcrystal generally with te Aux ovtty boi Crave) rystal a + “ri ery CLechleitner oragawin) Hydrothermal wavy growth structure + feathers Cheat-haze) Detection Verneuil flame fusion man Growth tines + immersed in wader if can’t see with lens Indasions « may show also elongated bubbles w/ transverse Gonstriction’ / profilated bubbles + Awo-phase tube-Aike bubbles * complex Crystal -shaped cavities star stones brighter colours very sharply defined + appear wight on Hee surface Stvaight & vequlay rays + bubbles u curved growth Live may be Se cul geometvicatly precise + nat. more lumpy ; not pedsePULL OPENDIAMOND _ Carbon, C lour k Vanehes Cuble + colourless , pale yellow, pale brown, pale R11: 242 green or grey DR: None + fanuy, colouns - yellow x brown, sotvopic green, pink blue (rare) , black SG: 3-52 veny rarely ved , purple Cleavage : diffiaate Hardwess: 10 ¥ Comumprcially., +e most ‘waportant Stability: Excedtant 907. ot value of gumistones purchased Toughres = Good B® adamantine lustre + fire v high dispersion (0.044) A pure diamond is composed entirely of carbo ~ colourless Lotrace elements + pitrogen 2 pale yellow bon > blue & defects in crystal shucture + brown w pink & green > aXMuvial depwrits India « Borgo (1925) © qdlawial & kimberdite pipes deperit in ® diawonds are found iv diawmond- bearing volo pipes but form in the mautle > captured by. molten South Afiico. magma going up and catching bv Siberia , Australia , Canada diamond with them from the % Othuns: Avgola, Botswana, Brazil, Cain, Walls oF vook when it passes Congo, Namibia, Russia, Sierra Leone, © volcaute vooks that Aigmonds - Tanequia, Occur \n ave kimberllte: # lamproite- Carnet spinel may be present) » Much larger scale wining Haan coloured stone > diawonds cam he used for industrial purposes Sygeenee v Sustel ght v octahedron fovm is a common habit b (an be dodecahedron withrounded faces and Aviangular twinned Cystal + macles v Aniangular pits -trigons- may be seen en ookahedval faes surved fates Herring bone octahedral ring, adeDusky and Bcning © Mmost popular cutis a round brillant — 57 facets (SF w/ cule) - designed to phow brililance & dispersion > amgle between pavilion facets and Hee girdle is Yau most important ee ow & dark center & + pavillon depth of He stone too deep /shallow ~Lig\t \s not returned Ae Heeye > vediue biliomey enieral cave + attract grease - avid hand cream oF Soap possess cleavage - awid kvocking it weston gas Fivoid = « burning. + Jeelden's tovelr » if filled + ultrasonic & steam if fractured Aight lusions « * Olivine 3 opaque black indunions + gamet , pyroxene , spinel, chromite, nag netite + grain fines + Teathers + Oleavages + ~ HRHT To improve ‘colour’ - surface coating - inadiatton 5 “Dyes + Surkace Coating, ~ illusion of famcy colour ~ boli dye ts counteract yellow + Twadiation ~ camonly darken wot Lighten ~ Induce faney clown + HPHT treatment > brown - colourless = Yellow > wore greene « Laser drilling = reduce dark inclusions ~ drilled Harough the Crown Ket laser treatment = use laser to heat a dark inclusion causing stress fracture tha extend to the surfaye of thu atone > frackure is then acid-treated te remove dayk inclusions ~ leave Surface -veaching, Fracture = 2ig-2ag channe\ “Mot easy 10 detect laser + Fracture filling, » filled witlagiass ¢ lead glass ) = not permanent + damaged by heat /actd /ultrasonte cleandng. = colour of Fillivg flash wrder magnification ~pik/purple + dark field ~ blue (green + bright Fteld Ts wmprove * clarity’ -laser drilling, ~ KM laser + Sracture filling,Wi synthetic moissaunite, cable Zirconia (cz) , Zircon, syn. corundum, syn.spinel, glass (paste), syn. garnet { YAG) We Wx Leuge o PPP + diamond « strong, total internal refledion Keck Covally work for round briliiant) = Same as syn. molssanite > doubling + none In diamond but Yes im syn. Moissanite = most simulants show! sign of wear & abrasion = diamond cam be damaged = V-shaped nicks on the girdle & incipient cleavage iS S ~ The girdle ofa cut diamond may Wave ‘naturals! > small oveas of cnystot Faces that may. show growth fechires SUCH os. trigows Diamond testers « - Thervnal conductvity : the rate in which a substance can transfer heat A diamond has ware but Same w/ SYN Moissanite » use electrical conductivity > syn.moiss can conduct, diamonds can't _ * Girdles wy: lent ~ strovger under LW Haan SW ~ blue - bluish white also violet ,green, yellow orange 1) faceted girdle 2 Frosted girdle Coruted girdle) 2) Totished 4) rough. * bearded girde, Sym. moisscanie CB 1) doubling. 1) rounded edges D needles D orange flask 3) high dispersion > diamond ) = Diawonds that show bright tue Stuorescence => always yellow phosphorescence ~ Pink stones => orange Fluoveiconce cmd phosphorescence Poleuriscopes ~ ray, display. omomatoar éxtinction table for simnulantsMaterial Lushe Dispersion RE Diawond —adaiwantie igh 2.42 Paste vit -dull low-high 15-14 Syn.Spi__vit-bright low 1.429 Syn.cor bright vit low Lab-1aa VAG bright vit. om 188 Zircon —bvight vit M-H MALE ce brigntvit =H a. 3G HOW Thermal Elec 352 1o Variable blue) % x 19-b2 5 Vv, shoug WX 362% bluefgen x 4° 4 newak 5 4b 8h, n= weak orange * 44 1h w-weakyellow Xx S5b-b 8% weak yellomorange X X ~green v Syuamois bright vit Vey 2.b5-249 st 3.22% vaye = VO sys@se5 9 x Kx * x Bisel Ui Gaaak Vlesedwd gil: ae O Carat weight —weight of Hy atone @ Colour - grade of colour ; whiteness’, varity x desirability of famey (olor Q® Clarity - relative Freedom of incbuatons ® Cut — = style cmd quucwity, of wut 1) Garot Welaht. - colour of dicwmond ts observed along = pris usually given per caved its qytatest width , table ~down = the greater Hae yuatweight, the ond compared + master stones Arighun. He price Coll othe 7 maston stones should be: factors being eyucl) «min. of 0.50 cb - Certain desirable weights trot * Good proportions Cause w price jump * Yellowish Fink w/ no Ciubresvence Ge. 0.45 ct worth less per carat + faceted / polished gietdle thom a 100ct of Same quoatity ) + nd coloured /black indusions a Colour 7 Can be Graded wo masier Stones “mast diamonds have a tint of yellow bout need experience = graded according to intensity of Colour — dhe more colourless ~ Hae beter - what you nud to grate o Atwmond « + Set of colour comparison diamends Cmaster stones? + suitable Light source + neutral tnviromment (white background) * experi¢neeGiA | clpso —_|Gen. Appearans. “GIA |c1BI0 | Desuigtton 0 op Exceptionally, Flawless no incluston /blemishes WhitesEW+) | Table up colourless 5) Loupe under sox o£ Exceptional Table down 19 Twlemally. Clean | no inclusion /Aige insig- white CEW) Flawless (IE) | CLC) | blemtshes Rave write + Very Very vv. minute inc, + ditt qs F Table up colourless! thn 1 CRw+) pottery ee as to lecate w/ ¢xperitey ag Rove White but not as bright cws) cen) GS Qbove ws 1 | vvsa extremely, aiff. tose % White Table up colourless 2 yew tite, to. see 4 cw) Taule doun'aigat int | WS ee ‘ Very Stightly | Vv.Small | minor Incl (10% 7 % TL Slightly. Tae up very sta eda tucson] eval tl, ——F ae tinted. Table down cys) Feathers x-cloud 4 J ite. slightly tinted (srw) vst vst “diff. to see 43K Toa Table 7 slightly ysa. vs2. somewhat aiff, 49 see white tinted , Tabled Stightly Small noticeable incl. gy c1™) abviousty tinted | Included (s)| Inclusion 10x (st) 4 Tinted Tablet obviously sia 311 easy to see “u: Colour tinted , Table Sl2 S12 v, Cusy tose 2 (Tc) v. obviously Kutted (Truperfect | Pic obvious ivicl. tet (1) cP) 10% t Maked eye 40 Fano, Fomey, Table? defiuite tn cz Pei | ee Cotour Glour 32 P2 deviatlity | rfoustys 3 Ps V, sertously 2) Clari affected = Stone's Freeda of induaton - factors affecting clarity grade: = graded fom ‘flawless’ +0 ‘imperfect + No. of industons + more = poor grade ~ Using, 10% magni ficalvan + Giae of inclusions + big = poor grade grain - All charactertsHcs are divided Into + = position of inclusion : central = poor ip internal cMaracleristics « enclosed tw + brightness of inclusion dark = pour Hee niome /¢xiend tuko Hat atone fren + nature of indusion + Faint cloud > darkcup Hoe surface - external characteristics : found on C} is worse toe surfare but not penetiette into Hat A) ton \o - stone4) Cut Shake by « + style of cat - Shape couttine + facet distribution + Symmetry, . - 1.2. concentric: positions of ive table and culet for rowmd stone - Very good /fair/ peor * Proportions * - velationship btw sizes amd. angles of various facets Crmeusurements ) Polish. =the quakity, of the Finish Rigierd types 7 Mainly into 2 types = Type ntragen as major \mpurity Type L_— smmall/no nitrogen Tyee Tb: nitrogen dispersed Yaroughout ane Structure as single nitvogeln atoms, ‘Type To. = nitrogen forms pairs and thon aggregates of 3-4 nitrogen atoms Type ta < N Type Tb ° Za0 e6n0 faz Type Ia - Mostly Mave 3 nitrogen atoms surrounding a vacancy 7 Glow center > yellow tint Clape series diamond > 7 blue fluorescence cece tONG ceva cone Type Ib : = isolated atoms nitrogen )eplacing, carbon atoms 7 more Yellow > Canary yellow = yarer ec Cy nece cone Ncce TyreLo + ~ almost pure 5 negligible amount of nitregen => Colourless Tye Ib: -contains atom cf boron > blue ~ also display unusal Clectrical properte, C mst diamonds ave electrical ivsulators) ~ Inert under Lw but red -5W C+ phosphorescence)Diamond Type L N present as impurity Type Ta, ‘Type Te N in pairs /aggreqiores N las. lesites Type Tad > yellowto Pairs = colourless ie ana! Type 146 "S aggregates of 4 = colourless Type TaaB aggregates of 3 = white to yellow Tcape series} Others colours in Aiawol Blues Wot only diamond; can be Vnydvogen > no electrical conductvity. Groon + due to Vacancy Colour centre caused by irradiation Pink/brown + dux te plastic deformation Black + date to dark opaque incisions ~tromspanent anuas are deep Yr ect yen: Line Coolourless yellow) : 418 wm Kt fo See must be greatly codled cliquld nitrogen) Type I Nis negligible Cno/insig. N) i! Type Ta. Type Tb no trace elements Boron » colourless = blue Summary, of natural colours aN Glour Commune White Pure. type La. , no sharp absorption inthe visible region. White to NN impurities th aggregates; Yellow type Ia - Atonm Lines + bands btw 415 ~ 478 nm Yellow / Ni impurities as. single atoms» Brounish/ type Th - small peaks at Orangish 503 and 637 nim Brown Plastic deformation : both typt Ta 4a - 503mm (14) Green vacancies by irradiation ~ Fal am (oR1) Blue Boron impurities (Type 1b? or high concentration of H Pink/Red Plastic deformation (Ta /2@) Black Dark opaque inclusions 400 700 CN spectrum)SYNTHETIC = belt prosgss & BARS __ ke - hov to distinguish = + Tndusions + > Wetallic flux and dust /"bredd crume > ‘hour-glass' colour Zoning, * Crystals « > synthetic crystals growl as combivied form - octuhedral « cube Gabo octahedral habits ) + UV Slagrescence + - synthetic stronger SW Yellow - yellow-green fluoreseconse = phosphoreucence gcur after + Spec + Natural has 415 nm line; syntietic doesn't * Maginetisin + due to many. mataleic indualenrs « Tushumemts + - Diamond Sure + detects 415 wm Absorption in natural diamond = Dramondvi ews + detects cabo-octahedral internal growin PFeCtss paltin. in UV-erctted Suoresconce exhivited by syn. ctamonds] DIOPSIDE Calcium magnesium silicate, CaMg (SiOz) Colour k Varieties Monoclivic + Green to brown, white amd black RI: 1.67 - 1.70 + Chrome diopside - bright green DR: 0.024 - 0.030 + Optical effects chatoyancy, & Biawial (+ve) asterism, SG: 3.lb- 3.32 + Violane = massive violet CReowage. chistincs, prismatic Havdwess: 6% p vitreous (uct¥e - TP-OP Stobility: Fate Toughners: Fal ~ good = prismatic /water worn Wold ~ has distinct prismatic cleavage - heat in two divections at atamost 40% = thermal shock = conchoidal Fracture = Wovwn chemicals /acids ~ whrasonic % steam cleaners Optica! thers, ~ bole elaatoyamney « asterisma Shmulats = diopside Star shows four rays Tourmaline, peridot, tsavorite, sapphire not at vight anges (45° /105°) - Gaused’ by orientated verdes Test of magnetite Didaroscope: weak -anod j two shales of S stone may be magnetic body colour = have higher S6 Kram normal Refractometer: High RE ADR distiuguish. diopside of 3.35 From tourmadine Spechostope» mary show chromium spectrum Localities Wes Brazil, Haly (Pakistan (Srilanka, Chome diopside. Myanmaa, Siberia x Sout africa CKimberley) Star diopside: IndiaFELDSPAR Potassium sodium or calcium aluminium silicate Monoclinic / Trictinic RigiastS4 - 1:59 Colour and varieties DR: 0.004 - 0.004 + Moonstone Biaxial (-ve /+ve) + Labradorite SG: 2.56 - 245 ~ Sunstone Cleavage: Good in two divedions + Amazouite. Cmicroclive) Hardwys+ 6 + Oregon Sunstone Stability : Good + Orthoclase Toughnuss: Poor ~ Audesine P Optical effects chatoyancy, jividesccuce , aventurescone wostly distinguish by variety of internal reflection cfkects or by Uausuct body colon. TR-OP + vitreous lustve ? Cabochons K beads , s/t Cameos 5 cawings » smell boxes 5 salt ito 2 groups: 4) Alkali -feldspors ¢ Sdokiwm CNA) /potassinm CK) ) form an isomorphous series between the eud members -albile NaASig0g CNa-feldspar) and = orthoclase KAISiz0¢ CK- feldspar) 2) Plagioclase feldspars — Csodium ¢ Na) J ca\cium ¢6a)) form an isomorphous series between the end members = atbite NaASisl: | ang ~ anorthite CoAl2 Sia Os Occurrence w Crystal habit > does not ht Wnto one crystal system: ymovoclinic /Ariclinic depend on vaniehy. w prismatic crystal can occur ; but mostly. draqmentary > often ahew lamellar twinning repeated) Ly may be seen as sees of parallel Shiations by have. tuo directions of cleawage © some crystals/fragments ator iidescent internal reflection effects From particular crysha pone and onuuntarion (esp. moonstone ¥ Rbradorwt)MOONSTONE Potassium afumivivm silicate” Monoclinic Ru: 50-154 DR + 0.094 - 0,004 Biaxial {-ve) SG: 2.4b~ 2.99 Cleavage + good in +wo directions Hordwess + 6 Stability + Good Toughness: Poor 4 v *travspanent labvadorite may be maynkeled as ‘vainbow moovistone! = display red/yellow vetlectous + blue Locaitics « Tndusion ‘TwterseChing sivess cracks produce distinctive amqular patterns Cceutipede indusion) Localities: Tdi, Myanmar , Madagascar , Gri Lanka® Brazil , Tanzauia USA iynulants although mostly potassium abuainitam siticate they consists of extremely Alnety intergtonn aternaing Layers of orthoclase Cpotassiwn burnin state) omnd afbite (sedation, alunnindurnr silicate’) tramslucent cam ve colourless white , pink, oramge, yellow, queen, brown or grey Show bluish - 46. silvery- white reflection effect caused by tight reflecting Siem ‘microscapic (ayers ot Hu two types of feldspar can also chatayarny Glass ; vthite spinel Created by heating to give blue reflection effect) 5 Chalcedony with pale blue colour > moonstone doubet: > thin qyer of moonstone used as a base > glass /quarte dome > elect bubbles /joined plane 10x) ConseLABRADORUE Cafcium, sodium oluminunn silicate Sometimes called ‘spectrolite * Tridinic RI: 1.95 -1.57 DR: 0.004 - 6.009 P acuur in either dark bine (grey opaque TPauar colourless, yellowish, brownish, ey Biaxial C+ve) > may be marketed as ‘moonstone’ oF GG: 265-245 ‘rainbow ynoonstone” D Labrodonite consists of imergrown ayers of Na /Ca feldspars v Tndasions: black crystals of ilmenite Localities: Australia, Canada CLabrador), Finland , Madagascar Mexico, Russia USA Simylants: Moonstone SUNSTONE Calcium , sodum afuminuan silicabo v Crlourless , orange brownish. TWiclinic » spangled effect caused by platy incbusioms RY 1.94 1.55 v TR-OP DR: 6.064 - 0.099% Biaxial (+e) © Can be Caled “oligedlase feldspun’ (mineralay SG: 265-245 term) Localities: Tudia Canada, Norway Russia, USA Andusions: lots of small goethite or hematite Simulants: Goldstone ~ man-made glass plates (heragoval) TP, parallel on one plane with opaque gail copper indLystons AMAZONITE OREGON SUNSTONE Triclinic Vidinic » pale yellow, palepink, R1e 151-454 RL: 193-195, orange, deep red DR: 0,001 - 0.009 DPR: 0-004- 6.004 > TP-OP So: 9.50 -2.60 S02 2.b4 = 2bb » spangled eect duets ¥ Green bluish green with copper platelets While streak & Small reflections > Oregon USA du to cleavage > Simulants + Andatupite , towmaline © TL-0P 3 Pleahoism 5 red/light Yalow owed green. « Colorado,USA CCunada, Austatia, Russia Madagascar Morambicqus tc)ORTHOCLASE Movodivic = colourless to yellow R1: 1.51 - 1.59 TP) Faceted C emerald cut) DR: 0.004 ~ 9.064 = Lecadites: Madagascar , Myanman , Sri Lanka. SO: 255-263 - Simulauis: Citrine, scapolite , fourmabine * Refractometers plavial nature didinguish froma citrine & scapotite ANDESINE Triclinic = ved , yellow , pale yellow QL: 154 - 156 = Localities China CNongolia/Titet) , Mexico DR: 0.004 - 0.008 = yellow material may ve subjected te copper diffusion 36: 2.bb- 240 Heatment / irradiation cred) General cone for fudss * wan soupy water te lean + soll brush 4 soft cloth + avid abvasion, + Porous Cavaaronite may be oiled /wared -> avoid chemicals Workshap cans Avoid: + heat * Chemicaby + ultrasonic + Seam clean Orthoclase /Micvodtne ‘Amazon ite moonstone / yellow orthoclase we Plagioclase NaAlsSig a Ala Siz {ara Sunstone — doviteFLUORINE Caidum fluoride , CaF, cubic RI: 1.43 - 1.44 OR: none ‘Tsotvopic SG. 3.0 - 3.2 Cleavage » Perfect octuhedrat Havdiness: 4 Stabilthys fair Toughness: Poor Cus ¥ + cube forms , offen with seraned, Step-like growth, marklos «dull vitreous colour + some interpenctrayt grow. most have cleavage cracks + Cleavage faces Prat oat off He Oude corners > looks lilee Cleaved octahedral banded, polyonystathine mass 1S common Cleavag QD wa form fewvau-Like fou marking on Hoe Cleavage surfaces Durability x fashioning = conchoidal tracture * Cabochons ; beads carvings Colour Varied, Alwost any @lour except req /black » banded lows are common vr Blue John ~ banded purple jwhite , pale yellow P Dow hardness _— a 7 duyp vitreous lustre + low dispersion. v TP-0P Lo Taduntons -Wworldwide but motable ats “Ching Cbanded green /purple/dolouslers) + England /USA + Dertyshire, England (Blue %hn)* > two-, Haree -phase inclusions ~ incipient cleavages + Solid inclusion it. pyrite - colour gone /growth zone — Dried w Tupregvated with yesln Cdus to brittleness ; help bind together) — Heated to Lighten colour Choo mudh— OPAGUL White) fe : * blue/purplish /qreen fluorescence winder LW ¢wealeer im SW) * some inert Refrackometer: lout RI + IsotropicGARNET Tsomorphous Series Xa2(Si04) Cubic Ris 1.90 ~1,94 pr: None ‘sotropic. 8G: 33-42 Cleavaye. none havdms: ba-3% Stability: — ood Toughnass: good except demomtold Colour x Variety, > ved orange yellow green v yorely. 4/b-rayed star e Colour -change Garnet Cbuisheayeen in daylight purplish-ved im tungsten) ¥ TD-TL + bright vitreons \ustre > mediam - hgh clispersion > All gatuets ave Ht samme clenical Sormin x3 ¥2 (5104) split Mts 2 iomiphius sexs 4) series X may be magnesium (Ma), Iron (Fe), or manganse Ctn) Y is always —aluvtinium CAL) 2 x is always caledum (Ca) Y maybe —chrominm (Cr) , aluwwinivaya (Al) , or ivon (Fe) Jsomnorphous series Ca g¥2 (S104) > |- Grossular Hessonite Tyavorite Hydvogrossular amet Group at Tcomovphous series sume Xx Al 2 (5i04)03 mised Pyrope Almandine Spessartine Occurrence, % Gry stat Marit = 1M_metamorphic and igneous rooks or yolled pebbles in aluavicll deposits i fragments : nearly at are rhombic dodecahedron or icositehrahedron form -_ovieuted fiovous inclusions y Rrombic re dadecahied i 7 edron eomtination of snis Is Common (cositetra hedron Andvadite E Demantoid Melanite Topazolite. Uvarovite P most arc durable except demantotd . _% Avold: neat /thermal shock,PYROPE Magnesiam aluminivm stlicate, Mas i2CSi0g)s > red = purplish ved Cubic caused by, minor amourt of RI: 142-146 iron /chvomium DR: none ¥ thay Ie sold under 'rhodolite' Tsotropic SG: 34-38 i . Industons Ceowage + none j Souths Arica, P needle-Like crystals Hardness: 1% Sri Lanka, Ruscia, USA » relatively free Stability = good, Tough: good P Sirwulants + ruby, ved spinel, leurmaline , OTD Tels = Spectram® ~ almandine spectrum due to iron Cpyrope & alimandine can overlap) ALM ANDINE Tron aluimununn silicate (f sAl2CSi0q)g > brownish-red /purplish-red /deep mauee Cubic p may display six - /four-rayed star RI: 146-181 Crate) Tsotrepic + Faceted , ccabochons, beads DR: none % ov hollaw-backed cabochon So: 38 -4.2 ‘earbunces! Re Cheavinge : Mone thine: Ve see adits Stability. good -rnetarmorph¢ rocks ~vounded /irregular crystals Touginun: good = Brazil, India, Madegucar, —~ Shress cracks Czircon haloes Sii Lonka, Tanganta, USA, —- needle-Like onystal of futile Sirulauts + Zambia ruby red spinel, paste tourmaline, GID Tests + Polariscope: anomalous. extinchion past effect ey Ng fusing together red almandine Spectrum: Fe spectrum uinet v Coloured glass V f dil in lustre } NA = gus bubbles on junction plane | and glass Cpovition> 3 bonds In yellow, green, blue-green