1. Detrimental /ˌdɛtrəˈmɛntəl/ (adj: Causing harm or damage - Gây hại, có hại.

Common collocations:
 detrimental effect/impact
 detrimental to health
→ Hút thuốc có ảnh hưởng có hại đến phổi.

2. Preliminary /prɪˈlɪmɪnəri/ (adj./n.) Happening before something more important, often

as an introduction - Mở đầu, sơ bộ, ban đầu.
Common collocations:
 preliminary results/findings
 preliminary discussion
Example: We conducted a preliminary study before the main experiment.
Synonyms: initial, preparatory, introductory Antonyms: final, conclusive

3. Exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ (v.) To make something worse, especially a problem or bad

situation - Làm trầm trọng thêm.
Common collocations:
 exacerbate a problem/situation
 exacerbate symptoms
Example: Pollution can exacerbate respiratory diseases.
Synonyms: worsen, aggravate Antonyms: alleviate, improve, ease

4. Deficit /ˈdɛfɪsɪt/ (n.) - The amount by which something is less than it should be,
especially money or resources - Sự thiếu hụt (thường dùng trong tài chính).
Common collocations:
 budget/trade deficit
 run a deficit
Example: The country is facing a large budget deficit.
Synonyms: shortage, shortfall Antonyms: surplus, excess

5. Discrepancies /dɪˈskrɛpənsiz/ (n. – plural of discrepancy) Differences or inconsistencies

between two things that should match - Sự khác biệt, sự không nhất quán.
Common collocations:
 discrepancies between reports
 resolve/find discrepancies
Example: There are discrepancies between the two accounts.
Synonyms: inconsistencies, differences Antonyms: consistency, agreement

6. Adversely /ˈædvɜːsli/ (adv.) In a harmful or negative way -Một cách tiêu cực, bất lợi.
Common collocations:
Example: Climate change adversely affects agriculture.
7. Persistence /pəˈsɪstəns/ (n.) The ability to continue doing something despite difficulties
or delay in achieving success - Sự kiên trì, bền bỉ.
Common collocations:
 show/display persistence
 persistence in (doing) something
Example: Her persistence finally paid off when she passed the exam.
Synonyms: perseverance, determination Antonyms: giving up, laziness

8. Imperative /ɪmˈpɛrətɪv/ (adj./n.) Extremely important or urgent -Cấp bách, bắt buộc, rất
quan trọng.
Common collocations:
 it is imperative that...
 imperative need/requirement
Example: It is imperative that we act quickly to save the environment.
Synonyms: essential, urgent, crucial
Antonyms: optional, unimportant

1. Policy /ˈpɒləsi/ (n.) A plan of action officially agreed on by a group or government -Chính
sách, chủ trương.
Example: The school has a strict no-phone policy.
Synonyms: strategy, plan, guideline Antonyms: disorganization,
chaos

2. Hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ (n.) An idea or explanation that you test through study and
experiments. - Giả thuyết
Example: The experiment confirmed their hypothesis.
Synonyms: theory, assumption, proposition Antonyms: fact, certainty

3. Regulation /ˌrɛɡjuˈleɪʃən/ (n.) An official rule or law that controls how something is done
- Quy định, quy tắc.
Example: All workers must follow the safety regulations.
Synonyms: rule, law, guideline Antonyms: freedom,
flexibility

4. Medical condition (n. phrase) A health problem or disease that affects someone's body
or mind.
Tình trạng y tế, bệnh lý.
Example: Diabetes is a common medical condition.

5. At risk (adj. phrase) In danger of being harmed or affected - Có nguy cơ, đang bị đe dọa.
Common collocations:
 at risk of something
 put someone at risk
Example: Smokers are at risk of lung disease.
Synonyms: vulnerable, endangered Antonyms: safe, secure

6. Estimate /ˈɛstɪmeɪt/ (v./n.) To guess or calculate roughly the amount or number of

something. (v) Ước tính; (n) Bản ước lượng.
 estimate the cost/number/time
 rough/accurate estimate
Example: I estimate the repair will cost $200.
Synonyms: guess, calculate, predict Antonyms: measure exactly

7. Auditory problem = hearing loss = hearing impairment

English: A difficulty related to hearing - Vấn đề thính giác.
Common collocations:
 suffer from an auditory problem
 auditory processing disorder
Example: Children with auditory problems may struggle in class.

8. Term /tɜːm/ (n.) A word or expression used in a particular field; a fixed period of time -
Thuật ngữ
Common collocations:
Example: “Photosynthesis” is a scientific term.
→ “Quang hợp” là một thuật ngữ khoa học.
Synonyms: expression, phrase, period

9. Diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡnəʊz/ (v.) To find out what illness someone has, usually by a doctor. -
Chẩn đoán bệnh.
 Example: She was diagnosed with cancer last year.

10. Observation /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃən/(n.)The act of watching carefully to gain information. - Sự

quan sát.
Example: The patient is under observation for 24 hours.
Synonyms: monitoring, study, notice Antonyms: neglect, inattention

11. Suspect /səˈspɛkt/ (v./n.) To think someone has done something wrong or something is
true without proof. Nghi ngờ; (n): Kẻ tình nghi.
Common collocations:
 suspect someone of (doing) something
 prime suspect
Example: Police suspect him of stealing the car.
→ Cảnh sát nghi ngờ anh ta đã trộm xe.
1. impairment /ɪmˈpeəmənt/ (n.) A condition in which a part of the body or mind is
damaged or does not work well: Sự suy giảm, khiếm khuyết (về thể chất hoặc tinh thần)
Common Collocations: hearing/visual/mental impairment
Example: Hearing impairment can affect a child’s ability to learn.

2. comprehend /ˌkɒmprɪˈhɛnd/ (v.) To understand something fully - Hiểu, lĩnh hội

Common Collocations: comprehend information, difficult to comprehend
Example: He couldn’t comprehend why she was so angry.
Synonyms: understand, grasp
Antonyms: misunderstand, ignore

5. vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ (adj.) Easily hurt or affected emotionally or physically -Dễ bị tổn
thương
- vulnerable to attack/disease/emotion
Example: Children are especially vulnerable to abuse.
Synonyms: exposed, sensitive Antonyms: protected, strong

7. discrepancy in/between /dɪˈskrɛpənsi/ (n.) A difference between things that should be

the same - Sự khác biệt, mâu thuẫn
Common Collocations: discrepancy in figures, discrepancy between statements
Example: There is a discrepancy between the two accounts.
Synonyms: inconsistency, mismatch Antonyms: agreement, consistency

8. respond to /rɪˈspɒnd/ (v.) To react or reply to something - Phản ứng, đáp lại
Common Collocations: respond to a question/stimulus/challenge
Example: She didn’t respond to my message.
Synonyms: react, answer Antonyms: ignore, neglect

9. quantify /ˈkwɒntɪfaɪ/ (v.) To express or measure the amount of something - Định lượng
Common Collocations: quantify the impact/effect
Example: It’s difficult to quantify how much stress affects performance.
Synonyms: measure, calculate Antonyms: guess, ignore

10. screen something out / screen out something (phrasal verb) To remove or prevent
something unwanted - Lọc ra, loại bỏ
Common Collocations: screen out noise/information/applicants
Example: The software screens out spam emails automatically.
Synonyms: filter, exclude Antonyms: include, allow in

11. isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ (v.) To separate something or someone from others - Cách ly, cô lập
Common Collocations: isolate the virus, isolate a problem, socially isolate
Example: Scientists isolated the virus to study it.
Synonyms: separate, detach Antonyms: connect, integrate

12. obtain /əbˈteɪn/ (v.): To get something, especially by effort - Đạt được, lấy được
Common Collocations: obtain permission/information/results
Example: You need to obtain a visa before traveling.
Synonyms: acquire, get Antonyms: lose, give up

13. take into account (phrase) To consider something when making a decision- Tính đến,
cân nhắc
Common Collocations: take age/circumstances into account
Example: We must take into account the student's background.
Synonyms: consider, factor in Antonyms: disregard, ignore

14. appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/ (adj. Suitable or right for a particular situation

Tiếng Việt: 8Thích hợp, phù hợp
Common Collocations: appropriate behavior/action/response
Example: Jeans are not appropriate for a formal interview.
Synonyms: suitable, proper
Antonyms: inappropriate, unsuitable
15. breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ (n.) An important discovery or development that helps solve
a problem - Bước đột phá
Common Collocations: major/technological/medical breakthrough
Example: The scientist made a major breakthrough in cancer research.
Synonyms: discovery, advancement, innovation Antonyms: setback, stagnation

16. vital /ˈvaɪtl/ (adj.) Extremely important and necessary Cực kỳ quan trọng, sống còn
Common Collocations: vital role/part/importance/significance
Example: Water is vital for human survival.
Synonyms: essential, crucial, key Antonyms: unimportant, optional

17. determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ (v.) To discover the facts about something or decide something
officially - Xác định, quyết định
Common Collocations: determine the cause/factor/result
Example: The doctors are trying to determine the cause of the illness.
Synonyms: establish, decide, conclude Antonyms: guess, hesitate