text

Your paragraph text yt fb in ln wp

 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION
EET402 (S8)

MODULE 3

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 1

 SYLLUBUS

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 2

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 3
 Supply characteristics in residential building

•In connection with a new building ,following aspect are to be considered to bring an electric supply to
premises ;
•The nearness of supply unit
•The position in the building ,where the service cable is required to terminate
•Characteristic of supply namely ,whether AC or DC.
•If AC ,number of phases ,voltage level and power rating of equipments and accessories .
•If DC ,number of wires and voltage .
•Maximum load demand anticipated.
•In the case of large buildings ,if alternative supply arrangement is available ,change over to alternative
supply to be provided in the event of supply failure .

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 4

 According to rules power supplying authority ,give 1 phase (240 V ,2 wire )supply for load less than 5KW.
Domestic dwelling 3 phase supply (415V,4W) for load greater than 5KW.

Internal distribution
In domestic dwellings total load is divided into 2 sub circuit ,for load calculations and ease to design of
circuits .
Light sub circuit and power sub circuit

Light sub circuit

•Following points may be considered in distribution of loads;
•Light ,fan and 5A sockets are connected in a common circuit
•The load on each sub circuit shall be restricted to 800W or 10 points
•If separate circuit is installed for fans only, the number of fans in that circuit should not exceed ten.
•It is advisable to provide at least two lighting sub circuit on each house so that ,in case of a fault in one sub
circuit ,the whole house is not plugged in to darkness.

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 5

 Power sub circuit
•The load on each power sub circuit should normally restricted to 3000 W
•In no case it should be not more than two outlet on each sub circuit .

•General rules for wiring

•The conductor used is to be of such a size that it may carry load current safely
•Every sub circuit is to be connected to distribution board
•Every phase line is to be protected by a circuit breaker of suitable rating as per requirements
•A switch board is to be installed so that its bottom lies 1.25 m above the floor
•All plug and socket outlets are to be 3 pin type, the appropriate pin of socket being connected permanently to the
earthing system
•All lamps ,unless otherwise required ,are to be hung at a height of 2.5 m above the floor level.
•Unless otherwise specified ,all ceiling fans are to be hung 2.75 m above the floor level.
•No fuse or switch is to be provided in earthed conductor.
•Every circuit or apparatus is to be provided with separate means of isolation such as switch.

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 6

•In any building ,light and fan wiring and power wiring are to be kept separate
•In 3 phase ,4W installation the load is to be distributed equally on all three phases

•Each sub circuit is to be protected against excess current (due to over current or due to short circuits ) by fuse
or automatic circuit breaker.
•After completion of work the installations are to be tested before energization

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 7

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 8
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 9
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 10
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 11
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 12
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 13
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 14
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 15
 Types of MCB based on number of poles
No .of poles depends on single phase and 3 phase power .

1.Single phase SP MCB

A single pole MCB provides switching and protection for single phase of acircuit
Used for single phase

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 16

2.Double pole DP MCB

A two pole MCB provides switching and protection of both for a phase and neutral
Used for single phase circuit

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 17

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 18
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 19
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 20
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 21
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 22
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 23
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 24
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 25
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 26
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 27
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 28
ELCB RCCB
Old technology New technology
Voltage operated device – Current operated device when
operated only when V sensed there is a residual current
across sensing coil connected to (difference between phase and
earth conductor neutral current)
Provides protection from indirect Provides protection from indirect
earth fault only, that’s why no earth fault and direct earth fault.
longer in use.

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 29

 Selection of cable
Following points shall be taken into account for selection of cable for particular application;
•Power and voltage rating ,for which cable are being used
•Condition of installation at site
•Current carrying capacity of cable
•Voltage drop into cable
•Short circuit capacity of cable
•Availability of selected size of cable
Cu wire are only will be used for submain /circuit point wiring
Light wiring ; 1.5 sq.mm(Al) or 1 sq.mm (Cu)
Power wiring ;4.0 sq.mm or 2.5 sq.mm (Cu)
Power circuit rated more than 1KW ;size as per calculations.

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 30

Insulation ;
•Cu conductor cable shall be PVC insulated conforming to BIS specification
•All conductor used for domestic dwellings shall be PVC insulated Cu/Al.

•Multi stranded cables are also permitted to used

•Standard of cable are expressed as 3/0.029 or 7/0.036
•First number gives number of strand or wire in a cable
•Second number represents diameter of each strand in mm.

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 31

Selection of distribution board
DB can be selected by ways ,means how many single phase or single pole distribution are there
1.SPN DB(incoming +outgoing )
4way SPN -4 * 1 single pole = 4 no. of modules of one pole MCB as put going feeder
Similarly, 6way SPN -6 * 1 single pole = 6 no. of modules of one pole MCB as put going feeder
Single phase distribution mainly used in small single phase loads at house wiring or in industrial lighting
wiring
2.TPN DB (incoming +outgoing)
4 way TPN -4* TP (triple pole )=4 number of 3 pole MCB as going to feeder =12 no. of single pole MCB
Similarly we have 6 ,8 and 12 way TPN.
The number of ways ,v rating ,I rating of DB decided from number of circuits to be fed from it

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 32

16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 33
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 34
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 35
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 36
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 37
16-01-2025 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND ESTIMATION 38
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN
MODULE 3
• ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
• Consider a simple electrical installation work in a room .
• Figure shows isometric view of electrical installation for room,
• In practice installation is not draws in isometric view .instead wiring
installation plan is prepared
• Installation plan of wiring and fitting for room shown in fig(a)is shown in
fig(b).
• From the installation plan the schematic diagram and complete wiring
diagram can be prepared as shown in fig © and (d) respectively,
Determination of total load
• for wiring installations of various points of room shown in figure (a).
• Consider the wattage for light point as 60W for fan point as 60w and for power
socket outlet as 1000W.
• Number of light points=2
• Wattage of light points=2*60=120W
• No. of fan points=1
• Wattage of light and fan =120+60 =180W
• Number of socket outlet =1(power)
• Wattage of power socket outlet =1*1000 =1000 W
Determination of number of subcircuit

• The number of sub circuit are decided as per no. of points to be wired and total
load to be connected to the supply system.
• In one light and fan sub circuit ,the maximum load that can be connected is 800W
and maximum no. of points which can be wired is 10 including 6A socket outlet.
• In one power sub circuit the maximum load that can be normally connected is
3000 W and the number of socket outlet ,which can be provided is 2.
• According to IE rules there should be separate sub circuit for light and power
loads .in this example we shall therefore have 2 subcircuit one for power socket
outlet and one for light fan point.
Determination of no. of subcircuit
The distribution of load on circuit shown in figure(f)
The details of connection in the meter and distribution box are shown in fig(g).
Determination of size of wire

• The total load current which will flow through the cable connecting supplier’s main board to
consumer’s DB is;
• I=(180+1000)/240 =5A
• Current flowing in light subcircuit is 180/240= 1A
• The minimum size of CU cable is to be used in light and fan subcircuit is 1.5sq mm,which is has
max current carrying capacity of 13 A (reference handbook pg .59 tab 78)
• The power subcircuit carry current of 1000/240=4A
• The minimum size of cu cable to be used in a power subcircuit 2.5 sq.mm which has maximum
current carrying capacity of 17.5A .(data book pg 59 tab 78)
• For the portion of cable PP AN and QQ’ BB’ in figure (g)same size as calculated fo power subcircuit
can be used ie,25 sqmm cu conductor.
Therefore size of cable as ;
• For subcircuit 1, 1.5sq.mm single core Cu cond.
• For subcircuit 2, 2.55 sq.mm single core Cu cond. Cable

Determination of rating of MCB and RCCB

• For Subcircuit 1 ,as load are not highly inductive typeB MCB are used .
• Current rating of MCB shall be 6A (pg; 86 ,table 107)therefore specification of
MCB is single pole B6.
• For Subcircuit 2 , as laods are unknown type C MCB are used
• Current rating of MCB is 10A (pg; 86 ,table 107 )Specification of MCB is single pole
C10.
• Specification of RCCB is 2 pole ,240 V ,16 A-30mA AC type
• Std rating of RCCB are similar to MCB except the maximum rating which is 16 A.
Determination of rating of mainswitch and distribution board

• The current rating of main switch is decided as per total current of circuit to be
controlled by it.
• The number of ways and rating of DB decided as number of subcircuit to it and
current of SB having highest current rating .

The rating of main switch and DB as follows;

• Main switch ;250v,16 A ,DPIC (Double pole iron clad switch fuse )
• Distribution box ;250 V ,16 A two way iron clad switch.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN
AND ESTIMATION

MODULE 3
 PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK

The figure below shows a 3 cor cable supplying power to an electric heater .the live and
neutral wire are connected to the two end of the heater element.
The metal case of the heater is connected to the earth (dotted line).the earth terminal is in
turn connected to the earth electrode at the substation .in this case the live wire ,due to
damage of its insulation or otherwise ,touches the metal case of the heater ,if effectively gets
connected to the earth electrode at the substation (dot line in 4.12)
• If the path has a low resistance ,a large amount of current will flows through it causing the fuse provided in the
live wire to blow and thus protect the circuit .if the earth wires is not provided ,then as soon as the live wire
accidently makes contact with metal frame ,the latter will be at the same voltage as the live wire .
• If a person unknowingly should touch the metal frame of the heater ,he will ,as shown fig4.13
Provide a path for the current to flow between the metal frame and the earth through his body. this can be
dangerous to human life.

How ever, when the metal frame is connected to the earth through an earth wire of low resistance ,a person
touching the metal frame even when the live wire is in touch with it,will produce two parallel path through which
the circuit will be completed; one through the human body and the other through the earth wire.
• The earth wire will offer an easier path for the current to flow because the human body has
very high resistance. thus the earth wire works as a protective device against any electric
shock in case of fault in the circuit.
 EARTHING
The object of earthing is to ensure that a fault to earth produce the same condition as a
short circuit between line and neutral cables.
The risk of shock will be prevented if the resistance of path shown in broken line.(E
wire)in the figure 4.12 is low enough to cause a high current to flow .
The path of earth fault current includes the earth wire in consumer’s premises and
general mass of earth b/w consumer’s earth point and the earth electrode at the
substation.
In larger towns and cities where distribution is by underground cables,the armour of the
cables can be connected to the earth terminal and this will generally form a path of low
resistance.
Apar from this presence of metal work buried in towns(n/w of pipes)will help to reduce
the resistance of earth between a consumer and the substation
• However in small towns and rural areas the distribution is normally not by
underground cables but by overhead lines.
• A separate earth wire runs over head supply line .it is however ,not possible to ensure
that the resistance of such a single wire ,which may be several km long, is long
enough. for this reason earth wire which originates from a solid earth at substation is,
while it runs along the overhead distribution line ,earthed at not less than 4 equally
spaced points during every 1.6 Km run of distribution line .
 G EN ER A L R EQ U I R EMENTS O F EA RTH I N G

• Earthing means connecting earth terminals to electrodes installed solidly in mass of

earth.
• Earthing should generally be carried out in accordance with the requirement of
Indian Electricity Rules 1956 and the relevant regulations of the concerned
electricity supply authority .IE rule nos. 32,51,61,62,67,69,88(2) and 90 are
particularly applicable.
•
 EARTHING AND SOIL RESISTIVITY

• The resistance to the earth of an electrode of given dimension is depended on the

electrical resistivity of soil in which it is installed.
• Earth continuity is essentially electrolytic in nature and is, therefore ,affected by the
moisture content of the soil and its chemical composition and concentration of salts
dissolved in the contained water .soil also have some effect on soil resistivity but it
is important only near or below freezing point ,necessitating the installation of earth
electrode at depths to which frost will not penetrate .
• In places where soil resistivity is high ,resistivity of soil immediately surrounding
the earth electrode should be reduced. This is done by dissolving in the moisture
,normally contained in the soil ,some artificial agents which is highly conductive in
its water solution.
• The most commonly used artificial agents are sodium chloride ,calcium chloride,
copper sulphate ,sodium carbonate ,NaCl and soft coke , NaCl and charcoal in
suitable proportion.
• The simple way of doing this is by excavating shallow basin around the top of the
rod , one meter in diameter and about 30cm deep, and applying the artificial agent
in this basin .
• the biasing should subsequently be filled several times with water ,which should be
allowed each time to soak into the ground ,thus carrying the artificial treatment ,in
electrolytic form, to considerable depths and allowing the artificial agents to
become diffused throughout the greater part of the effective area of earth
surrounding the driven rod.
 EARTH ELECTRODES

• In places where underground cable system exists, earth terminals are obtained by
connecting the terminals to the lead sheath or steel armour of the cables.
• The lead sheaths or the steel armours serve as the earth electrode. The resistance
of such electrode system is very low.
• In places where there is no network of underground cables, care should be taken
to select material for earth electrodes which is resistant to corrosion in the type
of soil in which it will be used.
• Under ordinary conditions of soil, use of copper, iron or mild steel electrodes is
recommended.
• When soil conditions are such as are likely to cause excessive corrosion of the
electrode and the connections, it is recommended to use either copper electrode
or copper clad electrode or zinc coated (i.e. galvanised) iron electrodes.
• There are 2 types of earth electrodes in use
i)rod/pipe electrode
ii)plate electrode
i)rod/pipe electrode
o These electrodes are made up of metal rod or pipe having clean surface not covered
by paint ,enamel or poor conducting materials
o Rod electrodes of steel galvanised iron should be atleast 16mm in diameter and
those of copper should be atleast 12.5 mm dia.
o Pipe electrode should not be smaller than 38 mm internal diameter if made of
galvanised iron or steel and 10 mm internal diameter if made of cast iron.
o The road and pipe electrodes should not be less than 2.5 m in length.
• Pipes and rods should be driven to depth of at least 2.5 m.
• Where rock is encountered at a depth of less than 2.5 m the electrodes may be buried inclined
to the vertical. In this case also the length of the electrodes should be at least 2.5 m and
inclination not more than 30 from the vertical.
• Pipes or rods, as far as possible, should be of one piece. For deeply driven rods, joints
between section should be made by means of a screwed coupling which should not be of
greater diameter than of the rods which it connects together.
• If it is necessary to reduce the depth of burial of an electrode, this must be done without
increasing the resistance. This is achieved by using a number of rods or pipes and connecting
them together in parallel. The distance between two electrodes in such a case should
preferably be not less than twice the length of the electrode.
(ii) Plate electordes (IS: 3043-1966)
• Plate electrodes may be made of galvanized iron or steel having a thickness of not
less than 6.30 mm. If plate electrodes of copper are used these should have a
thickness of not less than 3.15 mm.
• The size of plate electrodes should be 60 cm x 60 cm. Plate electrodes should be
buried such that the top edge is at a depth of not less than 1.5 m below the surface
of the ground.
• When resistance of one plate electrode is higher than the required value, two or
more plates should be used in parallel, the two plates being separated from each
other by not less than 8.0 m.
• The plates should preferably be set vertically. Plate electrodes are recommended
only when the current carrying capacity is the main consideration, as for example,
in generating stations and sub-stations. A typical plate earthing is illustrated in
figure below
 EARTHING OF DOMESTIC FITTINGS AND
APPLIANCES

All plugs and sockets should be of three pin type, one of the pins being connected to
earth. Where lamp holders are of metallic construction, they should preferably be earthed.
All pedestal lamp fittings of metallic construction should be earthed.
• Bodies of table fans, pedestal fans etc. should be earthed by using three pin plugs.
Where regulators are of metallic construction, the metallic covers should be earthed by
means of a separate earth wire.
• Bodies of hot plates, kettles, toasters, heaters, ovens and water heaters should be
earthed by using three pin plugs. All non-electric metal work in a bath room including
bath tub, metal pipes, sinks etc. should be bonded together and earthed.
• Refrigerators, air conditioners, coolers, electric irons etc. should be earthed by the use
of three pin plugs.
 EARTHING IN INDUSTRIAL PREMISES

• In factories and workshops all metal conduits, cable sheaths,

switchgear, distribution fuse boards, starters, motors and all other parts
made of metal should be bonded together and connected to an efficient
earth system.
 SUBSTATION EARTHING

• Substation earthing system has buried horizontal mesh of rods and vertical
electrodes welded to mesh
• Before 1960s design criterion of substation earthing was low
resistance(below 0.5 ohms) for HV installations.
• New criteria for design is that substation earthing should have low earth
resistance /low touch potential and low step potential.
• Conventional criteria in practice for substation and power station upto and
including220KV.
 FUNCTIONS OF GROUNDING/EARTH MATS

• Ensure safety to personal in substation against elec.shock

• Provide ground connections the neutral of star connected windings to
earth
• Provide ground path surge arrestors
• To provide earth connections to structures and other non current
carrying metallic objects in substation(equipment earthing)
 PARTS OF EARTHING SYSTEM

• An underground horizontal earth mesh (earth mat or earth grid)

• Earth electrode or earth spikes
• Earth risers
• Earthing connections
• Underground horizontal earth mesh (earth mat )
• A number of rods when joined through cu conductors constitutes earthing mat
• It reduces overall grounding resistance
• Several identical earth electrode are driven vertically into soil and welded to earthing mesh at
one end brought directly up to equipment or structural foundation
• Earthing connections are galvanised steel straps or electrolytic cu flat or strips
/stranded/flexibles. they are employed for final connection between earthing riser and point
to be grounded .
 STEP POTENTIAL AND TOUCH POTENTIAL

Step potential
• Step potential is the potential developed between 2 feet on the ground on the ground of man
/animal when short circuit occurs.
Touch potential
• Touch potential is the potential which developed between living body touches the faulty
structures .
• when operating person touches on electrical equipment during short circuit conditions ,fault
current flows through human body.
 E ARTH M AT D E S I GN

• Earth mat designs are provided for earthing in substation

• It consists of horizontally buried earth conductor grid and vertically buried
electrodes
• Earth mat design is based on permissible body current ,fault duration and
magnitude of person becomes a part of accidental earth circuit .
• The design will limit voltage (step and touch) to a safe level
• Resistance of earthing system;
=ρ/4r + ρ/L
Ρ=resistivity of soil
r= radius in m
L =length of conductor in m
Steps to be followed in design are ;
• Step 1; prepare a substation layout plan
• Determine mat area
• Determine fault and design current
• Design of fault duration
• Design conductor size spacing length ,mat resistance
• Mat layout
• Mat construction and adjustments if needed
Soil
Soil resistivity ρ=2π DR
D= spacing of spikes in m
R= reading of earth resistance tester in ohms.
Earth electrodes
Permissible current density of electrodes Id =7.75*10^3/√ ρt A/m^2
Where t = duration of fault in s (3 sec)
Earth electrode resistance value of different electrode;
Plate electrode R = ρ/4 * √ π /A ohm
Pipe electrode R =100 ρ/2 πl * ln (2l/d) ohm
Where A = area of plate electrode m2
l = length of electrode in m
D=diameter of electrode m
t= width of strip or twice the diameter of circular conductor in m
text